CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter deals with the description of methodology adopted for the present
study. This include research approach, research design,setting, population
sampling & sampling technique along with the data collection

tools & procedure,development & description of tools, pilot study and

plan for data analysis for present study.

The research methodology includes the strategies used to collect

information and analyze those to acomplish the research objectives and

to formulate the research hypothesis.

Research methodology is a way of systematically solving the research

problem.The purpose of this section is to communication with the

readers as to what the ivestigator did to solve

research problems or to answer research questions.

Research Approach

A descriptive survey approach was selected for the present study ,as it aimed at
assesing the knowledge and attitude regarding the importance of exclusive
breastfeeding among primgravid women attending antenatal clinics of

R.G KAR Medical college and hospital in kolkata.

 Research design
Keeping the objectives in mind the descriptive survey design has been

adopted to study the variables.

Research variables Description of variable

Interpretation

A Knowledge and
attitude of
Variable 1 primigravida
To asses the
S antenatal mother
knowledge
regarding importance
Knowledge and attitude
of breastfeeding
and of
S
attitude of primigravida
mother.
O Knowledge on
importance of
breastfeeding with
C selected demographic
To find out variables
Variable 2 the
I
Age , sex, association of
religion, knowledge on
occupation importance of
A
and breastfeeding
educational with selected
Development of
status demographic
T hypothesis
variables

O
 Variables
Dependent variable : Knowledge and practice of mother
Demographic variables:Age,sex, religion, occupation, educational status
Setting of the present study
Setting is the place,where the data collection takes place.So,the selection of the appropriate setting is important because
the setting can influence the way people behave or feel how the response.

The present study was conducted at Antenatal clinic of RG KAR MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL,Khudiram
Bose sarani,kol-700004 from 12/09/2022 to 17/09/2022.
The rationale for selecting these specific institution for the study was:
• Availability of the sample
• Familiarity with the setting
• Feasibility of conducting the study
• Easy accessibility of the area
• Easy getting of the area
• Easy getting of administrative approval
• Availability of the cooperation for the study from the various personnel.

Population
A population is any group of individuals that has some characteristics in common in which the researcher is interested.The
study population will comprise of all the Primi gravid women attending antenatal clinic of RG KAR MEDICAL
COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL.
Sample size
The sample size for the present study was 100 primi gravid women attending antenatal clinic of RGKMCH.

Sampling criteria
The following Inclusion Criteria were set for the selection of sample:
.primi gravid who are willing to participate in the study.
.primi gravid women who are attending the antenatal clinic of R.G.k.M.C&H.
Primi gravid mother who can understand bengali/Hindi.
Exclousion criteria
The following exclusion Criteria were set for the selection of sample:
.primi gravid women who speak in other than bengali and hindi.
 Data collection tools and techniques

Data collection is a very important and crucial aspect of the investigation,as the collection of appropriate and relevant
information helps to provide the answer of the research problem.The researcher constructed the following data collection
tools based on objectives of the study,to collect relevant necessary information,in order to attain the answer to the research
questions put forward in the study.It is presentedin the table below:
Table 1 Data collection tools and technique and variables of the present study
SL no Data collection variables to be. Data collection
Tool. Measured. Technique

1. Semi structured interview scheduled on

Development and Description of the tool

Tool-I
The semi structured questionnaire prepared to collect socio-demograpic ,this tool was designed by 11 items to
collect data such as age, religion,level of education, occupation,monthly family income,type of family, gestational
age.
Tool-II
The structured questionnaire prepared to assess the knowledge of antenatal primi gravid women about exclusive
breastfeeding.It consisted of a total of 12 items.
Tool -III
Structured questionnaire of 15(items) with 3 point likert scale related to attitude towards the exclusive
breastfeeding.All these items had 3 options.The options are agree, uncertain,disagree.The items are scored as
agree=3, uncertain=2,disagree=1.The minimum and maximum scores that can be obtained are 15 and 45
respectively.The score is categorised into three groups:
Maximum Number -45
Minimum Number -15
Strongly positive attitude -31-45
Positive attitude -16-30
Negative attitude -1-15
P
Development and Description of the tool-I,tool -II,tool -III
A semi structured questionnaire was selected for the antenatal primi gravid women as a tool for the study to collect the
information of antenatal women.Semi structured interview schedule was selected for the antenatal primi gravid women as
a tool for the study to assess the knowledge and attitude about exclusive breastfeeding.
After vigorous review of the relevant area in the research and non-research literatures and formal, informal discussion with
experts and peer group, the investigator had planned to develop a semi structured interview schedule to collect background
information of an Antenatal primigravid woman and also planned to develop a structured interview schedule to assess the
fear.Investigator also planned to develop a likert scale to determine attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding and semi
structured interview schedule to identify preference towards exclusive breastfeeding after baby birth.A total of 11
questions that prepared to collect the background information of the respondents.A total of 12 questions were prepared to
assess the knowledge of antenatal primi gravid women about exclusive breastfeeding and planned to develop an attitude
scale containing 15 questions to assess the attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding.The major steps adopted for selection
and preparation of the tools were as follows:
Steps 1: Planning for the semi structured, structured interview schedule.
Step 2: Development of the first draft.
Step 3: Establishment of the validity of the tool
Step 4:Development of the second draft.
Step 5:Translation of the tool in the local language.
Step 6: Establishment of reliability.
Step 7:Development of the final draft of the tool.

Steps 1: Planning for the semi structured, structured interview schedule.

In the planning of semi structured and structured interview schedule all the objectives were taken into concern. Researcher
has gone through an extensive review of literature which comprised of both research and non-research article.
Expert consultation was also sought out in the field. All the planned items are categorised to measure the variable under
study that is the items to assess the demographic data of a primi gravid woman and knowledge and attitude towards
exclusive breastfeeding.
Step 2: Development of the first draft.
Selection and Development of tool I
The semi structured questionnaire prepared to collect socio-demograpic ,this tool was designed by 11 items to
collect data such as age, religion,level of education, occupation,monthly family income,type of family, gestational
age.
Selection and Development of tool II
The structured questionnaire prepared to assess the knowledge of antenatal primi gravid women about exclusive
breastfeeding.It consisted of a total of 12 items.
Selection and Development of Tool -III
Structured questionnaire of 15(items) with 3 point likert scale related to attitude towards the exclusive
breastfeeding.All these items had 3 options.The options are agree, uncertain,disagree.The items are scored as
agree=3, uncertain=2,disagree=1.The minimum and maximum scores that can be obtained are 15 and 45
respectively.The score is categorised into three groups:
Maximum Number -45
Minimum Number -15
Strongly positive attitude -31-45
 Positive attitude -16-30
Negative attitude -1-15
Step 3: Establishment of the validity of the tool
Content validity was obtained by submitting the tool to five experts for their opinion and suggestions.The content
with the data collection is given to 5 expertsin the field of the department of "obstetrics & gynaecology nursing" to
ensure content validity of the tool.
Step 4: Development of the second draft
After obtaining the validity of the tool as per suggestions of the expert,some items had modified, question framing
modified.
Second draft has prepared after necessary correction ,deletion, addition, exchange in questions wording and
sequence.
Step 5: Translation of the tool in the local language
The tool was prepared in English and then converted into the local language that is Bengali.Language validation
was established by an expert in Bengali language and then re translation of the Bengali tool into English by another
English language expert.The bengali version of the tool has been provided in the appendix.
Step 6: establishment of the reliability
Step 8: The development of the final draft of the tool
After the establishment of validity and reliability the investigator prepared the final draft of the tool .
Tool-I
The semi structured questionnaire prepared to collect socio-demograpic ,this tool was designed by 11 items to
collect data such as age, religion,level of education, occupation,monthly family income,type of family, gestational
age.
Tool-II
The structured questionnaire prepared to assess the knowledge of antenatal primi gravid women about exclusive
breastfeeding.It consisted of a total of 12 items.
Tool -III
Structured questionnaire of 15(items) with 3 point likert scale related to attitude towards the exclusive
breastfeeding.All these items had 3 options.The options are agree, uncertain,disagree.The items are scored as
agree=3, uncertain=2,disagree=1.The minimum and maximum scores that can be obtained are 15 and 45
respectively.The score is categorised into three groups:
Maximum Number -45
Minimum Number -15
Strongly positive attitude -31-45
Positive attitude -16-30
Negative attitude -1-15
 Ethical Consideration
• Permission will be taken from institutional ethical committee.
• Informed consent will be taken from all participant.
• Privacy will be maintained during interview.
• Confidentiality and anonymity of the data will be maintained.
Pilot study
The investigator conducted the pilot study at R.G.Kar . Medical College
and Hospital , Kolkata from 12/09/2022 to 17/09/2022 after getting
formal permission from the administrative authority. The sample for
pilot study was 100.
Results of the pilot study:
• The study was found to be feasible.
• Time taken per participant was 10-15 minutes.
• The investigator administrative the tool effectively.
• No problem was faced by the investigator during the data collection
period.
Data collection procedure
Final study was conducted from 12/09/2022 to 17 /09/2022 at antenatal
clinic of R.G.kar medical college and hospital. The collected from 100
primigravida mother.
• Schedule of the data collection was according to the timing of
antenatal clinic that was from 8 Am to 1 Pm from 12/09/2022 to
15/09/2022 at R.G.kar medical College and hospital.
• Data collected from 25-30 respondents at each clinic day . Comfortable
sitting management with adequate light was present while collecting
data.
• Samples were selected by convenient sampling technique, the
investigator herself communicate with the primigravida mothers for the
information.
• The investigator introduced herself with each participant and
explained the purpose of the study. Established rapport with mother.
• Informed consent was taken from each participant and confidentiality
ensured.
• Time taken for each respondent was 10-15 minitues.
• Collected data were analysed and statistically calculated .
Plan for data analysis
Data will be analysed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics
based on the objectives of the study.
Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the participants sample
characteristics in frequency and percentage.
Descriptive statistics will be used to describe different areas of quality
life of the mother.
Inferential statistics
Correlation will be done to find out significant relationship among
sociodemographic criteria with knowledge and attitude of the mother.