TP2U8S WM

PARTS OF SPEECH
Nouns and Verbs
A. Nouns
1. Review of Nouns
Book One covers singular and plural countable nouns as well as uncountable nouns.
Look at the following review.
1. Singular countable nouns

• do not take −s/−es endings (a car not a cars; one bus not one buses)
• are used after a/an, one, this, that, a single, another, each, and every
• use the article a/an when referring to nonspecific things (a book—any book; a
house—any house)
• use the article the when referring to things in general or to represent a class (the
rose—roses in general; the whale—whales in general)
• use the article the when referring to specific things (the book—a specific book; the
house—a specific house; the sun; the Atlantic; the Sahara; the northern
hemisphere)
2. Plural countable nouns

• do not take the article a/an (students not a students; boxes not a boxes; owls not
an owls)
• may come after the following words
all these dozens of
some those hundreds of
some (of the) every one of thousands of
a few (of) each one of a number of
many (of) each of the number of
a lot of one of a couple of
lots of both several (of the)
various other
• may also take irregular forms (babies not babys; knives not knifes, women not
womans; data not datums; sheep for both plural and singular forms)
Student Book 2 Structure and Written Expression Section51

Unit 8–Parts of Speech
3. Uncountable nouns
• generally do not take plural form (sugar not sugars; blood not bloods; rice not
rices)
• may have −s endings but they take singular verbs (mathematics, news, measles,
mumps, aerobics, billiards, etc.)
• may come after the following words
much all*
little some*
a little a lot of*
an amount of lots of*
plenty of*
*They can also be used with countable plural nouns.
• are not used with the following words
a/an a few (of) dozens of
another many (of) hundreds of
one every one of thousands of
a single each one of a number of
each each (of) the number of
every one of a couple of
these both several (of the)
those
Notes on Articles
When using nouns, pay attention to the use of the articles a/an and the. The following
are points concerning articles discussed in Book One.
1. The article a is used for nouns starting with consonant sounds, while an is used with
vowel sounds. (a unit of time, a university student, an avid reader, an SMA student)
2. The article the is used
• with adjectives to denote a group of people having the condition described by the
adjectives (the rich, the poor, the deaf)
• with superlatives (the highest degree, the most important)
• with words such as first, next, last , same and only (the last meeting, the same
reason, the only child, etc.)
2. Review of Pronouns, Forms of Other, and Nonreferential It and There Subjects
When using various forms of pronouns, possessive adjectives, relative pronouns and
adverbs, and forms of other, as well as the nonreferential it and there subjects, pay
attention to the following points discussed in Book One.
52Structure and Written Expression Section Student Book 2

1. Use correct pronouns (subject, object, possessive, reflexive) and correct possessive
adjectives as indicated by the nouns they refer to.
Anthony gave the novel to Jane after he finished reading it. His idea to give the
novel to her was better than yours. Reading it herself, she was able to write a
good review.
2. Use correct relative pronouns (who, whom, which, whose and that) and relative
adverbs (where, why, and when) as indicated by the antecedents.
He spoke to the lady whose (not who) jewelry had been stolen.
The strategies, which (not who) the company is using, are not reliable.
He met his distant relatives whom (not which) he had never seen.
That is the kind of man that (not which) I dislike.
This is the year when (not which) we could gain profit.
We will reach a stage where (not in where) all students have computers.
3. Use another and others to refer to nonspecific nouns and the other and the others to
refer to specific nouns.
Another round of coffee will serve us fine.
One assistant will work for you, while the other will work for Mr. Blair.
Some people enjoy reading while others watching movies.
Half of the chairs are arranged in that room, and the others are arranged here.
Note:
While another and the other can be used as adjectives that modify nouns (another car,
the other girl), others and the others cannot (not others people, not the others houses).
4. It should not be confused with there.
It is a bit dark here. Please turn on the light.
There is a big, black book on my table.
Check your understanding.

Directions: Correct the mistake in each of the following sentences.
1. That new students could not find her way home.
2. Mr. Smith will buy another computers to replace the old one.
3. Mary plays a piano very well.
4. A boy sitting next to me lost one of his teeth.
5. The cat is licking one of its foots.
6. Marcel usually drinks a cups of coffee every day.
7. One of my cat has a toothache.
8. That girl is afraid of mouses.
9. Bernard likes to have a lot of salts in his porridge.
10. Billiards are more interesting to play than chess.
11. You need many money to buy a condominium.
12. The Robinsons brought only several luggage when they moved to their new
apartment.
13. The victim of the accident needs a lot of bloods.
14. Tanya has only a hour to finish her homework before going to the piano recital.
15. Jack works as the engineer.
16. An unique handicraft creation will always be salable.
17. The whales, giants of the sea, attract many scientists to study them.
18. Chinese still believe in traditional herbs to cure ailments.
19. She had same excuse every time she couldn’t attend the meeting.
20. Will rich ever understand the pain of hunger?
21. Australia is a continent in southern hemisphere.
22. Moon completes its rotation around the Earth once a month.
23. I enjoyed reading a book that you gave me.
24. Harry will help me with next assignment.
25. The town in where we were born is famous for its beautiful tourist resort.
26. What we need is other set of the equipment.
27. Annette works for a company who provides pension plans.
28. We bought two novels. One is a romance and another is science fiction.
29. They are the people to which Catherine referred.
30. We should give credit to the students for them hard work.
31. Whose book is it? Is it your?
32. Some students in my dorm spent their holiday in the mountains while others students
preferred staying home.
33.It is a sale going on at Marquee’s.
34. There was Donny who helped me fix the car.
35. There are a large park with big trees near Carol’s house.
3. Nouns Referring to Persons and Things
Nouns can refer to persons or to things. Items in the Structure and Written Expression
section of the paper-based TOEFL® test may include problems about differentiating
between nouns that refer to people and nouns that refer to things.
Referring to people Referring to Examples

−or endings things
collector
Edison is the inventor of the light bulb. His
creator collection
inventor creation
invention has benefited the world.
−er endings invention
discoverer The discovery of America by Columbus, the
employer discovery
Spanish discoverer, gave opportunities to
performer employment
performance many people to change their lives.

−ist endings
typist typing Theodosious Dobzhansky, an American
economist economy geneticist, was an important contributor in the
geneticist genetics field of population genetics.
−e/ant endings
resident residence The participation of many experts in the field
participant participation has made the seminar inspiring to the
attendant attendance participants.
−ian endings
technician technique Beethoven is a great German musician.
musician music Many people love his music.
academician academy
Others
engineer engineering Surgeons must know how to operate
surgeon surgery advanced medical instruments to perform
lawyer law modern surgery.
poet poetry and poems
authority authorization The prolific poet has written many beautiful
poems.
Strategies
Make sure that nouns referring to persons or things are correctly used.

Directions: Underline the nouns that refer to persons and circle the nouns that refer to
things. Decide which ones are wrong. Correct the mistakes.
1. Wordsworth, Keats, and Shelley are among the most famous poems.
2. His collector of shells amazes his friends.
3. His main criticism is unfair to unmarried women.
4. The new gardening has been working for them for only a few months.
5. The statistics show that there has been an increase in violence.
Sample item 1
In 1774, Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemistry, built a solar furnace with a five-foot wide
A B
lens to collect the sun’s rays.
C D
You should choose option B because the noun needed is one that refers to a person. It
should be chemist.
Sample item 2
Florence Nightingale’s greatest achievement was to raise nurse to the level of a
A B C
respectable profession for women.
D
You should choose option C because the noun needed is the one that refers to a
profession. It should be nursing.
Exercise 1
Directions: Questions 1-5 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, you will
see four words or phrases marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the word or
phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. Henrik Ibsen is a Norwegian _______ and dramatist whose works form the foundation
of modern drama.
(A) poem
(B) poet
(C) poetry
(D) poetic
2. The president of India has constitutional _______ to impose presidential rule in a state
of emergency.
(A) authorize
(B) authoritative
(C) authorization
(D) authority
3. The _______ and early development of internal combustion engines are credited to
Nikolaus Otto, Karl Benz, and Gottlieb Daimler.
(A) invent
(B) inventor
(C) inventive
(D) invention
4. Ice hockey is a sport played by two teams of six _______ on a roughly rectangular
surface of ice called a rink.
(A) plays
(B) playthings
(C) playwrights
(D) players

5. Michael Foucault, a French _______, examined the codes and theories of order by
which societies operate.
(A) historian
(B) history
(C) historical
(D) historically
Exercise 2
Directions: In questions 1-15 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases
marked A, B, C, and D. Identify the underlined word or phrase that is
incorrect.
1. On May 17, 1980, David Johnston, a volcanology with the U.S. Geological Survey
A B C
was the first to report the eruption of Mount St. Helens.
D
2. Modern architect originated in the U.S. and Europe, and spread to the rest of the
A B C D
world.
3. Success in space travel has become a measure of a nation’s leadership in science,

A B C
engineers, and national defense.
D
4. Poetry have praised babies, and great painters have pictured them as a symbol of
A B C
happy innocence.
D
5. The light from distant stars can tell science what the stars are made of.
A B C D
6. In the early stages of the development of chemist, considerable emphasis was placed
A B C
on the origins of the various substances.
D
7. The English biology John Ray first suggested the idea of species, but the basic design
A B
for modern classification began with the work of the Swede Carolus Linnals.
C D

8. Europeans first heard of Japan from Marco Polo, a Venetian travel who returned to
A B
Europe from China with tales he had heard of Japan.
C D
9. Nutrition warn that people should eat more complex carbohydrates containing
A B
digestible dietary fibers.
C D
10. Federal financial assistant has enabled Idaho to develop areas for tourism, such as
A B C D
the Lava Hot Springs State Resort near Pocatello.
11. The first Europeans to discover Kilimanjaro were two German missions, and later two
A B
other Germans were the first to reach the Kibo summit.
C D
12. Lilian Hellman, an American play, began her career in the theater in the 1930’s and
A B
consistently demonstrated a passionate concern for social justice.
C D
13. In 1966, after several successes in the South, Martin Luther King and other people in
A B
the civil rights organizers tried to spread the movement to the North.
C D
14. Ernst Heinrich, a German zoology who was born in Potsdam, became known for his
A B C D
theory of recapitulation.
15. One of the first efforts to explain crime on scientific rather than theological grounds
A B
th
was made at the end of the 18 century by the German physics and anatomist Franz
C D
Joseph Gall.

B. Verbs
Verb forms may be classified as follows:
Base form Examples

start
think The police artist will draw the criminal’s face.
draw I must write the paper now for tomorrow’s discussion.
write
He should let the dog out in the evening.
run
let
Infinitive
to start He set aside his salary to start his own business.
to think To write well, we must practice writing a lot.
to draw He is working part time in order to finish his thesis.
to write It was thoughtful of her to buy me a watch.
to run The doorbell is too high to ring.
to let
Gerund
starting
My father is very fond of reading.
thinking
drawing I’m thinking of writing another novel.
writing John is looking forward to running his father’s store.
running
letting
Past participle
started The principal was enraged by the students’ behavior.
thought The contract has been signed.
drawn The students’ behavior had enraged the principal.
written Mr. Hung has signed the contract.
run
let
Simple past form

started
thought
I started to cry as I listened to his account.
drew He wrote a letter to say that he couldn’t come to New York.
wrote Donny saw Andy off to the office.
ran
let

Strategies
1. Use the base form after modals such as will, can, or may.

Directions: Circle the modals and underline the verbs. Decides which ones are
wrong. Correct the mistakes.
1. He is already two years old, but he still cannot to walk.
2. If you come late again, she may not letting you come in.
3. He is sorry he won’t to be able to help you.
4. You look sick. I think you should staying home and rest.
5. Will the professor allow us to submit the paper after the exam?
Sample item
Hurricanes can _______ off the trunks of palm trees, rip up banana groves, and
demolish buildings.
(A) snap
(B) to snap
(C) snapping
(D) snapped
The sentence needs a base form. So, the correct answer is (A) snap.
2. Use the infinitive form to show purpose.

Directions: Underline the wrong constructions and correct them.
1. He comes here working not to spend leisure time.
2. She wakes up early every morning so that preparing breakfast for the family.
3. They leave the house early for avoid traffic.
4. Experts are sent to the tsunami-stricken province to rebuild the region.
5. He stopped in the middle of his speech letting the audience ask questions.

Sample item
Today circuses often perform in stadiums and auditoriums _______ the high cost of
transporting heavy tents and setting them up.
(A) for avoid
(B) to avoid
(C) avoided
(D) avoid
The sentence needs an infinitive. So, You should choose option (B) to avoid.
3. Use the infinitive form after adjectives.

Directions: Underline the adjective. Decide which sentences are wrong. Correct the
mistakes.
1. It’s easy that I understand why he was angry.
2. It’s wrong to lift a cat by its ears and legs.
3. It’s dangerous cross in the middle of a street.
4. He is too tired to walk.
5. The child is old enough preparing his own meal.
Sample item
It’s necessary _______ the cage of rabbits outdoors in a shady place.
(A) place
(B) places
(C) to place
(D) that place
The sentence needs an infinitive. So, you should choose option (C) to place.
4. Use the gerund form after prepositions.

Directions: Circle the prepositions and underline the verbs. Decide which ones are
1. After to take the final exam, the students usually spend the long holiday in their
hometowns.
2. Are they interested in going to the beach this weekend?
3. Instead of study for his exam, he watched television until late at night.
4. My parents don’t like the idea of to send young children to study abroad.
5. She doesn’t approve of spending a lot of money on food.

Sample item
Edward Sapir pointed out that language is not a means of provide a systematic
A B C
inventory of the various items of experience.
D
You should choose option B because the preposition of must be followed by a gerund.
It should be providing.
5. Use the past participle after the forms of be (be, being, am, is, are, was, were,
been) to express passive meaning, and after the forms of have (have, has, had) to
express active meaning.

Directions: Underline the verbs and circle the time markers. Decide which ones are
1. My brother has worked in a bank for ten years.
2. The Old Man and The Sea was writing by Ernest Hemingway.
3. The difficult assignment has been completing.
4. He was already left his office before we arrived.
5. The students had registering for classes before the semester started.
Sample item 1
In many western countries circus schools where students can learn juggling, clowning,
A B
acrobatics, and other circus skills are setting up.
C D
You should choose option D because the sentence expresses passive meaning. It
should be are set up.
Sample item 2
In the Netherlands, people have use the canals that carry water from the land for
A B
ice-skating, an extremely popular winter sport.
C D
You should choose option A because a past participle should be used after have to
convey an active meaning. It should be have used.

6. The simple past form is used with particular time makers. Below are some of
them.
(three years, five decades, two centuries) ago
last (month, year, decade)
in (1960, the 1970’s, the eighteenth century)
yesterday

Directions: Circle the verbs and underline the time markers. Decide which ones are
1. I take my family to New York two years ago.
2. My brother enjoyed the meal at the party last night.
3. There are many traffic accidents in 2004.
4. They move to Los Angeles five years ago.
5. He left for the airport yesterday.
Sample item
In the early 1800’s, a small factory in Boston produces off-the-rack rainwear for
A B C D
sailors and whalers.
You should choose option C because the verb should be in the simple past form
because of the time marker In the early 1800’s. So, it should be produced.
Exercise 3
1. After sociologists have _______ the causes of social problems, they try to find ways of
solving them.
(A) learning
(B) to learn
(C) learned
(D) learn
2. Without a compass, a navigator would have difficulty in _______ the course of a ship
or an airplane.
(A) a set of
(B) setting
(C) set
(D) that he set

3. Sodium chloride can _______ in dry lake beds, under ground, and in seawater.
(A) finding
(B) to find
(C) found
(D) be found
4. In many countries, the soft drink industry has ______ one of the most profitable
industries.
(A) become
(B) became
(C) becoming
(D) to becoming
5. In softball, the base runner cannot _______ his base until the ball has left the pitcher’s
hand.
(A) leave
(B) to leave
(C) left
(D) leaving
6. A space craft returning to the earth must slow down before _______ the atmosphere,
or it will burn up.
(A) it enter
(B) to enter
(C) entering
(D) entered
7. Compensatory education is a form of remedial education that assists children _______

the negative affects of social and economic deprivation.
(A) overcame
(B) to overcome
(C) that overcome
(D) overcoming
8. By _______ their heads from side to side and letting out a series of ultrasonic blips,
dolphins can see through murky water and tell if a fish is good to eat.
(A) to swing
(B) swing
(C) swung
(D) swinging

9. A group of scientists in Germany found that a beetle can _______ the speed of a
moving background with its eyes.
(A) measure
(B) measures
(C) measuring
(D) to measure
10. Throughout history, human beings have _______ on rain forests for living space and
agriculture.
(A) encroaching
(B) encroached
(C) been encroached
(D) encroach
Exercise 4
marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the underlined word or phrase that is
incorrect.
1. Sodium bicarbonate, a popular soda used in cook and in medicine, is also known as
A B C
baking soda.
D
2. The governor of South Dakota may not to serve more than two terms in a row.
A B C D
3. All members of the boa family kill their prey by squeeze it to death and swallowing
A B C D
it whole.
4. Solo music can be composed for any musical instrument, but much of it has been
A B C
writing for the piano.
D
5. Many soils, when they are first deposited, will not supporting much plant life.
A B C D
6. Sometimes engineers attach solid-fuel rockets to the sides of a liquid-fuel launch

A B
vehicle to giving it extra power.
C D

7. More than 60 different kinds of minerals are know to exist in the state of Washington.
A B C D
8. Since the advent of deep-sea diving and skin diving, several kinds of shells that were
A B
once extremely rare have drop in value.
C D
9. Freshly frozen plasma can be storing for as long as a year, but it still has the potential
A B
of transmitting hepatitis and is best used only when blood-clotting factors are needed.
C D
10. The heat produced by solar energy is removed by circulate water or some other fluid
A B C
through tubes soldered to the back of the plate.
D
Review
Review 1
1. _______ people in developed countries prefer to build their own houses.

(A) Most of
(B) Much
(C) All of
(D) Many
2. Players of the game Jacks take turns trying to do _______ stunts without a miss.
(A) a number of
(B) an amount of
(C) much of
(D) all of
3. _______ daily newspapers are morning papers and many others are afternoon ones.
(A) Many
(B) Much
(C) Every
(D) Another
4. The kinetic theory of liquids is _______ area of active research that is particularly
difficult.
(A) a
(B) an
(C) many
(D) a few
5. The Japanese are descended from various peoples who migrated to the islands from
_______ parts of Asia.
(A) another
(B) much
(C) other
(D) some of
6. Jackals, a canine species that live in Asia, Africa, and south eastern Europe, feed on
almost any small animal, but _______ are mostly scavengers that eat dead animals.
(A) he
(B) it
(C) she
(D) they
7. When the air around _______ house is warmer or colder than the air inside, heat
passes from the warm air to the cold air.
(A) a
(B) some
(C) many of
(D) some of
8. Certain rules of behavior are needed _______ order, peace, and security in any
community.
(A) to maintain
(B) maintaining
(C) they maintain
(D) that maintain
9. If a house buyer cannot afford to pay the whole price, _______ can generally borrow
part of it.
(A) he
(B) they
(C) it
(D) one

10. In the extreme heat of _______ deserts of the Middle East, nomadic people called
Bedouins lived in large tents.
(A) a
(B) much
(C) a little
(D) the
Review 2
incorrect.
1. The cambium is the part of the bark that causes the tree growing in diameter.
A B C D
2. Sensitive gyroscopes and another special devices guide a spacecraft to keep it on

A B C
course.
D
3. The Gokstad is a example of a typical long ship that was used to carry Vikings on
A B
their raids across the North Sea and up the rivers of Britain and Ireland.
C D
4. Bacon is made of flat pieces of meat that are trimmed and cured in a mixture of salt,
A B C
sugar, and a number of sodium nitrate.
D
5. Solar energy can creating high temperatures through the use of a device that
A B C
concentrates the sun’s rays.
D
6. The albatrosses and some other sea bird have long, narrow wings and take
A B C
advantage of winds over the oceans.
D
7. The circulatory system plays an important part in respiration by deliver oxygen to cells.
A B C D
8. Because kinship is universal, they plays an important role in regulating behavior and
A B C
in the formation of social groups.
D
9. Blood normally contains a number of substance called clotting factors which enable
A B C
clotting to take place.
D
10. The term aborigines is generally applied to the native inhabitants of a country, as
A B
opposed to a conquering race from other area.
C D
Supplementary EXERCISES
Supplementary Exercise 1
1. _______ of the stories about Ulysses tell of his life during and after the Trojan War, a
conflict between ancient Greece and the city of Troy.
(A) Many
(B) A little
(C) Much
(D) One
2. In many countries, seasonal unemployment occurs in industries that lay off workers
during certain seasons _______ year.
(A) each of
(B) many
(C) a few
(D) every

3. Population shifts from large cities to suburban areas since the mid-1940’s have
_______ the newspaper business.
(A) change
(B) changed
(C) changing
(D) changes
4. According to the UN Charter, the Security Council _______ may investigate a dispute
and suggest ways of settling it.
(A) himself
(B) themselves
(C) itself
(D) herself
5. It is believed that in the future robots can _______ new highways and steel building
frameworks.
(A) construct
(B) constructing
(C) constructed
(D) to construct
6. The American library system includes _______ of private research libraries and special
libraries with collections limited to certain fields of knowledge.
(A) large amounts
(B) large numbers
(C) a large amounts
(D) a large numbers
7. Hobbies occupy _______ of the leisure time of many Americans.

(A) few
(B) one
(C) many
(D) much
8. In civil trials, the jury decides who is at fault and how much fine must _______in
damage.
(A) pay
(B) paying
(C) be paid
(D) to pay

9. When he was 18, Eli Whitney, an American inventor, prepared for college by _______
at Leicester Academy in Massachusetts.
(A) studied
(B) studying
(C) he studied
(D) who studied
10. In the United States, each state has a minimum age at which a person may _______ a
valid will.
(A) carry out
(B) carries out
(C) to carry out
(D) carrying out
Supplementary Exercise 2
incorrect.
1. Harry Gilbert, a fisherman, found an old rotted goatskin-pouch while she was walking
A B C
on a Florida beach.
D
2. Dr. Wooten spent several month following the Texas shore until he found a piece of
A B
land that looked like the one on the map.
C D
3. When his novel Almayer’s Folly was published, Joseph Conrad, as he called itself,
A B C
gave up the sea for the equally precarious life of a writer.
D
4. Japan has little natural resources to support its huge and rapidly growing population.
A B C D
5. Some bat give off short, ultrasonic cries that bounce off nearby objects to produce
A
echoes and they use these echoes to find insects and to avoid obstacles.
B C D

6. In 1947, the General Assembly approved a plan to divide Palestine into a Jewish state
A B C
and an Arab state and to make Jerusalem international city under UN control.
D
7. Early Japan was controlled by a number of warring clan, each headed by a chief.
A B C D
8 Some historians believe that Archimedes, a Greek mathematics around the year 200
A B
B.C., set fire to Roman ships by focusing the sun’s rays on them with flat mirrors.
C D
9. J.B.S. Haldane, a British scientist, made many contributions in the fields of physiology,
A B C
biochemistry, and biologist.
D
10. The total amount of blood varies with age, sex, weight, body build, and other factor,
A B
but a rough average figure for adults is about 7 to 8 percent of body weight.
C D


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PARTS OF SPEECH

Nouns and Verbs

1. Singular countable nouns

2. Plural countable nouns

Student Book 2 Structure and Written Expression Section51

2. Review of Pronouns, Forms of Other, and Nonreferential It and There Subjects

52Structure and Written Expression Section Student Book 2

Check your understanding.

3. Nouns Referring to Persons and Things

Referring to people Referring to Examples

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Check your understanding.

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3. Success in space travel has become a measure of a nation’s leadership in science,

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58Structure and Written Expression Section Student Book 2

Verb forms may be classified as follows:

Base form Examples

Simple past form

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2. Use the infinitive form to show purpose.

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3. Use the infinitive form after adjectives.

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4. Use the gerund form after prepositions.

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Check your understanding.

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Check your understanding.

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7. Compensatory education is a form of remedial education that assists children _______

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6. Sometimes engineers attach solid-fuel rockets to the sides of a liquid-fuel launch

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1. _______ people in developed countries prefer to build their own houses.

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2. Sensitive gyroscopes and another special devices guide a spacecraft to keep it on

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7. Hobbies occupy _______ of the leisure time of many Americans.

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