6.

Bending
BEAMS

• Members that are slender and support loadings

applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis are
called beams

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 1

 Beams
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

M= Bending Moment Normal stress

V= shear force Shear stress

• Sign conventions for shear forces V and V’

and bending couples M and M’
 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

• Relationship between load and shear:

 Fy = 0 : V − (V + V ) − w x = 0
V = − w x
dV
= −w
dx
xD
VD − VC = −  w dx
xC

• Relationship between shear and bending

moment:
 M C = 0 : (M + M ) − M − V x + wx x = 0
2
M = V x − 12 w (x ) 2

dM
=V
dx
dV dM xD

= − w( x), =V ( x) M D − MC =  V dx
dx dx xC
Bending Stress
L = (  − y ) 
 = L '− L = (  − y ) −  = − y
 y y
x = =− =− (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
 max = or ρ =
  max
y −y
 x = −  max x =  max
c c

Neutral axis
(Passing through Centroid)
• For static equilibrium,
 y 
y
Fx = 0 =   x dA =  −  m dA M =  − y x dA =  − y −  m  dA
c  c 
   I
0 = − m  y dA M = m  y 2 dA = m
c c c
Mc M
First moment with respect to neutral m = =
I S
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
y
surface must pass through the Substituti ng  x = −  m
c
section centroid.
My
x = −
I

− M ( x) y
Bending Stress =
(normal stress due to bending) I
M = Internal Bending Moment at a X section
y = Distance along y axis from neutral axis
I = Moment of inertia about neutral axis

Flexure Formula
Edition
FifthMECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y =
 yA
A
(
I x =  I + A d 2 )
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m =
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 • Calculate the curvature
GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M
=
fillets, determine (a) the maximum  EI
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4- 70
Edition
FifthMECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90 = 1800 50 90 103
2 40  30 = 1200 20 24 103
3
 A = 3000  yA = 114 10

3
 yA 114 10
Y = = = 38 mm
A 3000

( ) (121 bh3 + A d 2 )
I x =  I + A d 2 = 
= (12
1 90  203 + 1800  122 ) + ( 1 30  403 + 1200  182 )
12
I = 868  103 mm4 = 868  10-9 m 4

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4- 71

Edition
FifthMECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 4.2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m =
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A = +76.0 MPa
A = = −
I 868  10 m 9 4

M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m  = −131.3 MPa

B = − =− −
B
I 868  10 m 9 4

• Calculate the curvature

1 M
=
 EI
3 kN  m 1
= 20.95 10−3 m -1
(165 GPa )(868 10-9 m 4 )
=

 = 47.7 m

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4- 72