Inspeccion Visual de Cojinetes

C15 On-highway Engine BXS00001-UP(SEBP3722 - 30) - Estructura del documento Page 1 of 50
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Producto: TRUCK ENGINE

Modelo: C15 TRUCK ENGINE BXS
Configuración: C15 On-highway Engine BXS00001-UP
Pautas de reutilización y recuperación

Visual Inspection of Main Bearings and Connecting Rod Bearings{1202, 1203, 1225, 1230}
Número de medio -SEBF8009-05 Fecha de publicación -13/11/2008 Fecha de actualización -02/12/2008
i03377923
Visual Inspection of Main Bearings and Connecting Rod Bearings

{1202, 1203, 1225, 1230}
SMCS - 1202-040; 1203-040; 1225-040; 1230-040
Engine:Commercial All Diesel

Engine:Truck All
Engine: All Commercial Gas Engines
Generator Set: All
Industrial Engine:with Turbochargers All
Machine Engines: All
Marine Engine: ALL
Introduction
This Reuse and Salvage Guideline contains the necessary information in order to allow a dealer to establish a
parts reusability program. Reuse and salvage information enables Caterpillar dealers and customers to benefit
from cost reductions. Every effort has been made in order to provide the most current information that is
known to Caterpillar. Continuing improvement and advancement of product design might have caused changes
to your product which are not included in this publication. This Reuse and Salvage Guideline must be used
with the latest technical information that is available from Caterpillar.
For additional information about this guideline, consult Repair Process Engineering of the Marketing &
Product Support Division at 1 (309) 675-5434.
Summary
This guideline will provide visual criteria and recommendations in order to show the difference between a
reusable bearing and one that is not reusable. This guideline must be used to determine whether a bearing is
reusable. Bearings that show unacceptable wear must be replaced. If a bearing meets the specifications in this
guideline and other applicable guidelines, the bearing can be expected to give normal performance until the
next overhaul.
This guideline may not be used for failure analysis. To make the illustrations more clear, descriptions of
possible failures have been included. More information on failure analysis can be found in Applied Failure
Analysis, SEBV0544, "Engine Bearings".
References
Applied Failure Analysis, SEBF0544, "Engine Bearings"
General Information
https://sis.cat.com/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/s... 17/03/2009
Carefully inspect all bearings. It is also necessary to inspect crankshaft journals and bores. While it is
acceptable to replace only one bearing, you must replace both halves of the bearing. Clean all parts and
passages. Debris from bearings can damage piston skirts. New bearings are necessary when a crankshaft has
been straightened, ground or polished. A new bearing is also necessary when a bore has been machined.
Nomenclature
Illustration 1 g01693334
Main bearing
(1) Lower bearing half
(2) Upper bearing half
(3) Bearing surface
(4) Oil groove
(5) Oil hole
(6) Locking tab
(7) Mating face
(8) Tab slot
(9) Edge
Thrust bearing
Machining all bearing journals is recommended if you must machine a bore or a crankshaft in order to remove
damage. Always follow the instructions for reconditioning. Instructions for reconditioning can be found in
applicable service manuals.
(3) Bearing surface
(6) Locking tab
(7) Mating surface
(8) Tab slot
(9) Edge
(10) Thrust surface
Characteristics of Construction
There are a wide variety of materials and layers that make up bearings. This overview is a basic description of
the layers and materials that make up bearings, starting with the steel backing and working up to the surface.
The steel backing is relatively thick. The steel backing also provides strength to the bearing surface.
The bonding agent is a thin metallic layer of material, which allows the lining of the bearing to be
bonded to the steel backing. Directly bonding the lining to the steel may not always be possible. A
bonding agent that is made from aluminum is used on aluminum based material.
Bearing material is a nonferrous material. Successful operation of the bearing requires bearing material
to give a phase of softness and a phase of hardness. The lining of the bearing can consist of copper,
aluminum, tin, or lead.
A bonding agent may be a very thin layer of nickel or copper.
Overlays are typically very soft lead based alloys. Overlays provide a soft layer between harder
materials in the bearing. Lead overlays are also resistant to corrosion.
Flash coatings typically consist of tin. Flash coatings coat the whole bearing for long term storage. Flash
coating is about two microns thick. Flash coating can aid the process of break-in by wearing materials
more gently.
Although bearings are constructed similarly, there are differences between standard bearings and thrust
bearings.
Thrust bearings do not have an overlay of lead tin on flanges of the thrust bearing or thrust plates.
The bonding agent is different on some bearings. Older bearings have a second layer of bonding agent
between the steel back and aluminum.
The lead, or lead tin preventive coating gives bearings a dull gray or white color. Bearing operation may
cause a color change of the bearing.
Bearing color is also determined by the flash type. Lead tin coated bearings will typically be darker in
color, while tin coated bearings will be lighter in color. Operation of moving parts in an engine will also
change the color of the bearing.
Layers of material
(11) Tin or lead tin flash
(12) Lead tin overlay
(13) Steel back
(14) Bonding agent
(15) Aluminum bearing material
(14) Bonding agent
Do not reuse bearings that show a large area of either the bonding agent or aluminum surface.
Identifying, Preparing and Storing Bearings

Bearing identification is a very important part of visual inspection. To ensure that proper identification of the
bearing can be maintained, mark each half of the bearing with a "U" for upper, or an "L" for lower. It will also
be necessary to note the location of each bearing with a number. Make sure that you record the location and
the position of a bearing half. It is acceptable to write next to the tab of a bearing. Note the position and the
location of a bearing on the back side of a bearing if it is not possible to note next to a tab. For main bearing
caps, use the number of the bearing cap. For rod bearings, use the number of the cylinder. Limit identification
marks to the area next to the mating face.
Identification marks
Identification marks
Bearing cleaning
After identification, preparations must be made for inspection, installation, or storage of the bearings. Cleaning
bearings with only kerosene or diesel fuel is recommended. Use only approved solvents if solvents must be
used. Do not use rough materials or brushes on bearing surfaces. A soft cloth or paper cloth may be used to
wipe off bearings. Use cloths gently. Do not use gasoline, sandpaper, emery polishing paper, crocus cloth,
files, or glass beads to clean bearings. Bearings must be coated with oil if immediate use is not in order. Oil
will prevent the bearings from corroding. Be sure to clean bearings after storage. You must also dry off the
bearings before installation. Original marks that have been removed during cleaning must be recorded again.
Damage on the bearing surface
Do not use a bearing that has damage from improper preparation and storage procedures.
Damage on the bearing surface
Do not use a bearing that has damage from improper preparation and storage procedures.
Protection during storage
Do not allow bearing surfaces to touch other bearing surfaces. Bearing surfaces can damage other bearing
surfaces. Illustration 12 represents a properly protected bearing.
Normal Wear
(16) Area of load for standard connecting rods
(17) Area of load for serrated connecting rods
Bearings have typical areas of wear. Areas of heavy wear must be inspected, even if heavy wear is expected.
This area is known as the load zone.
Minimal wear will appear at the mating faces of the bearing halves. Most wear will occur on the side of the
load. Since a load pushes down on the connecting rod, the upper half of the bearing will wear more than the
lower half.
(18) Area of load for main bearings
Upper and lower bearing halves
Lower halves of main bearings will wear more quickly than upper halves.
Shiny areas on bearing halves may be a sign of early wear. Illustration 18 accurately represents bearings that
have worn early. Upper halves of main bearings will wear more slowly than lower halves. On bearings that
show early wear, be sure to check the profile of the crankshaft. It is acceptable to reuse bearings that show
early wear if wear is within specifications.
Upper and lower bearing halves
The bearing halves in illustration 19 accurately represent signs of early wear.
Lower main bearing halves
Lower main bearing halves may show more wear than upper bearing halves. Generally, there is very little wear
on upper halves. It is acceptable to reuse bearings that show early wear if bearings are within specifications.
Upper halves of connecting rod bearings
A crankshaft that is out of round may cause bearings to wear early. The upper connecting rod bearings in
illustration 21 show signs of early wear of the connecting rod. Do not reuse bearings that have been badly
worn, early.
(14) Bonding agent
Do not reuse upper main bearings that show heavily worn upper bearings. Check the condition of the
crankshaft journal and bore for any possible causes for early wear.
Visual Inspection Procedures

There are certain guidelines that need to be followed during bearing inspection.
Clean bearings with kerosene or diesel fuel and a soft cloth in order to remove any debris. Make sure
that you do not scratch the bearing surface.
Inspect the back of the bearings for scratches or color changes, and any other obvious damage.
Inspect the surface of the bearing for any damage or heavy wear.
Inspect the edges and mating faces of the bearings. Thoroughly check the area near the tabs.
While inspecting bearings use care. Improperly handling bearings may scratch the bearing surfaces.
Inspecting the back sides of bearings
(19) Debris
Use kerosene or diesel fuel to remove debris. Use a soft cloth to wipe off bearings. Paint, tape, rust, and dirt
are all examples of debris. If debris and dirt can be removed from the bearing by cleaning, it is acceptable to
reuse the bearing.
Use kerosene or diesel fuel to remove debris. Use a soft cloth to wipe off bearings.
(20) Shiny area
Shiny surfaces on the bearing can be caused by shifting of a bearing in a bore.
(21) Moved material and fretting
Do not reuse bearings that show signs of moved material or fretting.
(21) Moved material and fretting
Do not reuse bearings that show signs of moved material or fretting.
Note: Never reuse a bearing that shows signs of fretting on the back. If fretting is found, inspect the bearing
cap and bolts. Make sure that bores are the proper diameter. A small amount of fretting is common after many
hours of operation. Fretting must be removed from the bore in the connecting rod or connecting rod cap.
Remove debris from the bore with a small grinder in the area of the smeared material only. Do not use emery
cloth over a large area of the bore. Machining a bore may be necessary to remove damage. You must use a
bearing that is over size after machining.
Normal wear
The bearing in illustration 28 represents a bearing with normal wear on the back side of the bearing.
Normal wear
Normal wear
Inspecting bearing surfaces
Normal wear
Reuse bearings that do not show aluminum bearing material or the bonding agent of the bearing.
Normal wear
Normal wear
Normal wear
The bearing in illustration 34 shows signs of normal wear over a long period of time. Do not reuse a bearing if
large amounts of aluminum bearing material or bonding agent can be seen.
Normal bearing wear
You may not reuse bearings if the lead tin overlay is worn enough to see large amounts of aluminum bearing
material.
Normal bearing wear
material.
Normal bearing wear
material.
Normal bearing wear
material.
Shiny areas on a bearing
You may reuse a bearing that shows signs of early wear if most of the tin flash is still in place. If there is a
scratch in the center of the bearing, you may still reuse the bearing as long as the scratch is no wider than 1.0
mm (0.040 inch). You must repair a crankshaft if the runout of the crankshaft exceeds the specification.
Note: Scratches and light polishing of the tin flash are permissible in both the upper and lower halves of the
bearing. Fine scratches around the bearing are permissible on both halves of the bearing. Reuse a bearing that
shows fine scratches that have extended into the aluminum bearing material if the edges are smooth. To make
sure that the bearing surface is free of debris, run your finger across the surface.
Fine scratches on bearing surface
Debris may cause fine scratches to appear on the surface of the bearing. You may reuse the bearing if the
surface is smooth and free of debris.
Small particles of aluminum embedded in the surface of a bearing are acceptable. The particles must be fine,
and the surface must be flat. Do not reuse a bearing if any other material is embedded in the surface of a
bearing.
bearing.
bearing.
Embedded debris
Illustration 48 represents a bearing that has embedded debris in the bearing surface. Bearings that show large
amounts of embedded debris should not be reused.
(22) Particles of aluminum
In illustration 49, aluminum flakes and hard debris are present on the bearing surface. Do not use a bearing if
debris is present on the surface. Bearings that show small particles of aluminum are reusable.
Particles of aluminum
Illustration 50 represents a bearing with acceptable amounts of aluminum on the bearing surface.
Large scratches
Do not reuse a bearing that has scratches more than 1.0 mm (0.040 inch) wide.
Check the runout of the crankshaft if large scratches appear on the bearings.
Scratches on the bearing surface
Do not reuse bearings that have scratches wider than 1.0 mm (0.040 inch). Be sure to check the runout of the
crankshaft if large scratches appear on the bearing surface.
Bearings that have many scratches are not reusable, even if the scratches are less than 1.0 mm (0.040 inch)
wide. Check the runout of the crankshaft if large scratches appear on the bearings.
You may reuse a bearing that has a scratch, if the scratch is less than 1.0 mm (0.040 inch).
(23) Heavy scratches
Do not reuse bearings that show scratches as a result of debris.
Smearing of the bearing surface
Do not reuse a bearing that shows signs of smearing, even if the surface is smooth.
Unusual wear
material. Check the runout of the crankshaft if aluminum bearing material can be seen.
Unusual wear
Unusual wear
Unusual wear
Unusual wear
Unusual wear
(24) Discoloration
(25) Damage of the surface
You may reuse a bearing with some discoloration or minor damage of the surface if the bearing is smooth.
(24) Discoloration
(25) Damage of the surface
You may reuse a bearing with some discoloration or minor damage of the surface if the bearing is smooth.
Fine marks
Fine marks on the surface of a bearing may be found on the lead tin overlay. You may reuse a bearing that has
fine marks on the surface.
Fine marks on the surface
Fine marks on the surface
Bearings
The bearing on the left in illustration 68 has a darker color because of the lead tin overlay. The bearing on the
right has a tin overlay. Oil and operating conditions will determine the color change of the bearing. You may
reuse bearings that show differences in color on the surface.
High points on the surface of the bearing
High spots on the bearing surface may cause the lead tin overlay to wear improperly. This may be the result of
moved material on the back of the bearing. Do not reuse a bearing that has wear from high points. Check the
back of the bearing for debris, fretting or other material.
High points on the surface of the bearing
High spots on the bearing surface may cause the lead tin overlay to wear improperly. This may be the result of
moved material on the back of the bearing. Do not reuse a bearing that has wear from high points. Check the
back of the bearing for debris, fretting or other material.
Small holes
Small holes from cavitation erosion are acceptable if the holes are not in the area of load of the bearing.
Small holes
Small holes
Be sure to properly identify holes from cavitation erosion. Holes from cavitation erosion, and embedded debris
may be very similar in appearance.
Bearings that have very small holes near the area of load of bearing may be reused.
Pieces of lead tin overlay are missing. Illustration 77 is not an example of cavitation erosion.
Pieces of lead tin overlay are missing. Illustration 78 is not an example of cavitation erosion.
Inspecting the Mating Faces of Bearings
Rust on bearing mating surface
Reuse bearings that have rust on the mating surface after cleaning with kerosene or diesel fuel, if the rust can
be removed. Grinding, sanding and machining are not approved methods for removing rust.
Wear on the mating face
Do not reuse bearings that have damage on the mating face.
Damage on the mating face
Do not reuse a bearing if damage is present on the mating face.
Damage on the tab of the bearing
Do not reuse bearings that have fretting or damage near the bearing tab. Damage on the bearing tab is
unacceptable.
The Edge of the Bearing
Wear on the edge of a bearing
You may reuse a bearing that has wear on either edge. Do not reuse a bearing that looks like the bearing in
illustration 83.
Wear on the edge of a bearing
You may reuse a bearing that has wear on either edge. Do not reuse a bearing that looks like the bearing in
illustration 84.
The Thrust Surface of the Bearing
Scratches on the thrust surface
Thrust bearings that have scratches on the thrust surfaces are reusable if the edges are smooth.
Heavy damage to the thrust surface
You may reuse thrust bearings that have light damage if the damage does not come into contact with the
crankshaft.
Light damage to the thrust surface
You may reuse a thrust bearing that has damage to the thrust surface so long as there are no high edges that
come into contact with the crankshaft.
Crack in the thrust flange
Do not reuse thrust bearings that have cracks in the thrust flange.
Light damage on the edge of the thrust flange.
You may reuse thrust bearings that light damage on the edge of the thrust flange so long as no high edges
come into contact with the crankshaft.
Normal wear
Illustration 90 accurately represents a thrust bearing with normal wear. You may reuse a thrust bearing with
normal wear.
Normal wear
normal wear.
Wear on the face of the thrust bearing
Do not reuse a thrust bearing if wear has extended across the complete face to the oil groove.
Heavy wear to the thrust surface
Do not reuse a bearing that has heavy wear on the thrust surface. Scuffed metal and smeared metal on the
thrust surface is unacceptable.
Damage of the thrust surface
Do not reuse a thrust bearing that has a badly damaged thrust surface.
Normal wear
normal wear.
Copyright 1993 - 2009 Caterpillar Inc. Tue Mar 17 10:37:00 EST 2009
Todos los derechos reservados.
Red privada para licenciados del SIS.

Inspeccion Visual de Cojinetes

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C15 On-highway Engine BXS00001-UP(SEBP3722 - 30) - Estructura del documento Page 1 of 50

Producto: TRUCK ENGINE

Pautas de reutilización y recuperación

Visual Inspection of Main Bearings and Connecting Rod Bearings

Engine:Commercial All Diesel

(1) Lower bearing half

(2) Upper bearing half

(3) Bearing surface

(4) Oil groove

(5) Oil hole

(6) Locking tab

(7) Mating face

(8) Tab slot

(6) Locking tab

(7) Mating surface

(8) Tab slot

A bonding agent may be a very thin layer of nickel or copper.

(11) Tin or lead tin flash

(12) Lead tin overlay

(13) Steel back

(14) Bonding agent

(15) Aluminum bearing material

(14) Bonding agent

(15) Aluminum bearing material

Identifying, Preparing and Storing Bearings

(17) Area of load for serrated connecting rods

(2) Upper bearing half

(2) Upper bearing half

(1) Lower bearing half

The bearing halves in illustration 19 accurately represent signs of early wear.

(14) Bonding agent

(15) Aluminum bearing material

Visual Inspection Procedures

Inspecting the back sides of bearings

Shiny surfaces on the bearing can be caused by shifting of a bearing in a bore.

Do not reuse bearings that show signs of moved material or fretting.

Do not reuse bearings that show signs of moved material or fretting.

Inspecting bearing surfaces

Do not reuse bearings that show scratches as a result of debris.

(25) Damage of the surface

(25) Damage of the surface

Inspecting the Mating Faces of Bearings

Do not reuse bearings that have damage on the mating face.

Do not reuse a bearing if damage is present on the mating face.

The Edge of the Bearing

The Thrust Surface of the Bearing

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