ornate Models 703 . een + Moditying factors J«—{ kolihood of action [i Demographic variablos (092047000) araychologio Perceived benefits of variables(porsonaliy.peor || cor ‘oun pressureaicy | Ptventve aeton minus fr Structural variables f (knowiedge about the disease prior contact with disease), | —— | susee fees. fe{ Pevaractreaet | _[ Uiaieatet apo | Percslved seriousness |" | disease preventive neat ston | in | Guest acton ' Internal cues Extemal cues mass t media campaigns ' Fg. 303: Pups ct mote | individual Perceptions E Individual perceptions include the following: b + Reivedsuceptibily: Ii one's opinion of chances of getting a condition. It makes the individual to fel athigh-sk toa. || disease ike family history of cardiac disorder, diabetes. u + Pecived seriousness: Itis one's opinion of how serious a condition and its consequences are. It makes the individual o think |? that whether the illness causes death or has serious consi y sequences. For example, concern about the spread of AIDS reflects the peoples perception of the seriousness of the disease. : Perceived threat: Perceived suscept tibility and perceived seriousness combine to determine the total perceived threat of an illness toa specific individual. For example, a drug addict or a homosexual has more perceived threat of AIDS than a normal Person because the susceptibility is combined with the seriousness. Sef-efcacy: Self-efficacy is another related concept, introduced by Albert Bandura, Although someone may believe that bow some future event turns out is under his contro, he may or may not believe that he is capable of behaving in a way that will produce the desired result. For example, an athlete may believe that ‘training eight hours a day would result in a marked {tProvement in ability (an internal locus of control orientation) but not believer that he or she is capable of training that tard (alow sense of self-efficacy). Modifying Factors editying Factors cls that modify a persons perception include the following: Demographic variables: Demographic variables include age, gender, race and ethnicity. For example, an adolescent ‘may per- iktPeer approvalas more important than family approval and thus, participates in hazardous activities or adopt unhealthy , Gling and sleeping patterns, 1/Psychological variables: Social pressure such as influence ftom peers or others also affect the individual's perception and pe encourage Preventive health behaviors even when individual's motivation is low. iecltal variables: Structural variables that affect the individuals perception about the disease are knowledge about the . aan ‘and prior contact with it, i M iction: Strategies to activate “readiness” cues can be internal or external, Internal cues include-negative feelings condition of a person suffering from the disease, External cues are like mass media campaigns, newspaper or ine articles, advice from others. ui tetihoog of Action likelihood of a Person's taking recommended preventive health. @ scanned with Oken Scanner‘Textbook of Advanced Nursing Prac + Action depends on Perceived benefits of the action: OM pare aking the action the individual thinks about reer eating the nutritious food to maintain the w = esred barriers to the action: These are the hindrances li | Seefieacy Self-efficacy is another related concept introduced by Albert aan ctrefatare event turns out is under his control, he may or may not believe that that will produce the desired result. For example, an athlete may believe that training eight hours a day would result in marked improvement in ability (an internal locus of control orientation) but not | training that hard (a low sense of self-efficacy) ceived benefits ofaction minus the erceived barriers to the action. the Ones bella : “duce risk oF seriousness of impac ics belief in the efficacy of the advised action to re Pits to him. For example, avoiding smoking (0 Prevent lng i. ke cost, inconvenience and lifestyle changes. ‘Bandura. Although someone may believe thay he is capable of behaving in a Example Wee 1. Perceived susceptibility | Mothers believe that there infants “a middie aged woman with family history of Ngraskte communicable dseases Ike | breast cancey Dolev that she is vulnerable poliomyelitis. to cancer of breast. 2, Perosived severity Mothers beleve that these diseases are | She knows that hor ‘grandmother died of highly infectious and spread easily. breast cancer. “She knows that mammography is effective in , Perceived benefits ‘She believes thal the recommended action sre pajveceination is sate tobe used and | decreasing deaths due o broast cancer. ‘would protect the infant from getting infected | with patio. i “4, Perceived barriers ‘Sho identifies her personal barers touse | She cannot cover the cost of mammogram. | vaccination. i 6, Cues to action | ‘Mothers receive reminder cues foraction in_| She sees an aid that low cost mammography i the form of incentives (such as messages on | is available at nearby hospital, ‘TV and newspapers )- Example-related to STI Screening Philosophy and Theories of Nursing =_Porcvedsvscopiby | Youth balove they may have been exposed to STis or HI. | Free cved severity | Youth oleve tho consequences of having STi or HIV witout krowedge or | treatment sigan enough fy to voi | Gi Pocsied benetia | Youth beteve that the reconmended ation of going tested for STis and HIV would i Benefit thom a Ets aor omelet ett een am | eae eee ene | Seon at th clic by someone they know) and explore ways o elimi Me =) te bares fbr rantporaton andtaeque pone). ay 5 Guest acon Youth receive remind cues for ation n } ms the form of incentives | seecataemee ee cre ea E | “25% active toons contact an STL. Are you one of them? Find out now) | Scope and Application j i ‘The Health Belief Model has beer lied toa fariairsly :n applied to a broad range of health behaviors and subject Populations. Three broad areas 1. Preventive health — behaviors, which include health-promoting (e.g, diet, aswell vaccination and conteepte practi b exercise) and health-risk (e.g, smoking) behavior Sh Sa ich refer to compliance with recommended me 3. Clinic use, which includes physician visits for a variety of reasons, dical regimens, usually following professional diag" @ scanned with Oken Scanner