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Intermediate Plus
! Сохранено
Загружено: Coco Languages Aug 16, 2021

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Сведения о документе #

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Aug 16, 2021
! Сохранено
Оригинальное название
Answer Key
6CM
Авторское право IC]KVBKMIN]K _J[Q KMI]IHC NCQPKV LKY

© © All Rights Reserved JKNM2IC

ICMKT
Поделиться этим документом>F
tdk tdirm ahcmitihcnj
@VNBBNV

Ig I’m dnm n adhiak, I whujm dnvk

>
ji
[CI] > > adhskc n jkss rnicy pjnak.
tdk supkrjntivk tdk wkttkst aity ic tdk ahuctry

g
tdk pnssivk I wns thjm
rkphrtkm spkkad By stntbntk wnrckm bk it wns

k
[CI] 6 ; tdk wkttkst aity ic tdk ahuctry!
tdk prkskct pkrgkat ahcticuhus I’vk fkkc jivic`

s
tdk prkskct pkrgkat sibpjk I’vk fkkc th
[CI] 1 Facebook 4 Twitter
tdk pnst pkrgkat I’m ckvkr trnvkjjkm

[CI] = >>
n chc-mk﬎cic` rkjntivk ajnusk

AHBBHC KVVHVQ
wdiad is ic tdk chrtd hg Qpnic
t
y
jk
$
6
> Pdnt bkncs tdis mhks tdis bknc8
6 Ig I’jj dnvk tibk, I’jj ahbk th tdk pnrty.
[CI] ; >;

s
1 I jilk th mricl ah﬏kk ic tdk bhrcic`./I jilk mriclic` ah﬏kk ic
tdk bhrcic`.
= Dk sthppkm th pjnyic` ghhtfnjj fkanusk dk wns thh hjm.

[CI] 7
Эл. почта >9
;
7
Pdkrk anc I anc fuy n jnpthp8
Ykstkrmny I’vk visitkm tdk buskub.
0 I su``kstkm dkr th (tdnt) sdk nrrivk/nrrivkm knrjy.
4 Pdkrk nrk is yhur ju``n`ks8
9 I jistkc th busia kvkry mny.
[CI] 0 66 >? I’vk lchwc dkr sicak ghr tkc yknrs.

WHANF[JNVY
Этот документ
[CI] 4 был вам6;
полезен? 1N
> -ic` nmekativk 6 bujti-whrm vkrf 1 vkrf pdrnsk witd prkphsitihc
= ahjjhantihc ; sufix 7 ahbphucm chuc 0 prk﬎x 4 imihb

_VHC[CAIN]IHC
=F
Qnbk vhwkj shucm5 6, 1, ;, 7, 9

AHJJHAN]IHCQ
;N
dnvk5 n `hhm tibk, n mrknb
mh5 kxkraisk, rksknrad
Это неприемлемый материал? Пожаловаться на этот документ bnlk5 nc k﬏hrt, n jivic`
`h5 fy anr, hc n mikt

VK@IQ]KV
7
Ghrbnj5 6, =, ; (ghrbnj jkttkr, fusickss rkphrt)
Icghrbnj5 >, 1, 7 (tkxts hr chtks)

>.> AHGGKK MVICLKV8

WHANF[JNVY
>N
Qu``kstkm ncswkrs5
> knrjy firm5 shbkhck wdh rk`ujnrjy `kts up knrjy fy adhiak
6 stial th n rhutick5 mh tdk snbk tdic`/s rk`ujnrjy
1 nativk jigkstyjk5 n jigk gujj hg kxkraisk ncm bhvkbkct< skmkctnry
jigkstyjk5 n jigk spkct bnicjy sittic` mhwc ncm cht kxkraisic` tdk
fhmy
= njtkrcntivk jigkstyjk5 n jigk tdnt mhks cht ahcghrb th chrbnj
fkdnvihur ic shaikty
; chbnmia jigkstyjk5 n jigk spkct bhvic` th mi﬏krkct pjnaks
7 whrl jhc` dhurs5 spkcm n jht hg tibk whrlic`, k.`. knrjy
bhrcic` uctij jntk nt ci`dt

Qpknlhut Ictkrbkmintk _jus Ncswkr Lky © _knrshc Kmuantihc Jibitkm 6?>4 >

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6CM
KMI]IHC IC]KVBKMIN]K _J[Q NCQPKV LKY >
VKNMIC@ WHANF[JNVY _J[Q B[J]I7PHVM WKVFQ
6A 0N
> Ldnjim wns n `hnt-dkrmkr wdh bnmk n mricl grhb ah﬏kk fkncs N nativk F skmkctnry A chbnmia
nWkr chtiaic` dis `hnts fkahbic` bhrk kckr`ktia wdkc tdky ntk
tdk fkncs. Fnfn Fumnc wns n >0td akctury trnvkjjkr wdh sbu``jkm F
skvkc ah﬏kk fkncs th Icmin. > hvkr 6 nWkr 1 hvkr = mhwc ; h﬏ 7 up witd
6 Girsts5 ah﬏kk misahvkrkm ic Ktdihpin ic tdk 9td akctury NM< whrjm’s 0 icth 4 ghrwnrm th 9 (shbkhck) grhb >? up witd
﬎rst ah﬏kk dhusk hpkckm ic Ahcstnctichpjk (chw anjjkm Istncfuj)
ic >=0;< Arkbk _u﬏ wns tdk whrjm’s hjmkst ant< tdk ﬎rst tibk A
ah﬏kk wns mrucl witd bijl wns wdkc n >0td akctury Grkcad mhathr n) hvkr / nWkr f) ghrwnrm th
prksarifkm bijl ncm ah﬏kk ghr dis pntikcts< Qancmicnvincs nrk
tdk cubfkr hck ah﬏kk mriclkrs< Frnzij is tdk cubfkr hck ah﬏kk w WHANF[JNVYFNCL p>6? Bujti-whrm vkrfs
prhmuakr.
Qkahcms5 ah﬏kk is tdk whrjm’s skahcm bhst phpujnr mricl, nWkr tkn< N >M 6F 1N =K ;A
@rncmpn Vkx Njjkc wns tdk skahcm hjmkst ant< Wiktcnb is F > lkkp th 6 put h﬏ 1 jhhl fnal = dncm fnal ; tnlk hc
tdk whrjm’s skahcm jnr`kst ah﬏kk prhmuakr. 7 tnlk up 0 put th`ktdkr 4 lkkp hc 9 jhhl ndknm
1 It `ivks yhu kckr`y ncm anc nat ns nc ncti-mkprkssnct, dkjp >? dncm ic
furc gnt, ncm bny prhtkat pkhpjk grhb Njzdkibkr’s, _nrlicshc’s ncm
mkbkctin.

@VNBBNV ]DK _NQQIWK< AN[QN]IWK DNWK >.6 JIGK IQ F[QY

1N WHANF[JNVY WKVF + _VK_HQI]IHC
n) =
f) > wns misahvkrkm, 6 dns fkkc sdhwc th dnvk, 1 dnm ckvkr fkghrk >A
fkkc mrucl, = dnm tdk fkncs pjnctkm ncm dnrvkstkm > tnlk hc 6 bnlk tibk ghr 1 lkkp up witd = jkt (std) pijk up
; hvkrwdkjbkm fy 7 stru``jk witd 0 rnaic` nrhucm
F 4 dnvk ch ahctrhj hvkr 9 tnlk tibk hut
> wdnt dnppkcs th 6 uclchwc 1 pnst

A JIQ]KCIC@
njj truk 6N
]dk prh`rnbbk ghausks hc tdk prhfjkb hg pkhpjk gkkjic` thh fusy
M
_nssivks5 Gnat 6 ‑ tdk mricl wns cnbkm nWkr tdk pjnak< ah﬏kk fkncs njj tdk tibk.
wkrk kxphrtkm. Gnat 1 ‑ ah﬏kk wns prhdifitkm< it’s snim chw tdnt. F
Gnat = ‑ it wns sdhrtkckm. Gnat 4 ‑ ;?? fijjihc aups nrk mrucl. Gnat > _rkvihusjy pkhpjk ahbpnrkm tdkir suctncs hr tnjlkm nfhut tdk
9 ‑ah﬏kk dns fkkc sdhwc dhjimny. Chwnmnys pkhpjk jhhl nt tdkir pdhck/ahbputkr ncm tnjl
Anusntivk dnvk5 Gnat > ‑ dk dnm tdkb turckm icth n mricl. nfhut dhw bncy kbnijs nrrivkm wdijk tdky wkrk nwny.
6 Naahrmic` th tdk prh`rnbbk wk ajnib th fk fusy fkanusk fusy-ckss
w JNC@[N@KFNCL >.> p>?=‑>?; is n pnrt hg hur stntus. It bnlks us gkkj ibphrtnct th fk fusy.
N A
> wns bixkm 6 dns fkkc kcehykm 1 is fkjikvkm = wkrk > ] 6 ] 1 G … skkc ns shbkhck wdh is jnzy (cht stupim) =]
ictrhmuakm ; dns fkkc shjm 7 skct 0 wns shjm 4 bnmk ; G cickty-dhur wkkls (cht sixty)
9 wns bnmk >? is bnmk
F @VNBBNV _VKQKC] ]KCQKQ5 QIB_JK WQ
> Qdk dnm dkr dncmfn` sthjkc. AHC]IC[H[Q, Q]N]IWK WKVFQ
6 I dnvk by fjhhm adkalkm fy tdk mhathr kvkry bhctd./Kvkry 1N
bhctd I dnvk by fjhhm adkalkm fy tdk mhathr. > prkskct ahcticuhus uskm ghr shbktdic` dnppkcic` nrhucm chw (nt
1 Dk’s dnvic` dis dnir aut. tdk bhbkct)
= Pk’jj dnvk tdk wnjjs pnictkm. 6 prkskct sibpjk uskm ghr n dnfit (I h'kc/usunjjy/njwnys …, kta.)
; Dk dnm dis chsk frhlkc fy dis hpphckct. 1 prkskct sibpjk ghr stntks (wnct, jilk, jhvk, kta.)
7 Qdk dnm n mrkss bnmk ghr tdk haansihc. = prkskct ahcticuhus uskm nWkr whrms jilk njwnys/ahcticuhusjy, kta.
0 Pk dnm dib ghjjhwkm fy n privntk icvksti`nthr. th mksarifk n rkpkntkm natihc tdnt bi`dt fk ncchyic`
4 ]dky dnm tdkir rhhg rkpnirkm. ; prkskct ahcticuhus ghr n adnc`ic` situntihc
7 prkskct sibpjk ghr n gnat
=N 0 prkskct ahcticuhus ghr n pjncckm guturk natihc
cnijs F
n) 6 f) 7 a) 1 m) > k) ; g) = `) 0
F
> wntad 6 dhusk 1 rhhg = anr A
nrk cht
;
> dnm hur wnsdic` bnadick ﬎xkm
6 wns `ivkc n prizk w JNC@[N@KFNCL p>?=‑>?; _rkskct tkcsks
1 wijj fk thjm
= dns fkkc sdhwc N > nrk njwnys nslic` 6 dnvk 1 tdicl = spkcm ; mhc’t
; dnm by dknric` adkalkm rknjisk 7 `kt up 0 is 4 bnlk 9 jhhlic` >? adkal
7 nrk lchwc ghr >> ’b rkfuijmic` >6 pnict >1 ﬎cisd >= ahjjkat
0 dnm cht fkkc thjm >; ’b puttic`
4 dnm tdkir dhusk frhlkc F > sdk’s whrlic` 6 mhc’t rkbkbfkr 1 mkpkcms = nrk yhu
stnyic`8 ; prkgkrs 7 I’b auttic` mhwc 0 is ibprhvic`
4 wk’rk trnvkjjic`

Qpknlhut Ictkrbkmintk _jus Ncswkr Lky © _knrshc Kmuantihc Jibitkm 6?>4 6

6CM
KMI]IHC IC]KVBKMIN]K _J[Q NCQPKV LKY >
=F
> try tryic`
>.= GNIV IQJK
6 I’b prkgkrric` prkgkr
1 jhhl jhhlic`, try nb tryic` MWM _VKWIKP
= I’b cht rknjisic` mhc’t rknjisk, spkcm I’b spkcmic`, I’b `hic` `h >F
; I’b cht rknjjy n`rkkic` mhc’t rknjjy n`rkk, I’b tdiclic` tdicl Qu``kstkm ncswkrs5
7 adkal adkalic`, I’b ﬎cmic` ﬎cm @hhm5 it’s fknutiguj ‑ —tdk isjncm dns its fknuty ncm jivic` tdkrk anc fk
;F rkwnrmic`’
> I’b tryic` th `kt up nt ﬎vk n.b. Fnm5 it’s dnrm whrl jivic` tdkrk ‑ —n vkry thu`d jigkstyjk witd jhts hg
6 I’b rknjjy fusy nt tdk bhbkct. hutmhhr whrl’
1 I try cht th whrl ic tdk kvkcic`s.
= Fkghrk I lchw it, twh dhurs dns misnppknrkm. MWM WIKP
; Dk’s njwnys jhhlic` nt dis pdhck
6
PVI]IC@ NC NV]IAJK< JKNVC ]H [QK _KVQ[NQIWK Ncswkrs5
JNC@[N@K _rhfjkbs witd phwkr suppjy
0F ]dkrk’s eust hck sbnjj sdhp
Fkic` fhrkm bi`dt dkjp yhu th tdicl nfhut yhur jigk ncm tdic`s yhu Kvkryhck dns th mh bhrk tdnc hck ehf
whujm jilk th adnc`k. Fkic` fhrkm bi`dt icspirk yhu th mh shbktdic`
arkntivk, kta. Yhu’rk ishjntkm
Yhu dnvk th mh kvkrytdic`5 —Ig wk wnct ncytdic` mhic` dkrk, wk dnvk
M th mh it ghr hurskjvks’.
>] 6] 1] =G ;] Yhu anccht jknvk knsijy5 —Ig n rkjntihcsdip wnsc’t whrlic` shbkwdkrk
K kjsk, yhu ahujm eust pnal tdk anr ncm `h ncm jknvk’.
[sic` pkrshcnj prhchucs5 Dnvk wk ghr`httkc …8 Pk tdicl hg ]dk wictkrs nrk prhfnfjy ahjm5 —Ncm tdky’rk ykt th gnak tdkir ﬎rst
fhrkmhb … (Ictrh) wictkr hc Gnir Isjk’.
Vkgkrric` th rksknrad5 Vksknrad sdhws wk `kt n mhpnbick dit … (7)
1F
[sic` mkajnrntivk skctkcaks5 Hur sufahcsaihus bicm is usunjjy fkttkr
> ]dkrk’s ch kjkatriaity nt ci`dt ncm yhu anc fk aut h﬏ ghr mnys nt ncy
nt shjvic` prhfjkbs … (6)
tibk hg tdk yknr.
[sic` rdkthrianj qukstihcs5 Is tdnt rknjjy suad n fnm tdic`8 (0) 6 Kvkry nfjk-fhmikm nmujt dns th mh skvkrnj ehfs.
1 Qdnuc ncm Vnadkj wkrk ic tdk bijitnry. ]dkir rkjntihcsdip is ckw.
]dky dnm fkkc th`ktdkr ghr hcjy tdrkk bhctds wdkc tdky nppjikm
>.1 PDN] PH[JM YH[ ]NLK8 th jivk hc tdk isjncm.
= Hcak, njbhst =?? pkhpjk jivkm dkrk. ]dk Cntihcnj ]rust ghr
WHANF[JNVY KWKVYMNY HFEKA]Q Qahtjncm fhu`dt Gnir Isjk ic >9;=.
; ]dk phpujntihc is ;0. ]dky ruc >4 arhWs ncm njj tdk isjncm’s
w WHANF[JNVYFNCL p>6? Kvkrymny hfekats ksskctinj skrviaks.
7 It’s nt tdk thp hg tdk [citkm Lic`mhb, dnjgwny fktwkkc tdk
>N > K 6 @ 1 N = A ; I 7 F 0 D 4 G 9 E >? M Qdktjncm Isjncms ncm tdk Hrlcky Isjncms. It is tdrkk bijks jhc`
F > ausdihc 6 ji`dtkr 1 sdhk jnaks = sthhj ; nmnptkr ncm hck ncm n dnjg bijks narhss, ncm it is Fritnic’s bhst rkbhtk
7 stnsd mrivk 0 kcvkjhpk 4 futthc 9 fkjt >? pju` icdnfitkm isjncm.
=F
G[CA]IHC MKQAVIFIC@ KWKVYMNY HFEKA]Q > fk witdhut phwkr/kjkatriaity (uskm th tnjl nfhut fkic` ishjntkm)
6N 6 mhks skvkrnj ehfs (whrlic` ahcmitihcs hc Gnir Isjk)
bkctihckm (tialkm)5 pnssphrt, jnpthp, dnrm mrivk, bhfijk pdhck, 1 ic nc kxtrkbkjy mifiaujt situntihc wdkc n adnc`k bust dnppkc
fjnclkt, ah﬏kk pht, pkclcigk, ahhlic` pht, `uitnr, sijvkr ric`, mnm’s (tdk cubfkr hg pkhpjk hc Gnir Isjk)
wntad = tdky dnm th spkcm njj hg tdkir bhcky (Qknc ncm Vnadkj’s mkaisihc
cht bkctihckm5 thrad, adnr`kr, ckaljnak th bhvk th Gnir Isjk)
; stny pkrbnckctjy (Qknc ncm Vnadkj)
F 7 wknl natihcs tdnt mhc’t nadikvk buad (yhu dnvk th fk >??%
]dky n`rkk nfhut njj tdk itkbs tdky bkctihc, kxakpt tdk ah﬏kk pht. ahbbittkm th jigk hc tdk isjncm)
0 `hhm ncm fnm bhbkcts (Qknc ncm Vnadkj’s rkjntihcsdip)
1F
>m 6n 1` =f ;g 7a 0k spknlhut kxpjnic tdk jigkstyjk yhu prkgkr
w JNC@[N@KFNCL >.1 p>?=‑>?; Mksarific` hfekats 7N
Jivic` ic Ckw Yhrl ‑ sdk jilkm tdk bhcky, tdk gnst pnak hg jigk, tdk
> jkntdkr, n 6 ckkm 1 icmispkcsnfjk/ksskctinj, usk
—fuzz’ hg dkr whrl.
= skctibkctnj ; `hhm 7 ksskctinj/icmispkcsnfjk
Jivic` ic Kaunmhr ‑ sdk wns dknjtdikr, ntk fkttkr ghhm, mim bhrk
=N kxkraisk, ncm ghucm tibk th rkjnx. Qdk jhvkm kxpkrikcaic` cnturk ncm
> icmispkcsnfjk, ckkm 6 bnmk, skctibkctnj 1 dknvy, usk tdk haknc, `hic` ghr wnjls ncm jhhlic` nt tdk stnrs.
= ch, anc ; tdnt’s, pjny
F
Qdk snys njj tdk Lky _drnsks kxakpt5 —it’s ibphrtnct th sjhw mhwc’ ncm
JKNVC ]H VKQ_HCM ]H Q[@@KQ]IHCQ —I buad prkgkr aity jigk’.
;N
> thh 6 n`rkk 1 tdic` = tdnt ; adhiak 7 surk 0 cht rknjjy writkfnal n prhs ncm ahcs kssny
4 limmic` 9 uskguj >? sny
4N
7N
It ictrhmuaks tdk thpia ncm `ivks nc kxnbpjk hg shbkhck wdh dns
> ibprnatianj 6 tdicl 1 anc = surk ; ghr 7 tdic`
njrknmy kxpjhrkm tdis qukstihc.
0 wntad 4 ksskctinj

Qpknlhut Ictkrbkmintk _jus Ncswkr Lky © _knrshc Kmuantihc Jibitkm 6?>4 1

6CM
KMI]IHC IC]KVBKMIN]K _J[Q NCQPKV LKY >
>.; JHHLFNAL _VKQKC] ]KCQKQ
=N
JIGKQ]YJK > spkcm 6 ’b mrivic` 1 whrl = mrivk ; ’b whrlic`
7 nrk tnlic` 0 is 4 nrk 9 mhc’t dnvk >? ’b mrivic`
>N
>> ’b jhhlic`
> nativk 6 knrjy firm 1 jhc` dhurs = skmkctnry
; stial (th n) rhutick 7 chbnmia
WKVF + _VK_HQI]IHC
]DK _NQQIWK< AN[QN]IWK DNWK ;N
> fy 6 ghr 1 up = witd ; nrhucm, up 7 hc
6N
6 ]kn wns ﬎rst mrucl ic Adicn =,??? yknrs n`h. F
1 ]kn jknvks anc fk uskm th rknm tdk guturk. Qu``kstkm ncswkrs5
= Bijl wns ﬎rst nmmkm th tkn ic tdk >0td akctury. Nt tdk bhbkct I’b hvkrwdkjbkm fy njj tdk rkvisihc I ckkm th mh ghr
; HL by kxnbs.
7 HL
It’s ibphrtnct ghr bk th try ncm bnlk tibk ghr pjnyic` tdk `uitnr.
F
6 ]dk bnic thpia hg tdk skctkcak is tkn, cht pkhpjk, sh tdk pnssivk is MKQAVIFIC@ HFEKA]Q
fkttkr dkrk.
1 ]dk bnic thpia is tkn jknvks. ]dk imkctity hg tdk pkhpjk is cht 7N
ibphrtnct, sh tdk pnssivk is fkttkr dkrk. > fhttjk 6 ubfrkjjn 1 anbkrn = stnbp ; ckaljnak
= ]dk bnic thpia is bijl. ]dk pkrshc is uclchwc, sh tdk pnssivk is
fkttkr dkrk.
1N
> dnvk, aut 6 dnm, pnictkm 1 dnm, wnsdkm = dnm, ajknckm
; dnvk, adkalkm 7 dnvk, tkstkm

F
Qu``kstkm ncswkrs5
Pdkc wns tdk jnst tibk yhu dnm yhur dhusk pnictkm/anr wnsdkm8
Pdkrk mim yhu jnst dnvk yhur dnir aut8
Mh yhu jilk th dnvk yhur anr wnsdkm fy htdkrs hr mh yhu mh
it yhurskjg8
Dnvk yhu dnm yhur kyks tkstkm rkakctjy8

Qpknlhut Ictkrbkmintk _jus Ncswkr Lky © _knrshc Kmuantihc Jibitkm 6?>4 =

6CM
KMI]IHC IC]KVBKMIN]K _J[Q NCQPKV LKY

6.> @KCI[Q ICWKC]IHCQ PVI]IC@ N _VHM[A] MKQAVI_]IHC< JKNVC ]H

WHANF[JNVY NMEKA]IWKQ ]H MKQAVIFK

>F
ICWKC]IHCQ
0F
PVI]K _KVQ[NQIWK AH_Y

Cht icajumkm5 1 icgh nfhut sdippic` ‑ ajkvkr ajip

= fnal`rhucm icgh ‑ ajkvkr ajip
6
b
> chvkj, `rhucmfrknlic` 6 murnfjk 1 stibsy = gucatihcnj 4N
; stkxifjk 7 stuccic` 0 phrtnfjk 4 kmifjk 9 uciquk Yks, tdk tkxts ghjjhw tdk nmviak ic tdk tips.
>? fihmk`rnmnfjk >> ajip-hc
F

n
A Mim yhu lchw tdnt …8 2 ]ips >, 7
Qu``kstkm ncswkrs5 Qh, ig yhu wnct tdk pkrgkat … yhu ckkm … 2 ]ip 1

l
I jilk tdk gnat tdnt tdis is kmifjk ghr ﬎sd ‑ sh it’s natunjjy
… is tdk whrjm’s ﬎rst 2 ]ip ;
fihmk`rnmnfjk. (six pnal ric`s)
… kcdncak tdk tnstk ncm tdk nrhbn hg 2 ]ip =
JIQ]KCIC@ ]dk B]N Dnirajip is strkc`tdkckm witd … 2 ]ip 6
Qh ckxt tibk yhu’rk … 2 ]ip 7
k
6N
firmy sti`dt stibujnthr, kmifjk sphhcs, dhrsk scknlkrs, wntkr ghr
ah﬏kk mriclkrs
A
> Nrk yhu n ah﬏kk kctdusinst8 Qh ig yhu wnct tdk pkrgkat aup
hg ah﬏kk
r
s
F 6 it’s murnfjk ncm it gknturks n sarkwmrivkr, n fhttjk hpkckr, n cnij
>] 6 ] 1 G ‑ bnmk hg mhu`d = G ‑ ncy stnvhur yhu jilk ﬎jk, n trhjjky ahic ncm n skrrntkm lcigk, njj ahctnickm witdic tdk
;] 7] 7x6.= ab ajip.
1 yhu anc anrry it hc yhur lky ric`< Qh ig yhu wnct tdk pkrgkat aup
@VNBBNV ^[KQ]IHC GHVBQ< ICMIVKA] hg ah﬏kk ic tdk bhrcic`, yhu ckkm Nquikb, tdk whrjm’s ﬎rst
^[KQ]IHCQ mksi`ckr ah﬏kk wntkr< th kcsurk yhu anc frkw tdk pkrgkat aup
1N hg ah﬏kk wdkckvkr yhu wnct it
> yhu lchw 6 Pdh 1 it dnvk = tdksk nrk ; whujm yhu = puri﬎km tdkc fjkcmkm< it jhhls jilk n chrbnj dnirajip
; th `ivk it its vkry fkst tnstk< kxtkcsivk rksknrad< prkaisk
F ghrbujn< trujy bujtigucatihcnj
n) 1 f) ; a) > ncm = m) 6 7 … wdkckvkr yhu wnct it< Ig yhu’rk cht icth ah﬏kk, yhu anc njsh
usk Nquikb ghr tkn! Ckvkr dnvk n sarkwmrivkr wdkc yhu ckkm
A hck8 yhu anc anrry it hc yhur lkyric`, sh yhu ckvkr n`nic …
> icmirkat 6 phsitivk stntkbkcts 1 mhc’t usk
M
=N > Mim yhu lchw tdnt
> Anc I nsl wdnt yhu lchw nfhut tdis mksi`c8 6 is spkainjjy mksi`ckm
6 Pdy whujm yhu wnct th fuy tdis8 1 Mksi`ckm fy
1 Pdh mkvkjhpkm tdis imkn8 = trujy uciquk
= Anc yhu tkjj bk ig tdis is fihmk`rnmnfjk8 ; Qh, ig yhu wnct th spkcm
; Mhks it dnvk n prnatianj usk8 7 nrk pkrgkat ghr yhu.
7 Mh yhu tdicl tdis is n `hhm imkn8

]I_ 6.6 F[IJMKVQ

It dns n qukstihc bnrl.
WHANF[JNVY F[IJMIC@Q
w JNC@[N@KFNCL 6.> p>?7‑>?0 >N
> N antdkmrnj F tkbpjk A gnathry M bhsquk K anstjk
N > f) 6 a) 1 f) = n) ; a) 7 n) = wicmbijj5 fuijmic` hr struaturk witd pnrts tdnt turc nrhucm ic
F tdk wicm, uskm ghr prhmuaic` kjkatrianj phwkr hr arusdic` `rnic
> Anc yhu tkjj bk wdnt tibk tdk sdhw is8 fnrc5 n jnr`k gnrb fuijmic` ghr sthric` arhps, hr ghr lkkpic`
6 Mh yhu lchw wdkrk Bnrah put tdk ju``n`k8 ncibnjs ic
1 Anc I nsl yhu dhw hjm yhu nrk8 `rkkcdhusk5 `jnss fuijmic` uskm ghr `rhwic` pjncts
= Anc yhu tkjj bk ig yhu’vk kvkr skkc hck hg tdksk fkghrk8 wnrkdhusk5 jnr`k fuijmic` ghr sthric` jnr`k qunctitiks hg `hhms
; Anc I nsl wdnt yhu tdicl hg tdk imkn8
anvk5 jnr`k cnturnj dhjk ic tdk simk hg n aji﬏ hr dijj, hr ucmkr tdk
7 Mh yhu lchw wdnt tdk prhfjkb is8
`rhucm
sdkm5 sbnjj fuijmic`, hWkc bnmk hg whhm, uskm kspkainjjy ghr
;N sthric` tdic`s
Qkk numih saript 6.1 ghr ncswkrs. sdkjtkr5 fuijmic` hr nc nrkn witd n rhhg hvkr it tdnt prhtkats yhu
[cit 6 Vkahrmic` 1 grhb tdk wkntdkr hr grhb mnc`kr

> ]dksk nrk sphhcs8 ]dky’rk kmifjk8 F

6 Yhu whujm fuy hck hg tdksk8 > antdkmrnj, bhsquk, tkbpjk 6 wnrkdhusk, sdkm
1 Dk’s dkr gntdkr. Dk’s Irncinc. 1 fnrc, `rkkcdhusk = wicmbijj, gnathry ; sdkjtkr, anstjk
= It’s cick h’ajhal. Pk’rk jntk. 7 anvk
; Yhu’vk skkc it fkghrk8
7 Qdk jivks dkrk8 ]dksk nrk dkr tdic`s8 A
> anstjk 6 wicmbijj 1 sdkm = sdkjtkr ; `rkkcdhusk

6N
m ‑ wicmbijj, t ‑ anstjk, u ‑ bhsquk

Qpknlhut Ictkrbkmintk _jus Ncswkr Lky © _knrshc Kmuantihc Jibitkm 6?>4 ;

6CM
KMI]IHC IC]KVBKMIN]K _J[Q NCQPKV LKY 6
F 0N
> p ic aupfhnrm 6 c ic ahjubcs 1 l (﬎rst) ic lchalkm > bimci`dt, bisspkct, ah-arknthr, misnsskbfjk, rknsskbfjk
= s ic isjncm ; u ic `unrm ncm t ic anstjk 7 w ic wdhjk 6 ehyguj, gnbhus, adijmisd, bn`ianj, rkjinfjk, busianj, cnturnj
Qu``kstkm ncswkrs5 sdhujm, whujm, lckk, tdubf, swhrm, snjbhc,
F
fhbf, lchw
n) bis- , k.`. bisdknr, bisucmkrstncm
f) rk-, k.`. rkvikw
w WHANF[JNVYFNCL 6.6 p>6> a) bim- , k.`. bim-bhrcic`
m) mis-, k.`. misnpprhvk
>N > adibcky 6 shjnr pnckj 1 nttia = rhhg ; akijic`
k) ah-, k.`. ah-whrlkr
7 dnjjwny 0 fnskbkct 4 vkrncmn 9 fnjahcy >? `uttkr
F > shjnr pnckj 6 adibcky (ckkm n ﬎rk th lkkp wnrb)< bnyfk A
`uttkr (ic ahuctriks wdkrk it rnics bhrk ic wictkr) 1 nttia, ]ruk
fnskbkct = `uttkr (bnyfk adibcky, bnyfk dnjjwny)
; vkrncmn, fnjahcy (bnyfk rhhg hc shbk fuijmic`s) 4
> misdhckst 6 ah-pijht 1 hri`icnj = rkfuijm ; bim-bhrcic`
7 mhnfjk 0 biseum`km 4 bhuctnichus 9 ah-whrlkrs >? dkjpguj
VKNMIC@
1F
Picmbijj bnc5 > Pijjinb Lnblwnbfn fuijt n wicmbijj ghr dis vijjn`k
w WHANF[JNVYFNCL >.> p>6> Qufixks
ic Bnjnwi wdkc dk wns ghurtkkc yknrs hjm. 6 Dk snw n min`rnb ncm 6 > misnstrhus 6 mrknmguj 1 suitnfjk = gnfujhus
kxpjncntihc ic n jifrnry fhhl. 1 dis gnbijy ncm tdk vijjn`krs ; anpnfjk 7 ckrvhus 0 icvkstbkct 4 licmckss
= rkayajkm bntkrinjs, k.`. n fiayajk grnbk, pjnstia pipks ; fuijt htdkr 9 nmbirntihc >? ghhjisd >> nbnzkbkct >6 skj﬎sd
wicmbijjs ncm n wntkr pubp, nppknrkm hc ]W, writtkc n fhhl, `ivkc
tnjls.
Anvk mi``kr5 > Vn _nujkttk is n saujpthr wdh arkntks fknutiguj anvks Q_KNLIC@
6 wns whrlic` ic n ehf mi``ic` wkjjs wdkc dk mkaimkm th whrl witd 9N
dis dncms 1 jhanj pkhpjk wdh ahbbissihc tdkb = ]dk anvks nrk > uskguj 6 bisucmkrstncm 1 nmvkcturhus = mishr`nciskm
cnturnj. Dk sdnpks tdkb usic` dncm-dkjm thhjs. ; ahbpjktkm bhrk ; busianj 7 rkwritk
tdnc n mhzkc anvks, dnm n mhaubkctnry bnmk nfhut dib. Jigk dnsc’t
adnc`km buad. F
Qdkjtkr dkjpkr5 > Kjvis Qubbkrs is n fuijmkr hg sdkjtkrs/dhbks ghr > dncmbnmk hfekats 6 ehlks 1 ghhm = pnrtiks ; busia
tdk dhbkjkss. 6 Dk snw n dhbkjkss whbnc kvkry mny ncm mkaimkm 7 sthriks
th dkjp dkr. 1 tdk dhbkjkss = Dk fuys bntkrinjs ncm nsls ghr
mhcntihcs hg whhm. ; Dk dns jnucadkm n gucmrnisic` anbpni`c, fuijt
hvkr =? sdkjtkrs, ncm is mkvkjhpic` n bhfijk sdhwkr ucit. Dis jigk dns
adnc`km fkanusk hg dis whrl fuijmic` ncm rnisic` bhcky ghr bncy 6.1 QH[CMQ JILK N _JNC!
sdkjtkrs.
WHANF[JNVY _VHEKA]Q
@VNBBNV _VKQKC] _KVGKA] QIB_JK NCM 6N
AHC]IC[H[Q ﬎cncaic` 2 gucmic` (bhcky) ghr n prhekat
=N gucmrnisic` 2 nativitiks th bnlk bhcky ghr n prhekat/adnrity
> dns fkahbk 6 dns fkkc `ivic` 1 dns fkkc arkntic` `rncts 2 nc nbhuct hg bhcky `ivkc fy n `hvkrcbkct hr hr`ncisntihc
= dns ahbpjktkm ; dns fkkc fuijmic` 7 dnvk ahcstruatkm ghr n pnrtiaujnr purphsk
F sphcshrs 2 pkhpjk hr hr`ncisntihcs tdnt pny ghr nc kvkct hr prhekat
> Ahbpjktkm natihcs5 >, =, 7. Hc`hic`, icahbpjktk natihcs5 6, 1, ; fum`kt 2 tdk nbhuct hg bhcky ckkmkm ghr n prhekat/kvkct
6 >, =, 7 vkcuks 2 pjnaks/jhantihcs wdkrk nc hr`nciskm kvkct anc tnlk pjnak
1 6, 1, ; pkrshcckj 2 pkhpjk kbpjhykm ic n ahbpncy
A kquipbkct 2 tdic`s tdnt nrk ckkmkm ghr n pnrtiaujnr purphsk
> dnvk 6 fkkc 1 ahcticuhus = sibpjk ; sibpjk jh`istias 2 tdk mktnijkm hr`ncisntihc hg n prhekat/kvkct/nativity
sadkmujk 2 n tibktnfjk/pjnc ghr n prhekat hr kvkct
w JNC@[N@KFNCL 6.6 p>?7‑>?0 prhbhtihc 2 tdk pufjiaisic` hg nc kvkct hr n prhmuat
N > kcehykm 6 fuijt 1 fkkc whrlic` = ahbpjktkm pufjiaity 2 `ivic` hut bntkrinj hr icghrbntihc th nmvkrtisk shbktdic`
; fkkc dimmkc 7 fkkc tryic`
F
F > fkkc rnicic` 6 fkkc mhic` 1 wntadkm = sphlkc > Bhcky5 ﬎cncaic`, gucmrnisic`, `rncts, sphcshrs, fum`kt
; fkkc wnitic` 7 ﬎cisdkm 0 fkkc whrlic` 4 fkkc pjnccic` Prittkc mhwc5 `rncts, fum`kt
9 writtkc >? rknm _khpjk hr hr`ncisntihcs5 sphcshrs
6 prhbhtihc, pufjiaity
;N 1 pkrshcckj
> dnvk fkkc pjnccic` 6 dnvk rkakivkm 1 dnvk yhu skkc = kquipbkct
= dns fkkc writic` ; dnvkc’t lchwc 7 dnvk fkkc tryic` ; vkcuks
0 dns fkkc pnictic` 4 dnvkc’t icajumkm 9 dnvk yhu fkkc mhic` 7 sadkmujk
>? dns fkkc whrlic`/dns whrlkm 0 jh`istias

WHANF[JNVY _J[Q PHVM7F[IJMIC@5 _VKGITKQ A

﬎cncaic`, gucmrnisic`, `rncts, sphcshrs, fum`kt, prhbhtihc,
NCM Q[GGITKQ
pufjiaity, pkrshcckj, kquipbkct, vkcuks, sadkmujk, jh`istias
7
thwkrs hg whhmkc fjhals, Jk`h anstjks ncm dhusks (kbpirks), n mnb ic
tdk strknb, frim`ks hg pnstn ncm `juk, n busianj icstrubkct hg whhm G[CA]IHC E[M@IC@ NCM KWNJ[N]IC@ IMKNQ
ncm ruffkr fncms 1N
pkrshcckj 1 ﬎cncaic` > sadkmujk 6 vkcuk =

Qpknlhut Ictkrbkmintk _jus Ncswkr Lky © _knrshc Kmuantihc Jibitkm 6?>4 7

6CM
KMI]IHC IC]KVBKMIN]K _J[Q NCQPKV LKY 6
F writkfnal nc nrtiajk
> th nppjy ghr tdk `rnct
6 rnic is ghrkanst hc ]dursmny, 1.?? is thh jntk ns it wijj `kt mnrl 4N
1 N gnbhus nathr dns n`rkkm th stnr ic tdk ﬎jb. Yks. Fkanusk it’s nc ibphrtnct twkcty-﬎rst-akctury slijj< it’s ckkmkm
= nt tdk hjm pufjia sdkjtkr fy tdk rivkr ic tdk pnrl th ahpk witd tdk rnpimjy adnc`ic` whrjm< kbpjhykrs wijj fk jhhlic`
ghr pkhpjk witd arkntivk imkns, wdh anc ﬎cm arkntivk shjutihcs th
=N prhfjkbs.
> tdicl 6 phtkctinj 1 shucms = shucm ; chc-stnrtkr 7 whrl
0 ]dnt’s 4 bi`dt 9 tdnt

F 6.; JHHLFNAL
_hsitivk kxprkssihcs5 I tdicl it dns phtkctinj< ]dnt shucms `rknt<
tdnt’s n phssifijity< tdnt bi`dt whrl< I jilk tdk shucm hg tdnt ICMIVKA] ^[KQ]IHCQ
Ck`ntivk kxprkssihcs5 tdnt’s n chc-stnrtkr< I’b cht surk tdnt’jj whrl.
>N
;N > Anc yhu tkjj bk wdnt yhu’rk mhic` jntkr8
> Mh yhu jilk tdk imkn8 6 ]dnt bi`dt whrl. 1 ]dnt jhhls/shucms 6 Anc I nsl yhu wdkrk yhu’rk `hic` nt tdk wkklkcm8
`rknt! = I’b cht ahcvicakm nfhut tdnt. ; Ch wny. 1 Anc yhu tkjj bk wdh yhur gnvhuritk busiainc / nrtist / mksi`ckr is8
= Mh yhu dnvk ncy imkn wdkrk yhu’rk `hic` ghr yhur ckxt dhjimny8
; Mh yhu lchw wdnt yhur pjncs nrk ghr tdk ckxt yknr hr twh8
w JNC@[N@KFNCL 6.1 p>?7 7 Anc yhu tkjj bk wdkrk yhu wkct th sadhhj8
> N5 Mh yhu jilk tdk imkn8 F5 I’b cht ahcvicakm nfhut it. 0 Anc I nsl yhu ig yhu kcehy jknrcic` jnc`un`ks8
6 N5 Dhw mhks tdnt shucm8 F5 ]dnt skkbs jilk n rknjjy `hhm imkn.
1 N5 ]dnt’s n phssifijity. F5 I dnvk by mhufts nfhut tdnt. NMEKA]IWKQ ]H MKQAVIFK ICWKC]IHCQ
= N5 I tdicl it dns phtkctinj. F5 It’s hut hg tdk qukstihc.
6
; N5 Pdnt mh yhu tdicl8 F5 I jilk tdk shucm hg it.
> stuccic` 6 murnfjk 1 `rhucmfrknlic` = stibsy ; uciquk
7 N5 I’b cht surk it’jj whrl. F5 It’s n chc-stnrtkr.
7 ajip-hc 0 fihmk`rnmnfjk 4 kmifjk

F[IJMIC@Q
JKNVC ]H @IWK _VNIQK
1N
0N bhsquk, `rkkcdhusk, wicmbijj, fnrc, anvk, sdkm, anstjk, sdkjtkr,
> Nbnzic`! 6 Gnctnstia! 1 Kxakjjkct! = Phcmkrguj! tkbpjk, wnrkdhusk, gnathry, antdkmrnj
; Bnrvkjjhus! 7 Frijjinct! 0 Nwkshbk!
_VKQKC] _KVGKA] QIB_JK NCM AHC]IC[H[Q
6.= AVKN]IWI]Y =N
> ’vk (dnvk) fkkc whrlic` 6 ’vk (dnvk) fkkc wnitic`
1 ’vk (dnvk) ajknckm = ’vk (dnvk) adnc`km ; ’vk (dnvk) fkkc
MWM WIKP jistkcic` 7 ’vk (dnvk) hrmkrkm 0 ’vk (dnvk) fkkc pnictic`
6N 4 ’vk (dnvk) tnlkc
rknmic` fhhls, `hic` th buskubs / tdk tdkntrk, bnlic` shbktdic`
ckw grhb shbktdic` hjm, pjnyic` `nbks witd adijmrkc, mhic` E[M@IC@ NCM KWNJ[N]IC@ IMKNQ
dhuskwhrl, ﬎xic` tdic`s nrhucm tdk dhusk, pjnyic` tdk `uitnr.
;N
F > tdicl 6 shucm 1 surk = whrl ; mhufts 7 phssifijity
Qnbnctdn5 arkntivk ic tdk litadkc, icvkctic` ckw rkaipks 0 wny 4 whcmkrguj
Gjnt bntk5 dncmy pkrshc, frijjinct nt ﬎xic` tdic`s nrhucm tdk dhusk
Adris5 n jittjk fit arkntivk, nrtwhrl tkrrifjk fut jilks th rknm fhhls ns n
arkntivk nat, kcehys `hic` th buskubs ncm jifrnriks
_nuj5 pjnys tdk `uitnr, writks n gkw jyrias, npprkaintks nrt ncm mi﬏krkct
typks hg busia grhb nrhucm tdk whrjm
_ntriain5 _jnys witd dkr shc ncm dns th bnlk up sthriks ncm bnlk ckw
tdic`s hut hg hjm tdic`s
Vusskjj5 nrtistia fut cht `hhm nt nrt

A
>m 6 g 1 f = d ; i 7 n 0 e 4 k 9 a >? `

1
> @kck 6 Vhxncck 1 Qhpdik = Vhxncck ; Vhxncck 7 Qhpdik

=
> busia 6 n rnppkr 1 yhuc` = mirkathrs ; pjny `nbks
7 tdkntrk

;
> @kck 6 _ntriain 1 _nuj = _nuj ; Vhxncck 7 Vhxncck
0 _ntriain 4 Vhxncck 9 Vhxncck >? Vhxncck

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