Electronegativity and

Bonding Notes
 Electronegativity
•
Covalent bonds involve a shared pair of electrons

A covalent
bonding is the strong
electrostatic attraction
between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded
atoms .

Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction of a bonded atom for

the pair of electrons in the covalent bond .

How do we measure Electronegativity ?

•

Electronegativity is measured on the Pauling scale

•
This scale was invented by chemist Linus Pauling
Trends in Electronegativity ?
•

Electronegativity increases :
-
Across a
period
Up
-

a
group

Increase in all direction towards fluorine

 Why do we see these in Electronegativity ?
•
Electronegativity increases across a period
•
The charge the nucleus increases across a period
on

The number of protons in the nucleus increases

-

increased attraction for the outer electrons

-

•
The bonding pair of electrons are attached more strongly

•
Electronegativity increases up a
group
•
Down the the bonding pair of electrons is held increasingly
group ,
further for the nucleus
away
-

The number of shells increases

-
Distance of the outer electrons from nucleus increases
•
The bonding
pair of electrons are attached less strongly
 Polar Bonds
• The chlorine is more electronegative than the Hydrogen
-

CI has a greater attraction for the electrons than It

-

Electrons are closer to the CI than the H

•
Dipoles
The differing attraction for the pair of electrons allows there to be
a small charge difference between the atoms

•
This is a permanent dipole
-

The charge difference is always

present

St S -