HII SHIUN LEH

8.1 Sets
8.2 Logical problems
8.3 Vectors
8.4 Column vectors
8.5 Vector geometry
8.6 Functions
8.7 Simple transformations
8.8 Combined transformations
A set is a collection of objects,
numbers, iedeas, etc. The different
objects, numbers, ideas and so on in
the set are called the elements or
members of the set.
n(A) means ‘the number of elements in set A’.
n(B) means ‘the number of elements in set B’.

A = {2, 4, 20, 22}

n(A) = 4

B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
n(B) = 5
The symbol ∈ means ‘is a member of’ and ‘belongs
to’.
The symbol ∉ means ‘is not a member of’ and ‘does
not belongs to’.

V = {a, e, i, o, u}
a ∈ V means ‘a is a member of set V’.
b ∉ V means ‘b is not a member of set V’.
The universal set, !, is a set that contains all
the elements we are interested in.

! = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A’ means ‘complement of’ or ‘not in A’.

! = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
A’ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Note: A ∪ A’ = !
Empty set, ∅ or { } , has no elements
(members).

A = {a, b, c}
B = {d, e, f, g}
A∩B=∅
⊂ means ‘a proper subset of’.
⊆ means ‘a subset of’.
⊄ means ‘not a proper subset of’.

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

B = {3, 4, 7, 8, 11}

B ⊂ A means B lies inside A but cannot be equal to B.

B ⊆ A means B lies inside A and A can equal to B.
B ⊄ A means B does not lies inside A.
 A = {x: x is an integer, 2 ≤ x ≤ 9}

A is the set of elements x such that x is an integer and 2 ≤ x ≤ 9.

A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
In the Venn diagram,
! = {people in a hotel}
T = {people who like toast}
E = {people who like eggs}
a) How many people like toast?
b) How many people like eggs but not toast?
c) How many people like toast and eggs?
d) How many people are in the hotel?
e) How many people like neither toast nor eggs?
Answer: a) 8 b) 3 c) 4 d) 18 e) 7
In the Venn diagram,
! = {cars in a street}
B = {blue cars}
L = {cars with left-hand drive}
F = {cars with four doors}
a) How many cars are blue?
b) How many blue cars have four doors?
c) How many cars with left-hand drive have four doors?
d) How many blue cars have left-hand drive? Answer: a) 8 b) 3 c) 3
e) How many cars are in the street? d) 2 e) 18 f) 0
f) How many blue cars with left-hand drive do not have four doors?
Homework (Page 282 & 283)
Question 2, 4, 5
! = {1, 2, 3, …, 12}
A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Find: Answer:
a) A ∪ B a) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
b) A ∩ B b) {2, 4, 6}
c) {1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
c) A’
d) 7
d) n(A ∪ B) e) {3, 5}
e) B’ ∩ A.
 D = {1, 3, 5}
Answer:
E = {3, 4, 5}
a) {1, 3, 4, 5}
F = {1, 5, 10} b) {1, 5}
Find: State whether true or false: c) 1
a) D ∪ E g) D ⊂ (E ∪ F) d) {1, 5}
e) {1, 3, 5, 10}
b) D ∩ F h) 3 ∈ (E ∩ F)
f) 4
c) n(E ∩ F) i) 4 ∉ (D ∩ E) g) True
d) (D ∪ E) ∩ F h) False
e) (D ∩ E) ∪ F i) True
f) n(D ∪ F)
Homework (Page 286 & 284)
Question 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
On a Venn diagram, shade the regions:
a) A ∩ C

b) (B ∩ C) ∩ A’

where A, B, C are intersecting sets.

Shade the region indicated.
Homework (Page 284 & 285)
Question 1 to 6, 7
In a form of 30 girls, 18 play netball and 14
play hockey, whilst 5 play neither. Find the
number who play both netball and hockey.
Let
! = {girls in the form}
N = {girls who play netball}
H = {girls who play hockey}
x = the number of girls who play both netball 18 – x + x + 14 – x + 5 = 30
and hockey. x=7
 A = {sheep}
B = {horses}
C = {‘intelligent’ animals}
D = {animals which make good pets}
a) Express the following sentences in set language:
i) No sheep are ‘intelligent’ animals.
Answer:
ii) All horses make good pets.
a) i) A ∩ C = ∅ ii) B ⊆ D iii) A ∩ D ≠ ∅
iii) Some sheep make good pets.
b) i) All horses are intelligent animals.
b) Interpret the following statements: ii) Animals which make good pets
i) B ⊆ C are either horses or
ii) B ∪ C = D ‘intelligent’.
In the Venn diagram n(A) = 10, n(B) = 13, n(A ∩ B) = x and n(A ∪ B) = 18.
a) Write in terms of x the number of elements in A but not in B.
10 - x
b) Write in terms of x the number of elements in B but not in A.
13 - x
c) Hence find the number of elements in both A and B.
10 – x + x + 13 – x = 18
x=5
Of the 32 students in a class, 18 play golf, 16 play the piano and 7 play both.
How many play neither?

Let x be the number of students who play neither.

7 + 11 + 9 + x = 32
x=5
The IGCSE results of the 30 members of a rugby squad were as follows: All 30
players passed at least two subjects, 18 players passed at least three subjects,
and 3 players passed four subjects or more. Calculate:
a) how many passed exactly two subjects,
3 players passed four subjects or more.
15 players passed three subjects.
12 players passed two subjects.
b) what fraction of the squad passed exactly three subjects.
15 1
=
30 2
Homework (Page 287 to 289)
Question 2 to 7, 9 to 11, 13, 18, 19
This is a vector.

A vector has magnitude and direction.

The length of the line shows its magnitude and the arrowhead points in the
direction.
We can add two vectors by joining them head-to-tail:

And it doesn’t matter which order we add them, we get the same result:
We can also subtract one vector from another:
§ first we reverse the direction of the vector we want to subtract,
§ then add them as usual:
Scalars are quantities that are fully described
by a magnitude (or numerical value).

1. When v is multiplied by 2, the result is 2v.

It still points in the same direction, but is 2
times longer.
2. When v is multiplied by -2, the result is -2v.
It points in the opposite direction and is 2
times longer.
3. When v is multiplied by 0, the result is 0.
The diagram shows vectors a
and b.

Find !" and !# such that

!" = 3a + b
!# = -2a-3a
Write each vector in terms of a and/or b.
a) FE Answer:
b) BC a) a – 2b
c) FC b) a – b
c) 2a
d) DA
d) -2a + 3b
Homework (Page 291 & 292)
Question 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 41, 43, 44, 45
Express each of the
following vectors in terms Answer:
of a and/or b. a) a f) –a + 2b
OA = AP b) –a + b g) a + 2b
BQ = 3OB c) 4b h) 2b
N is the midpoint of PQ d) -2a i) –b + 2a
e) -2a + 4b j) -4b + a
OA = a, OB = b
a) AP
e) PQ h) AN
b) AB
f) PN i) BP
c) OQ
g) ON j) QA
d) PO
In ΔXYZ, the midpoint of YZ is M. If XY = s and ZX = t,
find XM in terms of s and t.

YZ = YX + X# = -s - t
1 1 1 1
XM = XY + 2 YZ = s + 2(-s - t) = 2s - 2t
In ΔAOB, AM : MB = 2 : 1. If OA = a and OB = b, find OM in terms of a and b.
"# &
=
#$ '
"# = &#$
&
(# = (" + "# = (" + * "$
"$ = −, + -
& ' &
(# = . + −. + / = . + /
* * *
Homework (Page 293 to 295)
Question 1, 3, 6, 10, 12
The vector !" may be written as a column
vector.
5
!" =
3
The top number is the horizontal component
of !" and the bottom number is the vertical
component.
4
&' =
−2
0
+, =
6
 $ % $ % +
Suppose !" = %
and &' = ()
, then !' = !" + &' = %
+ ()
= (,
.
 $ % $
Suppose !" = %
and &' = ()
, then !& = !" + '& = !" − &' = %
−
% )
()
= $
.
Note that: &' = − '&.
If
2
!=
1
then

2 4
2! = 2 =
1 2

and

2 −6
−3! = −3 =
1 −3
Parallel vectors are vectors that have the same direction but may have different
magnitude.
For example, vectors ! and " are parallel, and ! = 2".

We can say that vectors ! and " are parallel if ! = %" where % is a scalar.
 2 is parallel to 10 .
Determine whether −3 −15

2 10
=k
−3 −15
4
3 = 456 ⇒ 6 =
8
4
−9 = −486 ⇒ 6 =
8
2 = 1 10 2 is parallel to 10 .
Since −3 , so −3
5 15 −15
Determine whether −5
12 is parallel to 10 .
24

−5 10
=k
12 24
3
−2 = 345 ⇒ 5 = −
7
3
37 = 785 ⇒ 5 =
7
−5 10 −5 10
Since 12 ≠ k 24 , so 12 is not parallel to 24 .
Homework (Page 296 to 298)
Question 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 40
If D has coordinates (7, 2) and E has coordinates (9, 0), find the column vector
for !".

&
#$ =
'
)
#( =
*
) & '
$( = #( − #$ = − =
* ' −'
!" = $% and !& = %
$
. M is the midpoint of AB. Express the following as
column vectors:
a) BA
b) BM
c) OM
Hence write down the coordinates of M.
3 4 5
a) /0 = 10 − 1/ = 4 3
−= 65
8 8 5 8.3
b) /7 = 4 /0 = 4 65 = 68.3
c) 17 = 1/ + /7 = 43 + 68.3
8.3
= 5.3
5.3
Coordinates of M is (3.5, 3.5).
In the diagram, ABCD is a trapezium in which !" = 2%&. If %& = ' and %! =
(, express in terms of p and q:
a) &!
b) %"
c) &".

a) )* = )+ + +* = −. + /
b) +0 = +* + *0 = +* + 1+) = / + 1.
c) )0 = )+ + +0 = −. + / + 1. = . + /
Homework (Page 298 & 299)
Question 2, 6, 7, 8, 11
The modulus of a vector ! is written ! and represent the length (or
magnitude) of the vector.

$
If " = % , then " = $& + %& (By Pythagoras’ theorem)
 # &
Let ! = $ and % = '( . Find 2! + 3% .

. 1 .4
,- + ./ = , +. =
0 23 3.
,- + ./ = .4, + 3., = .546 = 74. 6
 $ '( (
If !" = %
, "& = $
and &) = '$
, find !) .

/
*+ = *, + ,. + .+ =
0

*+ = /1 + 01 = /2
 $% $()
Given that !" = &
and "' = *
, find:
a) !"
b) a value of p if "' = 3 !" .

a) ,- = −/ 0 + 20 = 3

b) −43 0 + 50 = /×3 ⇒ 5 = 8
Homework (Page 300)
Question 5 to 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19