Ncert Solution For Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction To Trigonometry 2

NCERT Solution for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 – Introduction to Trigonometry
Exercise 8.1 Page: 181

1. In ∆ ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. Determine:
(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
Solution:
In a given triangle ABC, right angled at B = ∠B = 90°
Given: AB = 24 cm and BC = 7 cm
According to the Pythagoras Theorem,
In a right- angled triangle, the squares of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides.
By applying Pythagoras theorem, we get
AC2=AB2+BC2
AC2 = (24)2+72
AC2 = (576+49)
AC2 = 625cm2
AC = √625 = 25
Therefore, AC = 25 cm
(i) To find Sin (A), Cos (A)

We know that sine (or) Sin function is the equal to the ratio of length of the opposite side to the
hypotenuse side. So it becomes
Sin (A) = Opposite side /Hypotenuse = BC/AC = 7/25
Cosine or Cos function is equal to the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse side
and it becomes,
Cos (A) = Adjacent side/Hypotenuse = AB/AC = 24/25
(ii) To find Sin (C), Cos (C)

Sin (C) = AB/AC = 24/25
Cos (C) = BC/AC = 7/25
2. In Fig. 8.13, find tan P – cot R
Solution:
In the given triangle PQR, the given triangle is right angled at Q and the given measures are:
PR = 13cm,
PQ = 12cm
Since the given triangle is right angled triangle, to find the side QR, apply the Pythagorean theorem
According to Pythagorean theorem,
In a right- angled triangle, the squares of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides.
PR2 = QR2 + PQ2
Substitute the values of PR and PQ
132 = QR2+122
169 = QR2+144
Therefore, QR2 = 169−144
QR2 = 25
QR = √25 = 5
Therefore, the side QR = 5 cm
To find tan P – cot R:
According to the trigonometric ratio, the tangent function is equal to the ratio of the length of the
opposite side to the adjacent sides, the value of tan (P) becomes
tan (P) = Opposite side /Hypotenuse = QR/PQ = 5/12
Since cot function is the reciprocal of the tan function, the ratio of cot function becomes,
Cot (R) = Adjacent side/Hypotenuse = QR/PQ = 5/12
Therefore,
tan (P) – cot (R) = 5/12 – 5/12 = 0
Therefore, tan(P) – cot(R) = 0
3. If sin A = 3/4, Calculate cos A and tan A.
Solution:
Let us assume a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B
Given: Sin A = 3/4
We know that, Sin function is the equal to the ratio of length of the opposite side to the hypotenuse side.
Therefore, Sin A = Opposite side /Hypotenuse= 3/4

Let BC be 3k and AC will be 4k
where k is a positive real number.
According to the Pythagoras theorem, the squares of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides of a right angle triangle and we get,
AC2=AB2 + BC2
Substitute the value of AC and BC
(4k)2=AB2 + (3k)2
16k2−9k2 =AB2
AB2=7k2
Therefore, AB = √7k
Now, we have to find the value of cos A and tan A
We know that,
Cos (A) = Adjacent side/Hypotenuse

Substitute the value of AB and AC and cancel the constant k in both numerator and denominator, we get
AB/AC = √7k/4k = √7/4
Therefore, cos (A) = √7/4
tan(A) = Opposite side/Adjacent side

Substitute the Value of BC and AB and cancel the constant k in both numerator and denominator, we
get,
BC/AB = 3k/√7k = 3/√7
Therefore, tan A = 3/√7
4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.
Solution:
Given: 15 cot A = 8
So, Cot A = 8/15
We know that, cot function is the equal to the ratio of length of the adjacent side to the opposite side.
Therefore, cot A = Adjacent side/Opposite side = AB/BC = 8/15
Let AB be 8k and BC will be 15k

Where, k is a positive real number.
AC2=AB2 + BC2
Substitute the value of AB and BC
AC2= (8k)2 + (15k)2
AC2= 64k2 + 225k2
AC2= 289k2
Therefore, AC = 17k
Now, we have to find the value of sin A and sec A
We know that,
Sin (A) = Opposite side /Hypotenuse
Substitute the value of BC and AC and cancel the constant k in both numerator and denominator, we get
Sin A = BC/AC = 15k/17k = 15/17
Therefore, sin A = 15/17

Since secant or sec function is the reciprocal of the cos function which is equal to the ratio of the length
of the hypotenuse side to the adjacent side.
Sec (A) = Hypotenuse/Adjacent side

Substitute the Value of BC and AB and cancel the constant k in both numerator and denominator, we
get,
AC/AB = 17k/8k = 17/8

Therefore sec (A) = 17/8
5. Given sec θ = 13/12 . Calculate all other trigonometric ratios
Solution:
We know that sec function is the reciprocal of the cos function which is equal to the ratio of the length
of the hypotenuse side to the adjacent side
sec θ =13/12 = Hypotenuse/Adjacent side = AC/AB
Let AC be 13k and AB will be 12k
Where, k is a positive real number.
AC2=AB2 + BC2
Substitute the value of AB and AC
(13k)2= (12k)2 + BC2
169k2= 144k2 + BC2
169k2= 144k2 + BC2
BC2 = 169k2 - 144k2
BC2= 25k2
Therefore, BC = 5k
Now, substitute the corresponding values in all other trigonometric ratios

So,
Sin θ = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse = BC/AC = 5/13
Cos θ = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse = AB/AC = 12/13
tan θ = Opposite Side/Adjacent Side = BC/AB = 5/12
Cosec θ = Hypotenuse/Opposite Side = AC/BC = 13/5
cot θ = Adjacent Side/Opposite Side = AB/BC = 12/5
6. If ∠A and ∠B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then show that ∠ A = ∠ B.
Solution:
Let us assume the triangle ABC in which CD⊥AB

Give that the angles A and B are acute angles, such that
Cos (A) = cos (B)
As per the angles taken, the cos ratio is written as
AD/AC = BD/BC
Now, interchange the terms, we get
AD/BD = AC/BC
Let take a constant value
AD/BD = AC/BC = k
Now consider the equation as

AD = k BD …(1)
AC = k BC …(2)
By applying Pythagoras theorem in △CAD and △CBD we get,
CD2 = BC2 – BD2 … (3)
CD2 =AC2 −AD2 ….(4)
From the equations (3) and (4) we get,
AC2−AD2 = BC2−BD2
Now substitute the equations (1) and (2) in (3) and (4)
K2(BC2−BD2)=(BC2−BD2) k2=1
Putting this value in equation, we obtain
AC = BC
∠A=∠B (Angles opposite to equal side are equal-isosceles triangle)
7. If cot θ = 7/8, evaluate :

(i) (1 + sin θ)(1 - sin θ)/(1+cos θ)(1-cos θ)
(ii) cot2 θ
Solution:
Let us assume a △ABC in which ∠B = 90° and ∠C = θ
Given:
cot θ = BC/AB = 7/8
Let BC = 7k and AB = 8k, where k is a positive real number
According to Pythagoras theorem in △ABC we get.
AC2 = AB2+BC2
AC2 = (8k)2+(7k)2
AC2 = 64k2+49k2
AC2 = 113k2
AC = √113 k
According to the sine and cos function ratios, it is written as
sin θ = AB/AC = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse = 8k/√113 k = 8/√113 and
cos θ = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse = BC/AC = 7k/√113 k = 7/√113
Now apply the values of sin function and cos function:

8. If 3 cot A = 4, check whether (1-tan2 A)/(1+tan2 A) = cos2 A – sin 2 A or not.

Solution:
Let △ABC in which ∠B=90°

We know that, cot function is the reciprocal of tan function and it is written as
cot(A) = AB/BC = 4/3
Let AB = 4k an BC =3k, where k is a positive real number.
According to the Pythagorean theorem,
AC2=AB2+BC2
AC2=(4k)2+(3k)2
AC2=16k2+9k2
AC2=25k2
AC=5k
Now, apply the values corresponding to the ratios
tan(A) = BC/AB = 3/4
sin (A) = BC/AC = 3/5
cos (A) = AB/AC = 4/5
Now compare the left hand side(LHS) with right hand side(RHS)
Since, both the LHS and RHS = 7/25

R.H.S. =L.H.S.
Hence, (1-tan2 A)/(1+tan2 A) = cos2 A – sin 2 A is proved
9. In triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A = 1/√3 find the value of:

(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
Solution:
Let ΔABC in which ∠B=90°
tan A = BC/AB = 1/√3

Let BC = 1k and AB = √3 k,
Where k is the positive real number of the problem
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔABC we get:
AC2=AB2+BC2
AC2=(√3 k)2+(k)2
AC2=3k2+k2
AC2=4k2
AC = 2k
Now find the values of cos A, Sin A
Sin A = BC/AC = 1/2
Cos A = AB/AC = √3/2
Then find the values of cos C and sin C
Sin C = AB/AC = √3/2
Cos C = BC/AC = 1/2
Now, substitute the values in the given problem
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C = (1/2) ×(1/2 )+ √3/2 ×√3/2 = 1/4 + 3/4 = 1
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C = (√3/2 )(1/2) – (1/2) (√3/2 ) = 0
10. In ∆ PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P,

cos P and tan P
Solution:
In a given triangle PQR, right angled at Q, the following measures are

PQ = 5 cm
PR + QR = 25 cm
Now let us assume, QR = x
PR = 25-QR
PR = 25- x
According to the Pythagorean Theorem,
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
Substitute the value of PR as x
(25- x) 2 = 52 + x2
252 + x2 – 50x = 25 + x2
625 + x2-50x -25 – x2 = 0
-50x = -600
x= -600/-50
x = 12 = QR
Now, find the value of PR
PR = 25- QR
Substitute the value of QR
PR = 25-12
PR = 13
Now, substitute the value to the given problem
(1) sin p = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse = QR/PR = 12/13

(2) Cos p = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse = PQ/PR = 5/13
(3) tan p =Opposite Side/Adjacent side = QR/PQ = 12/5
11. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.
(ii) sec A = 12/5 for some value of angle A.
(iii)cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.
(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.
(v) sin θ = 4/3 for some angle θ.
Solution:
(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.

Answer: False
Proof: In ΔMNC in which ∠N = 90∘,
MN = 3, NC = 4 and MC = 5
Value of tan M = 4/3 which is greater than.
The triangle can be formed with sides equal to 3, 4 and hypotenuse = 5 as it will follow the Pythagoras
theorem.
MC2=MN2+NC2
52=32+42
25=9+16
25 = 25
(ii) sec A = 12/5 for some value of angle A

Answer: True
Justification: Let a ΔMNC in which ∠N = 90º,
MC=12k and MB=5k, where k is a positive real number.
By Pythagoras theorem we get,
MC2=MN2+NC2
(12k)2=(5k)2+NC2
NC2+25k2=144k2
NC2=119k2
Such a triangle is possible as it will follow the Pythagoras theorem.
(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.

Answer: False
Justification: Abbreviation used for cosecant of angle M is cosec M. cos M is the abbreviation used for
cosine of angle M.
(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.

Answer: False
Justification: cot M is not the product of cot and M. It is the cotangent of ∠M.
(v) sin θ = 4/3 for some angle θ.

Answer: False
Justification: sin θ = Opposite/Hypotenuse
We know that in a right angled triangle, Hypotenuse is the longest side.
∴ sin θ will always less than 1 and it can never be 4/3 for any value of θ.

1. Evaluate the following:
(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60
Solution:
(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°

First, find the values of the given trigonometric ratios
sin 30° = 1/2
cos 30° = √3/2
sin 60° = 3/2
cos 60°= 1/2
Now, substitute the values in the given problem
sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60° = √3/2 ×√3/2 + (1/2) ×(1/2 ) = 3/4+1/4 = 4/4 = 1
(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60
We know that, the values of the trigonometric ratios are:

sin 60° = √3/2
cos 30° = √3/2
tan 45° = 1
Substitute the values in the given problem
2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60 = 2(1)2 + (√3/2)2-(√3/2)2
2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60 = 2 + 0
2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60 = 2
(iii) cos 45°/(sec 30°+cosec 30°)

We know that,
cos 45° = 1/√2
sec 30° = 2/√3
cosec 30° = 2
Substitute the values, we get

Now, multiply both the numerator and denominator by √2 , we get
Therefore, cos 45°/(sec 30°+cosec 30°) = (3√2 – √6)/8
We know that,
sin 30° = 1/2
tan 45° = 1
cosec 60° = 2/√3
sec 30° = 2/√3
cos 60° = 1/2
cot 45° = 1
Substitute the values in the given problem, we get

We know that,
cos 60° = 1/2
sec 30° = 2/√3
tan 45° = 1
sin 30° = 1/2
cos 30° = √3/2
Now, substitute the values in the given problem, we get
= (5cos260° + 4sec230° - tan245°)/(sin2 30° + cos2 30°)
= 5(1/2)2+4(2/√3)2-12/(1/2)2+(√3/2)2
= (5/4+16/3-1)/(1/4+3/4)
= (15+64-12)/12/(4/4)
= 67/12
2. Choose the correct option and justify your choice :

(i) 2tan 30°/1+tan230° =
(A) sin 60° (B) cos 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°
(ii) 1-tan 45°/1+tan 45° =
2 2
(A) tan 90° (B) 1 (C) sin 45° (D) 0

(iii) sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A =
(A) 0° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) 60°
(iv) 2tan30°/1-tan230° =
(A) cos 60° (B) sin 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°
Solution:
(i) (A) is correct.
Substitute the of tan 30° in the given equation
tan 30° = 1/√3
2tan 30°/1+tan230° = 2(1/√3)/1+(1/√3)2
= (2/√3)/(1+1/3) = (2/√3)/(4/3)
= 6/4√3 = √3/2 = sin 60°
The obtained solution is equivalent to the trigonometric ratio sin 60°
(ii) (D) is correct.

tan 45° = 1
1-tan245°/1+tan245° = (1-12)/(1+12)
= 0/ 2 = 0
The solution of the above equation is 0.
(iii) (A) is correct.

To find the value of A, substitute the degree given in the options one by one
sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A = 0°
As sin 2A = sin 0° = 0
2 sin A = 2 sin 0° = 2 × 0 = 0
or,
Apply the sin 2A formula, to find the degree value
sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
⇒2sin A cos A = 2 sin A
⇒ 2cos A = 2 ⇒ cos A = 1
Now, we have to check, to get the solution as 1, which degree value has to be applied.
When 0 degree is applied to cos value, i.e., cos 0 =1
Therefore, ⇒ A = 0°
(iv) (C) is correct.

tan 30° = 1/√3
2tan30°/1-tan230° = 2(1/√3)/1-(1/√3)2
= (2/√3)/(1-1/3) = (2/√3)/(2/3) = √3 = tan 60°
The value of the given equation is equivalent to tan 60°.
3. If tan (A + B) = √3 and tan (A – B) = 1/√3 ,0° < A + B ≤ 90°; A > B, find A and B.
Solution:
tan (A + B) = √3
Since √3 = tan 60°
Now substitute the degree value
⇒ tan (A + B) = tan 60°
(A + B) = 60° ... (i)
The above equation is assumed as equation (i)
tan (A – B) = 1/√3
Since 1/√3 = tan 30°
Now substitute the degree value
⇒ tan (A - B) = tan 30°
(A - B) = 30° ... equation (ii)
Now add the equation (i) and (ii), we get
A + B + A - B = 60° + 30°
Cancel the terms B
2A = 90°
A= 45°
Now, substitute the value of A in equation (i) to find the value of B
45° + B = 60°
B = 60° - 45°
B = 15°
Therefore A = 45° and B = 15°
4. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B.
(ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
(iii) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases.
(iv) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ.
(v) cot A is not defined for A = 0°.
Solution:
(i) False.
Justification:
Let us take A = 30° and B = 60°, then
Substitute the values in the sin (A + B) formula, we get
sin (A + B) = sin (30° + 60°) = sin 90° = 1 and,
sin A + sin B = sin 30° + sin 60°
= 1/2 + √3/2 = 1+√3/2
Since the values obtained are not equal, the solution is false.
(ii) True.
Justification:
According to the values obtained as per the unit circle, the values of sin are:
sin 0° = 0
sin 30° = 1/2
sin 45° = 1/√2
sin 60° = √3/2
sin 90° = 1
Thus the value of sin θ increases as θ increases. Hence, the statement is true
(iii) False.
According to the values obtained as per the unit circle, the values of cos are:
cos 0° = 1
cos 30° = √3/2
cos 45° = 1/√2
cos 60° = 1/2
cos 90° = 0
Thus, the value of cos θ decreases as θ increases. So, the statement given above is false.
(iv) False
sin θ = cos θ, when a right triangle has 2 angles of (π/4). Therefore, the above statement is false.
(v) True.
Since cot function is the reciprocal of the tan function, it is also written as:
cot A = cos A/sin A
Now substitute A = 0°
cot 0° = cos 0°/sin 0° = 1/0 = undefined.
Hence, it is true
1. Evaluate :
(i) sin 18°/cos 72°
(ii) tan 26°/cot 64°
(iii) cos 48° – sin 42°
(iv) cosec 31° – sec 59°
Solution:
(i) sin 18°/cos 72°

To simplify this, convert the sin function into cos function
We know that, 18° is written as 90° - 18°, which is equal to the cos 72°.
= sin (90° - 18°) /cos 72°
Substitute the value, to simplify this equation
= cos 72° /cos 72° = 1
(ii) tan 26°/cot 64°

To simplify this, convert the tan function into cot function
We know that, 26° is written as 90° - 26°, which is equal to the cot 64°.
= tan (90° - 26°)/cot 64°
= cot 64°/cot 64° = 1
(iii) cos 48° - sin 42°

To simplify this, convert the cos function into sin function
We know that, 48° is written as 90° - 42°, which is equal to the sin 42°.
= cos (90° - 42°) - sin 42°
= sin 42° - sin 42° = 0
(iv) cosec 31° - sec 59°

To simplify this, convert the cosec function into sec function
We know that, 31° is written as 90° - 59°, which is equal to the sec 59°=
cosec (90° - 59°) - sec 59°
= sec 59° - sec 59° = 0
2. Show that:
(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1
(ii) cos 38° cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52° = 0
Solution:
(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67°

Simplify the given problem by converting some of the tan functions to the cot functions
We know that, tan 48° = tan (90° - 42°) = cot 42°

tan 23° = tan (90° - 67°) = cot 67°
= tan (90° - 42°) tan (90° - 67°) tan 42° tan 67°
Substitute the values
= cot 42° cot 67° tan 42° tan 67°
= (cot 42° tan 42°) (cot 67° tan 67°) = 1×1 = 1
(ii) cos 38° cos 52° - sin 38° sin 52°

Simplify the given problem by converting some of the cos functions to the sin functions
We know that,
cos 38° = cos (90° - 52°) = sin 52°
cos 52°= cos (90°-38°) = sin 38°
= cos (90° - 52°) cos (90°-38°) - sin 38° sin 52°
Substitute the values
= sin 52° sin 38° - sin 38° sin 52° = 0
3. If tan 2A = cot (A – 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution:
tan 2A = cot (A- 18°)
We know that tan 2A = cot (90° - 2A)
Substitute the above equation in the given problem
⇒ cot (90° - 2A) = cot (A -18°)
Now, equate the angles,
⇒ 90° - 2A = A- 18° ⇒ 108° = 3A
A = 108° / 3
Therefore, the value of A = 36°
4. If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.
Solution:
tan A = cot B
We know that cot B = tan (90° - B)
To prove A + B = 90°, substitute the above equation in the given problem
tan A = tan (90° - B)
A = 90° - B
A + B = 90°
Hence Proved.
5. If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Solution:
sec 4A = cosec (A - 20°)

We know that sec 4A = cosec (90° - 4A)
To find the value of A, substitute the above equation in the given problem
cosec (90° - 4A) = cosec (A - 20°)
Now, equate the angles

90° - 4A= A- 20°
110° = 5A
A = 110°/ 5 = 22°
Therefore, the value of A = 22°
6. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that

sin (B+C/2) = cos A/2
Solution:
We know that, for a given triangle, sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180°
A + B + C = 180° ….(1)
To find the value of (B+ C)/2, simplify the equation (1)
⇒ B + C = 180° - A
⇒ (B+C)/2 = (180°-A)/2
⇒ (B+C)/2 = (90°-A/2)
Now, multiply both sides by sin functions, we get
⇒ sin (B+C)/2 = sin (90°-A/2)
Since sin (90°-A/2) = cos A/2, the above equation is equal to
sin (B+C)/2 = cos A/2
Hence proved.
7. Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.
Solution:
Given:
sin 67° + cos 75°
In term of sin as cos function and cos as sin function, it can be written as follows
sin 67° = sin (90° - 23°)
cos 75° = cos (90° - 15°)
So, sin 67° + cos 75° = sin (90° - 23°) + cos (90° - 15°)
Now, simplify the above equation
= cos 23° + sin 15°
Therefore, sin 67° + cos 75° is also expressed as cos 23° + sin 15°

1. Express the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and tan A in terms of cot A.
Solution:
To convert the given trigonometric ratios in terms of cot functions, use trigonometric formulas
We know that,
cosec2A - cot2A = 1
cosec2A = 1 + cot2A
Since cosec function is the inverse of sin function, it is written as
1/sin2A = 1 + cot2A
Now, rearrange the terms, it becomes
sin2A = 1/(1+cot2A)
Now, take square roots on both sides, we get
sin A = ±1/(√(1+cot2A)
The above equation defines the sin function in terms of cot function
Now, to express sec function in terms of cot function, use this formula
sin2A = 1/ (1+cot2A)
Now, represent the sin function as cos function
1 - cos2A = 1/ (1+cot2A)
Rearrange the terms,
cos2A = 1 - 1/(1+cot2A)
⇒cos2A = (1-1+cot2A)/(1+cot2A)
Since sec function is the inverse of cos function,
⇒ 1/sec2A = cot2A/(1+cot2A)
Take the reciprocal and square roots on both sides, we get
⇒ sec A = ±√ (1+cot2A)/cotA
Now, to express tan function in terms of cot function

tan A = sin A/cos A and cot A = cos A/sin A
Since cot function is the inverse of tan function, it is rewritten as
tan A = 1/cot A
2. Write all the other trigonometric ratios of ∠A in terms of sec A.

Solution:
Cos A function in terms of sec A:

sec A = 1/cos A
⇒ cos A = 1/sec A
sec A function in terms of sec A:
cos2A + sin2A = 1
Rearrange the terms
sin2A = 1 - cos2A
sin2A = 1 - (1/sec2A)
sin2A = (sec2A-1)/sec2A
sin A = ± √(sec2A-1)/sec A
cosec A function in terms of sec A:

sin A = 1/cosec A
⇒cosec A = 1/sin A
cosec A = ± sec A/√(sec2A-1)
Now, tan A function in terms of sec A:

sec2A - tan2A = 1
Rearrange the terms
⇒ tan2A = sec2A - 1
tan A = √(sec2A - 1)
cot A function in terms of sec A:

tan A = 1/cot A
⇒ cot A = 1/tan A
⇒ cot A = ±1/√(sec2A - 1)
3. Evaluate:
(i) (sin263° + sin227°)/(cos217° + cos273°)
(ii) sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°
Solution:
(i) (sin263° + sin227°)/(cos217° + cos273°)
To simplify this, convert some of the sin functions into cos functions and cos function into sin function and it
becomes,
= [sin2(90°-27°) + sin227°] / [cos2(90°-73°) + cos273°)]

= (cos227° + sin227°)/(sin227° + cos273°)
= 1/1 =1 (since sin2A + cos2A = 1)
Therefore, (sin263° + sin227°)/(cos217° + cos273°) = 1
(ii) sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°

To simplify this, convert some of the sin functions into cos functions and cos function into sin function and it
becomes,
= sin(90°-25°) cos 65° + cos (90°-65°) sin 65°
= cos 65° cos 65° + sin 65° sin 65°
= cos265° + sin265° = 1 (since sin2A + cos2A = 1)
Therefore, sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65° = 1
4. Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.

(i) 9 sec2A - 9 tan2A =
(A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 0
(ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) - 1
(iii) (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) =
(A) sec A (B) sin A (C) cosec A (D) cos A
(iv) 1+tan2A/1+cot2A =
(A) sec2 A (B) -1 (C) cot2A (D) tan2A
Solution:
(i) (B) is correct.

Justification:
Take 9 outside, and it becomes
9 sec2A - 9 tan2A
= 9 (sec2A - tan2A)
= 9×1 = 9 (∵ sec2 A - tan2 A = 1)
Therefore, 9 sec2A - 9 tan2A = 9
(ii) (C) is correct

Justification:
(1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ)
We know that, tan θ = sin θ/cos θ
sec θ = 1/ cos θ
cot θ = cos θ/sin θ
cosec θ = 1/sin θ
Now, substitute the above values in the given problem, we get
= (1 + sin θ/cos θ + 1/ cos θ) (1 + cos θ/sin θ - 1/sin θ)
Simplify the above equation,

= (cos θ +sin θ+1)/cos θ × (sin θ+cos θ-1)/sin θ
= (cos θ+sin θ)2-12/(cos θ sin θ)
= (cos2θ + sin2θ + 2cos θ sin θ -1)/(cos θ sin θ)
= (1+ 2cos θ sin θ -1)/(cos θ sin θ) (Since cos2θ + sin2θ = 1)

= (2cos θ sin θ)/(cos θ sin θ) = 2
Therefore, (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ) =2
(iii) (D) is correct.

Justification:
We know that,
Sec A= 1/cos A
Tan A = sin A / cos A
Now, substitute the above values in the given problem, we get
(secA + tanA) (1 - sinA)
= (1/cos A + sin A/cos A) (1 - sinA)
= (1+sin A/cos A) (1 - sinA)
= (1 - sin2A)/cos A
= cos2A/cos A = cos A
Therefore, (secA + tanA) (1 - sinA) = cos A
(iv) (D) is correct.

Justification:
We know that,
tan2A =1/cot2A
Now, substitute this in the given problem, we get
1+tan2A/1+cot2A
= (1+1/cot2A)/1+cot2A
= (cot2A+1/cot2A)×(1/1+cot2A)
= 1/cot2A = tan2A
So, 1+tan2A/1+cot2A = tan2A
5. Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles for which the
expressions are defined.
(i) (cosec θ - cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)
(ii) cos A/(1+sin A) + (1+sin A)/cos A = 2 sec A
(iii) tan θ/(1-cot θ) + cot θ/(1-tan θ) = 1 + sec θ cosec θ
[Hint : Write the expression in terms of sin θ and cos θ]
(iv) (1 + sec A)/sec A = sin2A/(1-cos A)
[Hint : Simplify LHS and RHS separately]
(v) ( cos A–sin A+1)/( cos A +sin A–1) = cosec A + cot A, using the identity cosec2A = 1+cot2A.
(vii) (sin θ - 2sin3θ)/(2cos3θ-cos θ) = tan θ

(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7+tan2A+cot2A
(ix) (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A+cotA)
[Hint : Simplify LHS and RHS separately]
(x) (1+tan2A/1+cot2A) = (1-tan A/1-cot A)2 = tan2A
Solution:
(i) (cosec θ - cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)
To prove this, first take the Left-Hand side (L.H.S) of the given equation, to prove the Right Hand Side
(R.H.S)
L.H.S. = (cosec θ - cot θ)2
The above equation is in the form of (a-b)2, and expand it
Since (a-b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
Here a = cosec θ and b = cot θ
= (cosec2θ + cot2θ - 2cosec θ cot θ)
Now, apply the corresponding inverse functions and equivalent ratios to simplify
= (1/sin2θ + cos2θ/sin2θ - 2cos θ/sin2θ)
= (1 + cos2θ - 2cos θ)/(1 - cos2θ)
= (1-cos θ)2/(1 - cosθ)(1+cos θ)
= (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ) = R.H.S.
Therefore, (cosec θ - cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)
Hence proved.
(ii) (cos A/(1+sin A)) + ((1+sin A)/cos A) = 2 sec A

Now, take the L.H.S of the given equation.
L.H.S. = (cos A/(1+sin A)) + ((1+sin A)/cos A)
= [cos2A + (1+sin A)2]/(1+sin A)cos A
= (cos2A + sin2A + 1 + 2sin A)/(1+sin A) cos A
Since cos2A + sin2A = 1, we can write it as

= (1 + 1 + 2sin A)/(1+sin A) cos A
= (2+ 2sin A)/(1+sin A)cos A
= 2(1+sin A)/(1+sin A)cos A
= 2/cos A = 2 sec A = R.H.S.
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(cos A/(1+sin A)) + ((1+sin A)/cos A) = 2 sec A
Hence proved.
(iii) tan θ/(1-cot θ) + cot θ/(1-tan θ) = 1 + sec θ cosec θ

L.H.S. = tan θ/(1-cot θ) + cot θ/(1-tan θ)
We know that tan θ =sin θ/cos θ
cot θ = cos θ/sin θ
Now, substitute it in the given equation, to convert it in a simplified form
= [(sin θ/cos θ)/1-(cos θ/sin θ)] + [(cos θ/sin θ)/1-(sin θ/cos θ)]
= [(sin θ/cos θ)/(sin θ-cos θ)/sin θ] + [(cos θ/sin θ)/(cos θ-sin θ)/cos θ]
= sin2θ/[cos θ(sin θ-cos θ)] + cos2θ/[sin θ(cos θ-sin θ)]
= sin2θ/[cos θ(sin θ-cos θ)] - cos2θ/[sin θ(sin θ-cos θ)]
= 1/(sin θ-cos θ) [(sin2θ/cos θ) - (cos2θ/sin θ)]
= 1/(sin θ-cos θ) × [(sin3θ - cos3θ)/sin θ cos θ]
= [(sin θ-cos θ)(sin2θ+cos2θ+sin θ cos θ)]/[(sin θ-cos θ)sin θ cos θ]
= (1 + sin θ cos θ)/sin θ cos θ
= 1/sin θ cos θ + 1
= 1 + sec θ cosec θ = R.H.S.
Therefore, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence proved
(iv) (1 + sec A)/sec A = sin2A/(1-cos A)

First find the simplified form of L.H.S
L.H.S. = (1 + sec A)/sec A
Since secant function is the inverse function of cos function and it is written as
= (1 + 1/cos A)/1/cos A
= (cos A + 1)/cos A/1/cos A
Therefore, (1 + sec A)/sec A = cos A + 1

R.H.S. = sin2A/(1-cos A)
We know that sin2A = (1 - cos2A), we get
= (1 - cos2A)/(1-cos A)
= (1-cos A)(1+cos A)/(1-cos A)
Therefore, sin2A/(1-cos A)= cos A + 1
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence proved
(v) (cos A–sin A+1)/(cos A+sin A–1) = cosec A + cot A, using the identity cosec2A = 1+cot2A.
With the help of identity function, cosec2A = 1+cot2A, let us prove the above equation.
L.H.S. = (cos A–sin A+1)/(cos A+sin A–1)
Divide the numerator and denominator by sin A, we get
= (cos A–sin A+1)/sin A/(cos A+sin A–1)/sin A
We know that cos A/sin A = cot A and 1/sin A = cosec A
= (cot A - 1 + cosec A)/(cot A+ 1 – cosec A)
= (cot A - cosec2A + cot2A + cosec A)/(cot A+ 1 – cosec A) (using cosec2A - cot2A = 1
= [(cot A + cosec A) - (cosec2A - cot2A)]/(cot A+ 1 – cosec A)
= [(cot A + cosec A) - (cosec A + cot A)(cosec A - cot A)]/(1 – cosec A + cot A)
= (cot A + cosec A)(1 – cosec A + cot A)/(1 – cosec A + cot A)
= cot A + cosec A = R.H.S.
Therefore, (cos A–sin A+1)/(cos A+sin A–1) = cosec A + cot A
Hence Proved
First divide the numerator and denominator of L.H.S. by cos A,
We know that 1/cos A = sec A and sin A/ cos A = tan A and it becomes,
= √(sec A+ tan A)/(sec A-tan A)
Now using rationalization, we get
= (sec A + tan A)/1

= sec A + tan A = R.H.S
Hence proved
(vii) (sin θ - 2sin3θ)/(2cos3θ-cos θ) = tan θ

L.H.S. = (sin θ - 2sin3θ)/(2cos3θ - cos θ)
Take sin θ as in numerator and cos θ in denominator as outside, it becomes
= [sin θ(1 - 2sin2θ)]/[cos θ(2cos2θ- 1)]
We know that sin2θ = 1-cos2θ
= sin θ[1 - 2(1-cos2θ)]/[cos θ(2cos2θ -1)]
= [sin θ(2cos2θ -1)]/[cos θ(2cos2θ -1)]
= tan θ = R.H.S.
Hence proved
(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7+tan2A+cot2A

L.H.S. = (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
It is of the form (a+b)2, expand it
(a+b)2 =a2 + b2 +2ab
= (sin2A + cosec2A + 2 sin A cosec A) + (cos2A + sec2A + 2 cos A sec A)
= (sin2A + cos2A) + 2 sin A(1/sin A) + 2 cos A(1/cos A) + 1 + tan2A + 1 + cot2A
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + tan2A + cot2A
= 7+tan2A+cot2A = R.H.S.
Therefore, (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7+tan2A+cot2A
Hence proved.
(ix) (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A+cotA)

First, find the simplified form of L.H.S
L.H.S. = (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A)
Now, substitute the inverse and equivalent trigonometric ratio forms

= (1/sin A - sin A)(1/cos A - cos A)
= [(1-sin2A)/sin A][(1-cos2A)/cos A]
= (cos2A/sin A)×(sin2A/cos A)
= cos A sin A
Now, simplify the R.H.S
R.H.S. = 1/(tan A+cotA)
= 1/(sin A/cos A +cos A/sin A)
= 1/[(sin2A+cos2A)/sin A cos A]
= cos A sin A
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A+cotA)
Hence proved
(x) (1+tan2A/1+cot2A) = (1-tan A/1-cot A)2 = tan2A

L.H.S. = (1+tan2A/1+cot2A)
Since cot function is the inverse of tan function,
= (1+tan2A/1+1/tan2A)
= 1+tan2A/[(1+tan2A)/tan2A]
Now cancel the 1+tan2A terms, we get
= tan2A
(1+tan2A/1+cot2A) = tan2A
Similarly,
(1-tan A/1-cot A)2 = tan2A
Hence proved
NCERT Solution for Class 10 Maths Chapter 1 Real Numbers

1: Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of:
(i) 135 and 225
(ii) 196 and 38220
(iii) 867 and 25
Solutions:
i. 135 and 225

As you can see, from the question 225 is greater than 135. Therefore, by Euclid’s division algorithm, we
have,
225 = 135 × 1 + 90
Now, remainder 90 ≠ 0, thus again using division lemma for 90, we get,
135 = 90 × 1 + 45
Again, 45 ≠ 0, repeating the above step for 45, we get,
90 = 45 × 2 + 0
The remainder is now zero, so our method stops here. Since, in the last step, the divisor is 45,
therefore, HCF (225,135) = HCF (135, 90) = HCF (90, 45) = 45.
Hence, the HCF of 225 and 135 is 45.
ii. 196 and 38220

In this given question, 38220>196, therefore the by applying Euclid’s division algorithm and taking
38220 as divisor, we get,
38220 = 196 × 195 + 0
We have already got the remainder as 0 here. Therefore, HCF(196, 38220) = 196.
iii.867 and 255

As we know, 867 is greater than 255. Let us apply now Euclid’s division algorithm on 867, to get,
867 = 255 × 3 + 102
Remainder 102 ≠ 0, therefore taking 255 as divisor and applying the division lemma method, we get,
255 = 102 × 2 + 51
Again, 51 ≠ 0. Now 102 is the new divisor, so repeating the same step we get,
102 = 51 × 2 + 0
The remainder is now zero, so our procedure stops here. Since, in the last step, the divisor is 51,
therefore, HCF (867,255) = HCF(255,102) = HCF(102,51) = 51.
2: Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 5, where q is some
integer.
Solution:
Let a be any positive integer and b = 6. Then, by Euclid’s algorithm, a = 6q + r, for some integer q ≥ 0,
and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, because 0≤r<6.
Now substituting the value of r, we get,
If r = 0, then a = 6q
Similarly, for r= 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the value of a is 6q+1, 6q+2, 6q+3, 6q+4 and 6q+5, respectively.
If a = 6q, 6q+2, 6q+4, then a is an even number and divisible by 2. A positive integer can be either even
or odd Therefore, any positive odd integer is of the form of 6q+1, 6q+3 and 6q+5, where q is some
integer.
3. An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members in a

parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the maximum
number of columns in which they can march?
Solution:
Given,
Number of army contingent members=616
Number of army band members = 32
If the two groups have to march in the same column, we have to find out the highest common factor
between the two groups. HCF(616, 32), gives the maximum number of columns in which they can
march.
By Using Euclid’s algorithm to find their HCF, we get,
Since, 616>32, therefore,
616 = 32 × 19 + 8
Since, 8 ≠ 0, therefore, taking 32 as new divisor, we have,
32 = 8 × 4 + 0
Now we have got remainder as 0, therefore, HCF (616, 32) = 8.
Hence, the maximum number of columns in which they can march is 8.
4. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of the
form 3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.
Solutions:
Let x be any positive integer and y = 3.
By Euclid’s division algorithm, then,
x = 3q + r for some integer q≥0 and r = 0, 1, 2, as r ≥ 0 and r < 3.
Therefore, x = 3q, 3q+1 and 3q+2
Now as per the question given, by squaring both the sides, we get,
x2 = (3q)2 = 9q2 = 3 × 3q2
Let 3q2 = m
Therefore, x2= 3m ……………………..(1)
x2 = (3q + 1)2 = (3q)2+12+2×3q×1 = 9q2 + 1 +6q = 3(3q2+2q) +1
Substitute, 3q2+2q = m, to get,
x2= 3m + 1 ……………………………. (2)
x2= (3q + 2)2 = (3q)2+22+2×3q×2 = 9q2 + 4 + 12q = 3 (3q2 + 4q + 1)+1
Again, substitute, 3q2+4q+1 = m, to get,
x2= 3m + 1…………………………… (3)
Hence, from equation 1, 2 and 3, we can say that, the square of any positive integer is either of the
form 3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.
5. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form 9m,
9m + 1 or 9m + 8.
Solution:
Let x be any positive integer and y = 3.
By Euclid’s division algorithm, then,
x = 3q+r, where q≥0 and r = 0, 1, 2, as r ≥ 0 and r < 3.
Therefore, putting the value of r, we get,

x = 3q
or
x = 3q + 1
or
x = 3q + 2
Now, by taking the cube of all the three above expressions, we get,
Case (i): When r = 0, then,
x2= (3q)3 = 27q3= 9(3q3)= 9m; where m = 3q3
Case (ii): When r = 1, then,
x3 = (3q+1)3 = (3q)3 +13+3×3q×1(3q+1) = 27q3+1+27q2+9q
Taking 9 as common factor, we get,
x3 = 9(3q3+3q2+q)+1
Putting (3𝑞 3 + 3𝑞 2 + 𝑞) = m, we get,
Putting (3q3+3q2+q) = m, we get ,
x3 = 9m+1
Case (iii): When r = 2, then,
x3 = (3q+2)3= (3q)3+23+3×3q×2(3q+2) = 27q3+54q2+36q+8
x3=9(3q3+6q2+4q)+8
Putting (3q3+6q2+4q) = m, we get ,
x3 = 9m+8
Therefore, from all the three cases explained above, it is proved that the cube of any positive integer is
of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.

1. Express each number as a product of its prime factors:
(i) 140
(ii) 156
(iii) 3825
(iv) 5005
(v) 7429
Solutions:
(i) 140
By Taking the LCM of 140, we will get the product of its prime factor.
Therefore, 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 × 1 = 22×5×7
(ii) 156
Hence, 156 = 2 × 2 × 13 × 3 × 1 = 22× 13 × 3
(iii) 3825
Hence, 3825 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 17 × 1 = 32×52×17
(iv) 5005
Hence, 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13 × 1 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13
(v) 7429
Hence, 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23 × 1 = 17 × 19 × 23
2. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF =
product of the two numbers.
(i) 26 and 91
(ii) 510 and 92
(iii) 336 and 54
Solutions:
(i) 26 and 91
Expressing 26 and 91 as product of its prime factors, we get,

26 = 2 × 13 × 1
91 = 7 × 13 × 1
Therefore, LCM (26, 91) = 2 × 7 × 13 × 1 = 182

And HCF (26, 91) = 13

Verification
Now, product of 26 and 91 = 26 × 91 = 2366
And Product of LCM and HCF = 182 × 13 = 2366
Hence, LCM × HCF = product of the 26 and 91.
(ii) 510 and 92

510 = 2 × 3 × 17 × 5 × 1
92 = 2 × 2 × 23 × 1
Therefore, LCM(510, 92) = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23 = 23460
And HCF (510, 92) = 2
Verification
Now, product of 510 and 92 = 510 × 92 = 46920
And Product of LCM and HCF = 23460 × 2 = 46920
(iii) 336 and 54

336 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 3 × 1
54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 1
Therefore, LCM(336, 54) = 24 × 33 × 7 = 3024
And HCF(336, 54) = 2×3 = 6
Verification
Now, product of 336 and 54 = 336 × 54 = 18,144
And Product of LCM and HCF = 3024 × 6 = 18,144
3. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation method.
(i) 12, 15 and 21
(ii) 17, 23 and 29
(iii) 8, 9 and 25
Solutions:
(i) 12, 15 and 21
Writing the product of prime factors for all the three numbers, we get,
12=2×2×3
15=5×3
21=7×3
Therefore,
HCF(12,15,21) = 3
LCM(12,15,21) = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420
(ii) 17, 23 and 29
17=17×1
23=23×1
29=29×1
Therefore,
HCF(17,23,29) = 1
LCM(17,23,29) = 17 × 23 × 29 = 11339
(iii) 8, 9 and 25
8=2×2×2×1
9=3×3×1
25=5×5×1
Therefore,
HCF(8,9,25)=1
LCM(8,9,25) = 2×2×2×3×3×5×5 = 1800
4. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).
Solutions: As we know that,
HCF×LCM=Product of the two given numbers

Therefore,
9 × LCM = 306 × 657
LCM = (306×657)/9 = 22338
Hence, LCM(306,657) = 22338

5. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Solutions: If the number 6n ends with the digit zero (0), then it should be divisible by 5, as we know any
number with unit place as 0 or 5 is divisible by 5.
Prime factorization of 6n = (2×3)n

Therefore, the prime factorization of 6n doesn’t contain prime number 5.
Hence, it is clear that for any natural number n, 6n is not divisible by 5 and thus it proves that 6n cannot
end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
6. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.
Solutions: By the definition of composite number, we know, if a number is composite, then it means it
has factors other than 1 and itself. Therefore, for the given expression;
7 × 11 × 13 + 13

=13(7×11×1+1) = 13(77+1) = 13×78 = 13×3×2×13
Hence, 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 is a composite number.
Now let’s take the other number,

7×6×5×4×3×2×1+5
Taking 5 as a common factor, we get,

=5(7×6×4×3×2×1+1) = 5(1008+1) = 5×1009
Hence, 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 is a composite number.
7. There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the field,
while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at the same point and at the same time,
and go in the same direction. After how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point?
Solutions: Since, Both Sonia and Ravi move in the same direction and at the same time, the method to find
the time when they will be meeting again at the starting point is LCM of 18 and 12.
Therefore, LCM(18,12) = 2×3×3×2×1=36
Hence, Sonia and Ravi will meet again at the starting point after 36 minutes.

1. Prove that √5 is irrational.
Solutions: Let us assume, that √5 is rational number.
i.e. √5 = x/y (where, x and y are co-primes)
y√5= x
Squaring both the sides, we get,

(y√5)2 = x2
⇒5y2 = x2……………………………….. (1)
Thus, x2 is divisible by 5, so x is also divisible by 5.
Let us say, x = 5k, for some value of k and substituting the value of x in equation (1), we get,
5y2 = (5k)2
⇒y2 = 5k2
𝒚𝟐 is divisible by 5 it means y is divisible by 5.
Clearly, x and y are not co-primes. Thus, our assumption about √5 is rational is incorrect.
Hence, √5 is irrational number.
2. Prove that 3 + 2√5 + is irrational.
Solutions: Let us assume 3 + 2√5 is rational.

Then we can find co-prime x and y (y ≠ 0) such that 3 + 2√5 = x/y
Rearranging, we get,
Since, x and y are integers, thus,
is a rational number.
Therefore, √5 is also a rational number. But this contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational.
So, we conclude that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.
3. Prove that the following are irrationals:

(i) 1/√2
(ii) 7√5
(iii) 6 + √2
Solutions:
(i) 1/√2
Let us assume 1/√2 is rational.

Then we can find co-prime x and y (y ≠ 0) such that 1/√2 = x/y
√2 = y/x
Since, x and y are integers, thus, √2 is a rational number, which contradicts the fact that √2 is irrational.
Hence, we can conclude that 1/√2 is irrational.
(ii) 7√5
Let us assume 7√5 is a rational number.

Then we can find co-prime a and b (b ≠ 0) such that 7√5 = x/y
√5 = x/7y
Since, x and y are integers, thus, √5 is a rational number, which contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational.
Hence, we can conclude that 7√5 is irrational.
(iii) 6 +√2
Let us assume 6 +√2 is a rational number.

Then we can find co-primes x and y (y ≠ 0) such that 6 +√2 = x/y⋅
√2 = (x/y) - 6
Since, x and y are integers, thus (x/y) - 6 is a rational number and therefore, √2 is rational. This contradicts
the fact that √2 is an irrational number.
Hence, we can conclude that 6 +√2 is irrational.


1. Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational numbers will have a
terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion:
(i) 13/3125 (ii) 17/8 (iii) 64/455 (iv) 15/1600 (v) 29/343 (vi) 23/(2352) (vii) 129/(225775) (viii) 6/15 (ix) 35/50
(x) 77/210
Solutions:
Note: If the denominator has only factors of 2 and 5 or in the form of 2m ×5n then it has terminating decimal
expansion.
If the denominator has factors other than 2 and 5 then it has a non-terminating decimal expansion.
(i) 13/3125
Factorizing the denominator, we get,
3125 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 55
Since, the denominator has only 5 as its factor, 13/3125 has a terminating decimal expansion.
(ii) 17/8
8 = 2×2×2 = 23
Since, the denominator has only 2 as its factor, 17/8 has a terminating decimal expansion.
(iii) 64/455

455 = 5×7×13
Since, the denominator is not in the form of 2m × 5n, thus 64/455 has a non-terminating decimal expansion.
(iv) 15/ 1600

1600 = 26 × 52
Since, the denominator is in the form of 2m × 5n, thus 15/1600 has a terminating decimal expansion.
(v) 29/343

343 = 7×7×7 = 73 Since, the denominator is not in the form of 2m × 5n thus 29/343 has a non-terminating decimal
expansion.
(vi) 23/(2352)
Clearly, the denominator is in the form of 2m × 5n.

Hence, 23/ (2352) has a terminating decimal expansion.
(vii) 129/(225775)
As you can see, the denominator is not in the form of 2m × 5n.

Hence, 129/ (225775) has a non-terminating decimal expansion.
(viii) 6/15
6/15 = 2/5
Since, the denominator has only 5 as its factor, thus, 6/15 has a terminating decimal expansion.
(ix) 35/50
35/50 = 7/10
Factorising the denominator, we get,
10 = 2 × 5
Since, the denominator is in the form of 2m × 5n thus, 35/50 has a terminating decimal expansion.
(x) 77/210
77/210 = (7× 11)/ (30 × 7) = 11/30

Factorising the denominator, we get,
30 = 2 × 3 × 5
As you can see, the denominator is not in the form of 2m × 5n .Hence, 77/210 has a non-terminating decimal
expansion.
2. Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in Question 1 above which have
terminating decimal expansions.
Solutions:
(i) 13/3125
13/3125 = 0.00416
(ii) 17/8
17/8 = 2.125
(iii) 64/455 has a Non terminating decimal expansion
(iv)15/ 1600
15/1600 = 0.009375
(v) 29/ 343 has a Non terminating decimal expansion
(vi) 23/ (2352) = 23/(8×25)= 23/200

23/ (2352) = 0.115
(vii) 129/ (225775) has a Non terminating decimal expansion
(viii) 6/15 = 2/5
(ix) 35/50 = 7/10

35/50 = 0.7
(x) 77/210 has a non-terminating decimal expansion.
3. The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each case, decide whether they
are rational or not. If they are rational, and of the form, p q what can you say about the prime factors of q?
(i) 43.123456789
(ii) 0.120120012000120000. . .
Solutions:
(i) 43.123456789
Since it has a terminating decimal expansion, it is a rational number in the form of p/q and q has factors of 2
and 5 only.
(ii) 0.120120012000120000. . .
Since, it has non-terminating and non- repeating decimal expansion, it is an irrational number.
Since it has non-terminating but repeating decimal expansion, it is a rational number in the form of p/q and q
has factors other than 2 and 5.
NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths Chapter 6 Triangles

1. Fill in the blanks using correct word given in the brackets:-
(i) All circles are __________. (congruent, similar)
Answer: Similar
(ii) All squares are __________. (similar, congruent)

Answer: Similar
(iii) All __________ triangles are similar. (isosceles, equilateral)

Answer: Equilateral
(iv) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (a) their corresponding angles are
__________ and (b) their corresponding sides are __________. (equal, proportional)
Answer: (a) Equal
(b) Proportional
2. Give two different examples of pair of

(i) Similar figures
(ii) Non-similar figures
Solution:
3. State whether the following quadrilaterals are similar or not:

Solution:
From the given two figures, we can see their corresponding angles are different or unequal. Therefore they
are not similar.

1. In figure. (i) and (ii), DE || BC. Find EC in (i) and AD in (ii).
Solution:
(i) Given, in △ ABC, DE∥BC

∴ AD/DB = AE/EC [Using Basic proportionality theorem]
⇒1.5/3 = 1/EC
⇒EC = 3/1.5
EC = 3×10/15 = 2 cm
Hence, EC = 2 cm.
(ii) Given, in △ ABC, DE∥BC

∴ AD/DB = AE/EC [Using Basic proportionality theorem]
⇒ AD/7.2 = 1.8 / 5.4
⇒ AD = 1.8 ×7.2/5.4 = (18/10)×(72/10)×(10/54) = 24/10
⇒ AD = 2.4
Hence, AD = 2.4 cm.
2. E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a ΔPQR. For each of the following
cases, state whether EF || QR.
(i) PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2.4 cm
(ii) PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm and RF = 9 cm
(iii) PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.63 cm
Solution:
Given, in ΔPQR, E and F are two points on side PQ and PR respectively. See the figure below;
(i) Given, PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2,4 cm

Therefore, by using Basic proportionality theorem, we get,
PE/EQ = 3.9/3 = 39/30 = 13/10 = 1.3
And PF/FR = 3.6/2.4 = 36/24 = 3/2 = 1.5
So, we get, PE/EQ ≠ PF/FR
Hence, EF is not parallel to QR.
(ii) Given, PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8cm and RF = 9cm

Therefore, by using Basic proportionality theorem, we get,
PE/QE = 4/4.5 = 40/45 = 8/9
And, PF/RF = 8/9
So, we get here,
PE/QE = PF/RF
Hence, EF is parallel to QR.
(iii) Given, PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.36 cm

From the figure,
EQ = PQ - PE = 1.28 - 0.18 = 1.10 cm
And, FR = PR - PF = 2.56 - 0.36 = 2.20 cm
So, PE/EQ = 0.18/1.10 = 18/110 = 9/55…………. (i)
And, PE/FR = 0.36/2.20 = 36/220 = 9/55………… (ii)
So, we get here,
PE/EQ = PF/FR
Hence, EF is parallel to QR.
3. In the figure, if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that AM/AB = AN/AD
Solution:
In the given figure, we can see, LM || CB,
By using basic proportionality theorem, we get,

AM/AB = AL/AC……………………..(i)
Similarly, given, LN || CD and using basic proportionality theorem,

∴AN/AD = AL/AC……………………………(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get,
AM/AB = AN/AD
Hence, proved.
4. In the figure, DE||AC and DF||AE. Prove that BF/FE = BE/EC
Solution:
In ΔABC, given as, DE || AC

Thus, by using Basic Proportionality Theorem, we get,
∴BD/DA = BE/EC ......................................................(i)
In ΔBAE, given as, DF || AE

Thus, by using Basic Proportionality Theorem, we get,
∴BD/DA = BF/FE ......................................................(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get

BE/EC = BF/FE
Hence, proved.
5. In the figure, DE||OQ and DF||OR, show that EF||QR.

Solution:
Given,
In ΔPQO, DE || OQ
So by using Basic Proportionality Theorem,
PD/DO = PE/EQ……………… ..(i)
Again given, in ΔPOR, DF || OR,

So by using Basic Proportionality Theorem,
PD/DO = PF/FR………………… (ii)

PE/EQ = PF/FR
Therefore, by converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem,
EF || QR, in ΔPQR.
6. In the figure, A, B and C are points on OP, OQ and OR respectively such that AB || PQ and AC
|| PR. Show that BC || QR.
Solution:
Given here,
In ΔOPQ, AB || PQ
By using Basic Proportionality Theorem,
OA/AP = OB/BQ…………….(i)
Also given,
In ΔOPR, AC || PR
By using Basic Proportionality Theorem
∴ OA/AP = OC/CR……………(ii)

OB/BQ = OC/CR
Therefore, by converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem,

In ΔOQR, BC || QR.
7. Using Basic proportionality theorem, prove that a line drawn through the mid-points of one side
of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third side. (Recall that you have proved it in Class
IX).
Solution:
Given, in ΔABC, D is the midpoint of AB such that AD=DB.

A line parallel to BC intersects AC at E as shown in above figure such that DE || BC.
We have to prove that E is the mid point of AC.
Since, D is the mid-point of AB.

∴ AD=DB
⇒AD/DB = 1 …………………………. (i)
In ΔABC, DE || BC,
By using Basic Proportionality Theorem,
Therefore, AD/DB = AE/EC
From equation (i), we can write,
⇒ 1 = AE/EC
∴ AE = EC
Hence, proved, E is the midpoint of AC.
8. Using Converse of basic proportionality theorem, prove that the line joining the mid-points of
any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side. (Recall that you have done it in Class IX).
Solution:
Given, in ΔABC, D and E are the mid points of AB and AC respectively, such that,
AD=BD and AE=EC.
We have to prove that: DE || BC.
Since, D is the midpoint of AB

∴ AD=DB
⇒AD/BD = 1...................................... (i)
Also given, E is the mid-point of AC.

∴ AE=EC
⇒ AE/EC = 1

AD/BD = AE/EC
By converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem,

DE || BC
Hence, proved.
9. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O.
Show that AO/BO = CO/DO.
Solution:
Given, ABCD is a trapezium where AB || DC and diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at O.
We have to prove, AO/BO = CO/DO

From the point O, draw a line EO touching AD at E, in such a way that,

EO || DC || AB
In ΔADC, we have OE || DC
Therefore, By using Basic Proportionality Theorem
AE/ED = AO/CO ……………..(i)
Now, In ΔABD, OE || AB
DE/EA = DO/BO…………….(ii)

AO/CO = BO/DO
⇒AO/BO = CO/DO
Hence, proved.
10. The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at the point O such that AO/BO =
CO/DO. Show that ABCD is a trapezium.
Solution:
Given, Quadrilateral ABCD where AC and BD intersects each other at O such that,
AO/BO = CO/DO.
We have to prove here, ABCD is a trapezium
From the point O, draw a line EO touching AD at E, in such a way that,

EO || DC || AB
In ΔDAB, EO || AB
DE/EA = DO/OB ……………………(i)
Also, given,
AO/BO = CO/DO
⇒ AO/CO = BO/DO
⇒ CO/AO = DO/BO
⇒DO/OB = CO/AO …………………………..(ii)

DE/EA = CO/AO
Therefore, By using converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem,

EO || DC also EO || AB
⇒ AB || DC.
Hence, quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezium with AB || CD.
1. State which pairs of triangles in Figure, are similar. Write the similarity criterion used by you
for answering the question and also write the pairs of similar triangles in the symbolic form:
Solution:
(i) Given, in ΔABC and ΔPQR,

∠A = ∠P = 60°
∠B = ∠Q = 80°
∠C = ∠R = 40°
Therefore by AAA similarity criterion,
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔPQR
(ii) Given, in ΔABC and ΔPQR,

AB/QR = 2/4 = 1/2,
BC/RP = 2.5/5 = 1/2,
CA/PA = 3/6 = 1/2
By SSS similarity criterion,
ΔABC ~ ΔQRP
(iii) Given, in ΔLMP and ΔDEF,
LM = 2.7, MP = 2, LP = 3, EF = 5, DE = 4, DF = 6
MP/DE = 2/4 = 1/2
PL/DF = 3/6 = 1/2
LM/EF = 2.7/5 = 27/50
Here , MP/DE = PL/DF ≠ LM/EF
Therefore, ΔLMP and ΔDEF are not similar.
(iv) In ΔMNL and ΔQPR, it is given,

MN/QP = ML/QR = 1/2
∠M = ∠Q = 70°
Therefore, by SAS similarity criterion
∴ ΔMNL ~ ΔQPR
(v) In ΔABC and ΔDEF, given that,

AB = 2.5, BC = 3, ∠A = 80°, EF = 6, DF = 5, ∠F = 80°
Here , AB/DF = 2.5/5 = 1/2
And, BC/EF = 3/6 = 1/2
⇒ ∠B ≠ ∠F
Hence, ΔABC and ΔDEF are not similar.
(vi) In ΔDEF, by sum of angles of triangles, we know that,

∠D + ∠E + ∠F = 180°
⇒ 70° + 80° + ∠F = 180°
⇒ ∠F = 180° - 70° - 80°
⇒ ∠F = 30°
Similarly, In ΔPQR,
∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180 (Sum of angles of Δ)
⇒ ∠P + 80° + 30° = 180°
⇒ ∠P = 180° - 80° -30°
⇒ ∠P = 70°
Now, comparing both the triangles, ΔDEF and ΔPQR, we have

∠D = ∠P = 70°
∠F = ∠Q = 80°
∠F = ∠R = 30°
Therefore, by AAA similarity criterion,
Hence, ΔDEF ~ ΔPQR
2. In the figure 6.35, ΔODC ~ ΔOBA, ∠ BOC = 125° and ∠ CDO = 70°. Find ∠ DOC, ∠ DCO and
∠ OAB.
Solution:
As we can see from the figure, DOB is a straight line.

Therefore, ∠DOC + ∠ COB = 180°
⇒ ∠DOC = 180° - 125° (Given, ∠ BOC = 125°)
= 55°
In ΔDOC, sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180º

Therefore, ∠DCO + ∠ CDO + ∠ DOC = 180°
⇒ ∠DCO + 70º + 55º = 180°(Given, ∠ CDO = 70°)
⇒ ∠DCO = 55°
It is given that, ΔODC ~ ΔOBA,

Therefore, ΔODC ~ ΔOBA.
Hence, Corresponding angles are equal in similar triangles
∠OAB = ∠OCD
⇒ ∠ OAB = 55°
∠OAB = ∠OCD
⇒ ∠OAB = 55°
3. Diagonals AC and BD of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O.
Using a similarity criterion for two triangles, show that AO/OC = OB/OD
Solution:
In ΔDOC and ΔBOA,

AB || CD, thus alternate interior angles will be equal,
∴∠CDO = ∠ABO
Similarly,
∠DCO = ∠BAO
Also, for the two triangles ΔDOC and ΔBOA, vertically opposite angles will be equal;
∴∠DOC = ∠BOA
Hence, by AAA similarity criterion,

ΔDOC ~ ΔBOA
Thus, the corresponding sides are proportional.
DO/BO = OC/OA
⇒OA/OC = OB/OD
Hence, proved.
4. In the fig.6.36, QR/QS = QT/PR and ∠1 = ∠2. Show that ΔPQS ~ ΔTQR.
Solution:
In ΔPQR,
∠PQR = ∠PRQ
∴ PQ = PR ……………………...(i)
Given,
QR/QS = QT/PR
Using equation (i), we get
QR/QS = QT/QP……………….(ii)
In ΔPQS and ΔTQR, by equation (ii),

QR/QS = QT/QP
∠Q = ∠Q
∴ ΔPQS ~ ΔTQR [By SAS similarity criterion]
5. S and T are point on sides PR and QR of ΔPQR such that ∠P = ∠RTS. Show that ΔRPQ ~
ΔRTS.
Solution:
Given, S and T are point on sides PR and QR of ΔPQR
And ∠P = ∠RTS.
In ΔRPQ and ΔRTS,

∠RTS = ∠QPS (Given)
∠R = ∠R (Common angle)
∴ ΔRPQ ~ ΔRTS (AA similarity criterion)
6. In the figure, if ΔABE ≅ ΔACD, show that ΔADE ~ ΔABC.
Solution:
Given, ΔABE ≅ ΔACD.

∴ AB = AC [By CPCT] ……………………………....(i)
And, AD = AE [By CPCT] …………………………...(ii)
In ΔADE and ΔABC, dividing eq.(ii) by eq(i),

AD/AB = AE/AC
∠A = ∠A [Common angle]
∴ ΔADE ~ ΔABC [SAS similarity criterion]
7. In the figure, altitudes AD and CE of ΔABC intersect each other at the point P. Show that:
(i) ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP

(ii) ΔABD ~ ΔCBE
(iii) ΔAEP ~ ΔADB
(iv) ΔPDC ~ ΔBEC
Solution:
Given, altitudes AD and CE of ΔABC intersect each other at the point P.

(i) In ΔAEP and ΔCDP,
∠AEP = ∠CDP (90° each)
∠APE = ∠CPD (Vertically opposite angles)
Hence, by AA similarity criterion,
ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP
(ii) In ΔABD and ΔCBE,

∠ADB = ∠CEB ( 90° each)
∠ABD = ∠CBE (Common Angles)
ΔABD ~ ΔCBE
(iii) In ΔAEP and ΔADB,

∠AEP = ∠ADB (90° each)
∠PAE = ∠DAB (Common Angles)
ΔAEP ~ ΔADB
(iv) In ΔPDC and ΔBEC,

∠PDC = ∠BEC (90° each)
∠PCD = ∠BCE (Common angles)
ΔPDC ~ ΔBEC
8. E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F.

Show that ΔABE ~ ΔCFB.
Solution:
Given, E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F.
Consider the figure below,
In ΔABE and ΔCFB,

∠A = ∠C (Opposite angles of a parallelogram)
∠AEB = ∠CBF (Alternate interior angles as AE || BC)
∴ ΔABE ~ ΔCFB (AA similarity criterion)
9. In the figure, ABC and AMP are two right triangles, right angled at B and M respectively,
prove that:
(i) ΔABC ~ ΔAMP

(ii) CA/PA = BC/MP
Solution:
Given, ABC and AMP are two right triangles, right angled at B and M respectively.
(i) In ΔABC and ΔAMP, we have,
∠CAB = ∠MAP (common angles)
∠ABC = ∠AMP = 90° (each 90°)
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔAMP (AA similarity criterion)
(ii) As, ΔABC ~ ΔAMP (AA similarity criterion)

If two triangles are similar then the corresponding sides are always equal,
Hence, CA/PA = BC/MP
10. CD and GH are respectively the bisectors of ∠ACB and ∠EGF such that D and H lie on sides
AB and FE of ΔABC and ΔEFG respectively. If ΔABC ~ ΔFEG, Show that:
(i) CD/GH = AC/FG
(ii) ΔDCB ~ ΔHGE
(iii) ΔDCA ~ ΔHGF
Solution:
Given, CD and GH are respectively the bisectors of ∠ACB and ∠EGF such that D and H lie on sides AB
and FE of ΔABC and ΔEFG respectively.
(i) From the given condition,

ΔABC ~ ΔFEG.
∴ ∠A = ∠F, ∠B = ∠E, and ∠ACB = ∠FGE
Since, ∠ACB = ∠FGE
∴ ∠ACD = ∠FGH (Angle bisector)
And, ∠DCB = ∠HGE (Angle bisector)
In ΔACD and ΔFGH,

∠A = ∠F
∠ACD = ∠FGH
∴ ΔACD ~ ΔFGH (AA similarity criterion)
⇒CD/GH = AC/FG
(ii) In ΔDCB and ΔHGE,

∠DCB = ∠HGE (Already proved)
∠B = ∠E (Already proved)
∴ ΔDCB ~ ΔHGE (AA similarity criterion)
(iii) In ΔDCA and ΔHGF,

∠ACD = ∠FGH (Already proved)
∠A = ∠F (Already proved)
∴ ΔDCA ~ ΔHGF (AA similarity criterion)
11. In the following figure, E is a point on side CB produced of an isosceles triangle ABC with AB
= AC. If AD ⊥ BC and EF ⊥ AC, prove that ΔABD ~ ΔECF.
Solution:
Given, ABC is an isosceles triangle.
∴ AB = AC
⇒ ∠ABD = ∠ECF
In ΔABD and ΔECF,
∠ADB = ∠EFC (Each 90°)
∠BAD = ∠CEF (Already proved)
∴ ΔABD ~ ΔECF (using AA similarity criterion)
12. Sides AB and BC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ
and QR and median PM of ΔPQR (see Fig 6.41). Show that ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.
Solution:
Given, ΔABC and ΔPQR, AB, BC and median AD of ΔABC are proportional to sides PQ, QR and
median PM of ΔPQR
i.e. AB/PQ = BC/QR = AD/PM
We have to prove: ΔABC ~ ΔPQR
As we know here,
AB/PQ = BC/QR = AD/PM
⇒AB/PQ = BC/QR = AD/PM (D is the midpoint of BC. M is the midpoint of QR)

⇒ ΔABD ~ ΔPQM [SSS similarity criterion]
∴ ∠ABD = ∠PQM [Corresponding angles of two similar triangles are equal]

⇒ ∠ABC = ∠PQR
In ΔABC and ΔPQR

AB/PQ = BC/QR ………………………….(i)
∠ABC = ∠PQR …………………………...(ii)
ΔABC ~ ΔPQR [SAS similarity criterion]
13. D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ∠ADC = ∠BAC. Show that CA2 =
CB.CD
Solution:
Given, D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ∠ADC = ∠BAC.
In ΔADC and ΔBAC,

∠ADC = ∠BAC (Already given)
∠ACD = ∠BCA (Common angles)
∴ ΔADC ~ ΔBAC (AA similarity criterion)
We know that corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.
∴ CA/CB = CD/CA
⇒ CA2 = CB.CD.
Hence, proved.
14. Sides AB and AC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ
and PR and median PM of another triangle PQR. Show that ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.
Solution:
Given: Two triangles ΔABC and ΔPQR in which AD and PM are medians such that;
AB/PQ = AC/PR = AD/PM
We have to prove, ΔABC ~ ΔPQR

Let us construct first: Produce AD to E so that AD = DE. Join CE, Similarly produce PM to N such that
PM = MN, also Join RN.
In ΔABD and ΔCDE, we have

AD = DE [By Construction.]
BD = DC [Since, AP is the median]
and, ∠ADB = ∠CDE [Vertically opposite angles]
∴ ΔABD ≅ ΔCDE [SAS criterion of congruence]
⇒ AB = CE [By CPCT] …………………………..(i)
Also, in ΔPQM and ΔMNR,

PM = MN [By Construction.]
QM = MR [Since, PM is the median]
and, ∠PMQ = ∠NMR [Vertically opposite angles]
∴ ΔPQM = ΔMNR [SAS criterion of congruence]
⇒ PQ = RN [CPCT] ……………………………...(ii)
Now, AB/PQ = AC/PR = AD/PM

From equation (i) and (ii),
⇒CE/RN = AC/PR = AD/PM
⇒ CE/RN = AC/PR = 2AD/2PM
⇒ CE/RN = AC/PR = AE/PN [Since 2AD = AE and 2PM = PN]
∴ ΔACE ~ ΔPRN [SSS similarity criterion]
Therefore, ∠2 = ∠4
Similarly, ∠1 = ∠3
∴ ∠1 + ∠2 = ∠3 + ∠4
⇒ ∠A = ∠P ....................................................(iii)
Now, in ΔABC and ΔPQR, we have

AB/PQ = AC/PR (Already given)
From equation (iii),
∠A = ∠P
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔPQR [ SAS similarity criterion]
15. A vertical pole of a length 6 m casts a shadow 4m long on the ground and at the same time a
tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
Solution:
Given, Length of the vertical pole = 6m
Shadow of the pole = 4 m
Let Height of tower = h m
Length of shadow of the tower = 28 m
In ΔABC and ΔDEF,

∠C = ∠E (angular elevation of sum)
∠B = ∠F = 90°
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔDEF (AA similarity criterion)
∴ AB/DF = BC/EF (If two triangles are similar corresponding sides are proportional)
∴ 6/h = 4/28
⇒h = (6×28)/4
⇒h=6×7
⇒ h = 42 m
Hence, the height of the tower is 42 m.
16. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR, respectively where ΔABC ~ ΔPQR
prove that AB/PQ = AD/PM.
Solution:
Given, ΔABC ~ ΔPQR
We know that the corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.

∴AB/PQ = AC/PR = BC/QR……………………………(i)
Also, ∠A = ∠P, ∠B = ∠Q, ∠C = ∠R ………….…..(ii)
Since AD and PM are medians, they will divide their opposite sides.
∴ BD = BC/2 and QM = QR/2 ……………..………….(iii)
From equations (i) and (iii), we get
AB/PQ = BD/QM ……………………….(iv)
In ΔABD and ΔPQM,

From equation (ii), we have
∠B = ∠Q
From equation (iv), we have,
AB/PQ = BD/QM
∴ ΔABD ~ ΔPQM (SAS similarity criterion)

⇒AB/PQ = BD/QM = AD/PM

1. Let ΔABC ~ ΔDEF and their areas be, respectively, 64 cm2 and 121 cm2. If EF = 15.4 cm, find
BC.
Solution: Given, ΔABC ~ ΔDEF,

Area of ΔABC = 64 cm2
Area of ΔDEF = 121 cm2
EF = 15.4 cm
As we know, if two triangles are similar, ratio of their areas are equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides,
= AC2/DF2 = BC2/EF2
∴ 64/121 = BC2/EF2
⇒ (8/11)2 = (BC/15.4)2
⇒ 8/11 = BC/15.4
⇒ BC = 8×15.4/11
⇒ BC = 8 × 1.4
⇒ BC = 11.2 cm
2. Diagonals of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O. If AB = 2CD,
find the ratio of the areas of triangles AOB and COD.
Solution:
Given, ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC. Diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at point O.
In ΔAOB and ΔCOD, we have

∠1 = ∠2 (Alternate angles)
∠3 = ∠4 (Alternate angles)
∠5 = ∠6 (Vertically opposite angle)
∴ ΔAOB ~ ΔCOD [AAA similarity criterion]
As we know, If two triangles are similar then the ratio of their areas are equal to the square of the ratio
of their corresponding sides. Therefore,
Area of (ΔAOB)/Area of (ΔCOD) = AB2/CD2
= (2CD)2/CD2 [∴ AB = 2CD]
∴ Area of (ΔAOB)/Area of (ΔCOD)
= 4CD2/CD2 = 4/1
Hence, the required ratio of the area of ΔAOB and ΔCOD = 4:1
3. In the figure, ABC and DBC are two triangles on the same base BC. If AD intersects BC at O,
show that area (ΔABC)/area (ΔDBC) = AO/DO.
Solution:
Given, ABC and DBC are two triangles on the same base BC. AD intersects BC at O.
We have to prove: Area (ΔABC)/Area (ΔDBC) = AO/DO
Let us draw two perpendiculars AP and DM on line BC.
We know that area of a triangle = 1/2 × Base × Height
In ΔAPO and ΔDMO,

∠APO = ∠DMO (Each 90°)
∠AOP = ∠DOM (Vertically opposite angles)
∴ ΔAPO ~ ΔDMO (AA similarity criterion)
∴ AP/DM = AO/DO
⇒ Area (ΔABC)/Area (ΔDBC) = AO/DO.
4. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent.
Solution:
Say ΔABC and ΔPQR are two similar triangles and equal in area
Now let us prove ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR.
Since, ΔABC ~ ΔPQR

∴ Area of (ΔABC)/Area of (ΔPQR) = BC2/QR2
⇒ BC2/QR2 =1 [Since, Area(ΔABC) = (ΔPQR)
⇒ BC2/QR2
⇒ BC = QR
Similarly, we can prove that
AB = PQ and AC = PR
Thus, ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR [SSS criterion of congruence]
5. D, E and F are respectively the mid-points of sides AB, BC and CA of ΔABC. Find the ratio of
the area of ΔDEF and ΔABC.
Solution:
Given, D, E and F are respectively the mid-points of sides AB, BC and CA of ΔABC.
In ΔABC,
F is the mid-point of AB (Already given)
E is the mid-point of AC (Already given)
So, by the mid-point theorem, we have,

FE || BC and FE = 1/2BC
⇒ FE || BC and FE || BD [BD = 1/2BC]
Since, opposite sides of parallelogram are equal and parallel
∴ BDEF is parallelogram.
Similarly, in ΔFBD and ΔDEF, we have

FB = DE (Opposite sides of parallelogram BDEF)
FD = FD (Common sides)
BD = FE (Opposite sides of parallelogram BDEF)
∴ ΔFBD ≅ ΔDEF
Similarly, we can prove that

ΔAFE ≅ ΔDEF
ΔEDC ≅ ΔDEF
As we know, if triangles are congruent, then they are equal in area.

So,
Area(ΔFBD) = Area(ΔDEF) …………………………...(i)
Area(ΔAFE) = Area(ΔDEF) ……………………………….(ii)
and,
Area(ΔEDC) = Area(ΔDEF) ………………………….(iii)
Now,
Area(ΔABC) = Area(ΔFBD) + Area(ΔDEF) + Area(ΔAFE) + Area(ΔEDC) ……...(iv)
Area(ΔABC) = Area(ΔDEF) + Area(ΔDEF) + Area(ΔDEF) + Area(ΔDEF)
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii),
⇒ Area(ΔDEF) = (1/4)Area(ΔABC)
⇒ Area(ΔDEF)/Area(ΔABC) = 1/4
Hence, Area(ΔDEF): Area(ΔABC) = 1:4
6. Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of
their corresponding medians.
Solution:
Given: AM and DN are the medians of triangles ABC and DEF respectively and ΔABC ~ ΔDEF.
We have to prove: Area(ΔABC)/Area(ΔDEF) = AM2/DN2
Since, ΔABC ~ ΔDEF (Given)

∴ Area(ΔABC)/Area(ΔDEF) = (AB2/DE2) …………………………...(i)
and, AB/DE = BC/EF = CA/FD ……………………………………...(ii)
In ΔABM and ΔDEN,

Since ΔABC ~ ΔDEF
∴ ∠B = ∠E
AB/DE = BM/EN [Already Proved in equation (i)]
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔDEF [SAS similarity criterion]
⇒ AB/DE = AM/DN …………………………………………………..(iii)
∴ ΔABM ~ ΔDEN
As the areas of two similar triangles are proportional to the squares of the corresponding sides.
∴ area(ΔABC)/area(ΔDEF) = AB2/DE2 = AM2/DN2
Hence, proved.
7. Prove that the area of an equilateral triangle described on one side of a square is equal to half
the area of the equilateral triangle described on one of its diagonals.
Solution:
Given, ABCD is a square whose one diagonal is AC. ΔAPC and ΔBQC are two equilateral triangles
described on the diagonals AC and side BC of the square ABCD.
Area(ΔBQC) = ½ Area(ΔAPC)
Since, ΔAPC and ΔBQC are both equilateral triangles, as per given,
∴ ΔAPC ~ ΔBQC [AAA similarity criterion]
∴ area(ΔAPC)/area(ΔBQC) = (AC2/BC2) = AC2/BC2
Since, Diagonal = √2 side = √2 BC = AC
⇒ area(ΔAPC) = 2 × area(ΔBQC)
⇒ area(ΔBQC) = 1/2area(ΔAPC)
Hence, proved.
Tick the correct answer and justify:

8. ABC and BDE are two equilateral triangles such that D is the mid-point of BC. Ratio of the
area of triangles ABC and BDE is
(A) 2 : 1
(B) 1 : 2
(C) 4 : 1
(D) 1 : 4
Solution:
Given, ΔABC and ΔBDE are two equilateral triangle. D is the midpoint of BC.
∴ BD = DC = 1/2BC
Let each side of triangle is 2a.
As, ΔABC ~ ΔBDE
∴ Area(ΔABC)/Area(ΔBDE) = AB2/BD2 = (2a)2/(a)2 = 4a2/a2 = 4/1 = 4:1
Hence, the correct answer is (C).
9. Sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 4 : 9. Areas of these triangles are in the ratio
(A) 2 : 3
(B) 4 : 9
(C) 81 : 16
(D) 16 : 81
Solution:
Given, Sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 4 : 9.
Let ABC and DEF are two similar triangles, such that,
ΔABC ~ ΔDEF
And AB/DE = AC/DF = BC/EF = 4/9
As, the ratio of the areas of these triangles will be equal to the square of the ratio of the corresponding
sides,
∴ Area(ΔABC)/Area(ΔDEF) = AB2/DE2
∴ Area(ΔABC)/Area(ΔDEF) = (4/9)2 = 16/81 = 16:81
Hence, the correct answer is (D).

1. Sides of triangles are given below. Determine which of them are right triangles? In case of a
right triangle, write the length of its hypotenuse.
(i) 7 cm, 24 cm, 25 cm
(ii) 3 cm, 8 cm, 6 cm
(iii) 50 cm, 80 cm, 100 cm
(iv) 13 cm, 12 cm, 5 cm
Solution:
(i) Given, sides of the triangle are 7 cm, 24 cm, and 25 cm.
Squaring the lengths of the sides of the, we will get 49, 576, and 625.
49 + 576 = 625
(7)2 + (24)2 = (25)2
Therefore, the above equation satisfies, Pythagoras theorem. Hence, it is right angled triangle.
Length of Hypotenuse = 25 cm
(ii) Given, sides of the triangle are 3 cm, 8 cm, and 6 cm.
Squaring the lengths of these sides, we will get 9, 64, and 36.
Clearly, 9 + 36 ≠ 64
Or, 32 + 62 ≠ 82
Therefore, the sum of the squares of the lengths of two sides is not equal to the square of the length of
the hypotenuse.
Hence, the given triangle does not satisfies Pythagoras theorem.
(iii) Given, sides of triangle’s are 50 cm, 80 cm, and 100 cm.
However, 2500 + 6400 ≠ 10000
Or, 502 + 802 ≠ 1002
As you can see, the sum of the squares of the lengths of two sides is not equal to the square of the length
of the third side.
Therefore, the given triangle does not satisfies Pythagoras theorem.
Hence, it is not a right triangle.
(iv) Given, sides are 13 cm, 12 cm, and 5 cm.

Thus, 144 +25 = 169
Or, 122 + 52 = 132
The sides of the given triangle are satisfying Pythagoras theorem.
Therefore, it is a right triangle.
Hence, length of the hypotenuse of this triangle is 13 cm.
2. PQR is a triangle right angled at P and M is a point on QR such that PM ⊥ QR. Show that
PM2 = QM × MR.
Solution:
Given, ΔPQR is right angled at P is a point on QR such that PM ⊥QR
We have to prove, PM2 = QM × MR
In ΔPQM, by Pythagoras theorem

PQ2 = PM2 + QM2
Or, PM2 = PQ2 - QM2 ……………………………..(i)
In ΔPMR, by Pythagoras theorem

PR2 = PM2 + MR2
Or, PM2 = PR2 - MR2 ...............................................(ii)
Adding equation, (i) and (ii), we get,

2PM2 = (PQ2 + PM2) - (QM2 + MR2)
= QR2 - QM2 - MR2 [∴ QR2 = PQ2 + PR2]
= (QM + MR)2 - QM2 - MR2
= 2QM × MR
∴ PM2 = QM × MR
3. In Figure, ABD is a triangle right angled at A and AC ⊥ BD. Show that

(i) AB2 = BC × BD
(ii) AC2 = BC × DC
(iii) AD2 = BD × CD
Solution:
(i) In ΔADB and ΔCAB,

∠DAB = ∠ACB (Each 90°)
∠ABD = ∠CBA (Common angles)
∴ ΔADB ~ ΔCAB [AA similarity criterion]
⇒ AB/CB = BD/AB
⇒ AB2 = CB × BD
(ii) Let ∠CAB = x

In ΔCBA,
∠CBA = 180° - 90° - x
∠CBA = 90° - x
Similarly, in ΔCAD
∠CAD = 90° - ∠CBA
= 90° - x
∠CDA = 180° - 90° - (90° - x)
∠CDA = x
In ΔCBA and ΔCAD, we have

∠CBA = ∠CAD
∠CAB = ∠CDA
∠ACB = ∠DCA (Each 90°)
∴ ΔCBA ~ ΔCAD [AAA similarity criterion]
⇒ AC/DC = BC/AC
⇒ AC2 = DC × BC
(iii) In ΔDCA and ΔDAB,

∠DCA = ∠DAB (Each 90°)
∠CDA = ∠ADB (common angles)
∴ ΔDCA ~ ΔDAB [AA similarity criterion]
⇒ DC/DA = DA/DA
⇒ AD2 = BD × CD
4. ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at C. Prove that AB2 = 2AC2 .
Solution:
Given, ΔABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at C.
In ΔACB, ∠C = 90°
AC = BC (By isosceles triangle property)
AB2 = AC2 + BC2 [By Pythagoras theorem]

= AC2 + AC2 [Since, AC = BC]
AB = 2AC2
2
5. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AC = BC. If AB2 = 2AC2, prove that ABC is a right triangle.
Solution:
Given, ΔABC is an isosceles triangle having AC = BC and AB2 = 2AC2
In ΔACB,
AC = BC
AB2 = 2AC2
AB2 = AC2 + AC2
= AC2 + BC2 [Since, AC = BC]
Hence, by Pythagoras theorem ΔABC is right angle triangle.
6. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2a. Find each of its altitudes.
Solution:
Given, ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2a.
Draw, AD ⊥ BC
In ΔADB and ΔADC,
AB = AC
AD = AD
∠ADB = ∠ADC [Both are 90°]
Therefore, ΔADB ≅ ΔADC by RHS congruence.

Hence, BD = DC [by CPCT]
In right angled ΔADB,

AB2 = AD2 + BD2
(2a)2 = AD2 + a2
⇒ AD2 = 4a2 - a2
⇒ AD2 = 3a2
⇒ AD = √3a
7. Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of rhombus is equal to the sum of the squares of
its diagonals.
Solution:
Given, ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals AC and BD intersect at O.
We have to prove, as per the question,

AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = AC2 + BD2
Since, the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.

Therefore, AO = CO and BO = DO
In ΔAOB,
∠AOB = 90°
AB2 = AO2 + BO2 …………………….. (i) [By Pythagoras theorem]
Similarly,
AD2 = AO2 + DO2 …………………….. (ii)
DC2 = DO2 + CO2 …………………….. (iii)
BC2 = CO2 + BO2 …………………….. (iv)
Adding equations (i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv), we get,

AB2 + AD2 + DC2 + BC2 = 2(AO2 + BO2 + DO2 + CO2)
= 4AO2 + 4BO2 [Since, AO = CO and BO =DO]
= (2AO)2 + (2BO)2 = AC2 + BD2
AB2 + AD2 + DC2 + BC2 = AC2 + BD2

Hence, proved.
8. In Fig. 6.54, O is a point in the interior of a triangle.

ABC, OD ⊥ BC, OE ⊥ AC and OF ⊥ AB. Show that:

(i) OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2 ,
(ii) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2.
Solution:
Given, in ΔABC, O is a point in the interior of a triangle.
And OD ⊥ BC, OE ⊥ AC and OF ⊥ AB.
Join OA, OB and OC
(i) By Pythagoras theorem in ΔAOF, we have

OA2 = OF2 + AF2
Similarly, in ΔBOD
OB2 = OD2 + BD2
Similarly, in ΔCOE
OC2 = OE2 + EC2
Adding these equations,

OA2 + OB2 + OC2 = OF2 + AF2 + OD2 + BD2 + OE2 + EC2
OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2.
(ii) AF2 + BD2 + EC2 = (OA2 - OE2) + (OC2 - OD2) + (OB2 - OF2)
∴ AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2.
9. A ladder 10 m long reaches a window 8 m above the ground. Find the distance of the foot of the
ladder from base of the wall.
Solution:
Given, a ladder 10 m long reaches a window 8 m above the ground.
Let BA be the wall and AC be the ladder,

Therefore, by Pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
102 = 82 + BC2
BC2 = 100 - 64
BC2 = 36
BC = 6m
Therefore, the distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall is 6 m.
10. A guy wire attached to a vertical pole of height 18 m is 24 m long and has a stake attached to
the other end. How far from the base of the pole should the stake be driven so that the wire will be
taut?
Solution:
Given, a guy wire attached to a vertical pole of height 18 m is 24 m long and has a stake attached to the
other end.
Let AB be the pole and AC be the wire.

By Pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2

242 = 182 + BC2
BC2 = 576 - 324
BC2 = 252
BC = 6√7m
Therefore, the distance from the base is 6√7m.
11. An aeroplane leaves an airport and flies due north at a speed of 1,000 km per hour. At the
same time, another aeroplane leaves the same airport and flies due west at a speed of 1,200 km per
hour. How far apart will be the two planes after hours?
Solution:
Given,
Speed of first aeroplane = 1000 km/hr
Distance covered by first aeroplane flying due north in hours (OA) = 1000 × 3/2 km = 1500 km
Speed of second aeroplane = 1200 km/hr
Distance covered by second aeroplane flying due west in hours (OB) = 1200 × 3/2 km = 1800 km
In right angle ΔAOB, by Pythagoras Theorem,

AB2 = AO2 + OB2
⇒ AB2 = (1500)2 + (1800)2
⇒ AB = √(2250000 + 3240000)
= √5490000
⇒ AB = 300√61 km
Hence, the distance between two aeroplanes will be 300√61 km.
12. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between the feet of
the poles is 12 m, find the distance between their tops.
Solution:
Given, Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground.
And distance between the feet of the poles is 12 m.
Let AB and CD be the poles of height 6m and 11m.

Therefore, CP = 11 - 6 = 5m
From the figure, it can be observed that AP = 12m

By Pythagoras theorem for ΔAPC, we get,
AP2 = PC2 + AC2
(12m)2 + (5m)2 = (AC)2
AC2 = (144+25) m2 = 169 m2
AC = 13m
Therefore, the distance between their tops is 13 m.
13. D and E are points on the sides CA and CB respectively of a triangle ABC right angled at C.
Prove that AE2 + BD2 = AB2 + DE2.
Solution:
Given, D and E are points on the sides CA and CB respectively of a triangle ABC right angled at C.
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔACE, we get

AC2 + CE2 = AE2 .................................................(i)
In ΔBCD, by Pythagoras theorem, we get
BC2 + CD2 = BD2 ………………………………..(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we get,

AC2 + CE2 + BC2 + CD2 = AE2 + BD2 …………..(iii)
In ΔCDE, by Pythagoras theorem, we get
DE2 = CD2 + CE2
In ΔABC, by Pythagoras theorem, we get
AB2 = AC2 + CB2

Putting the above two values in equation (iii), we get
DE2 + AB2 = AE2 + BD2.
14. The perpendicular from A on side BC of a Δ ABC intersects BC at D such that DB = 3CD (see
Figure). Prove that 2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2.
Solution:
Given, the perpendicular from A on side BC of a Δ ABC intersects BC at D such that;
DB = 3CD.
In Δ ABC,
AD ⊥BC and BD = 3CD
In right angle triangle, ADB and ADC, by Pythagoras theorem,
AB2 = AD2 + BD2 ……………………....(i)
AC2 = AD2 + DC2 ...................................(ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i), we get
AB2 - AC2 = BD2 - DC2
= 9CD2 - CD2 [Since, BD = 3CD]
= 8CD2
= 8(BC/4)2 [Since, BC = DB + CD = 3CD + CD = 4CD]
Therefore, AB2 - AC2 = BC2/2
⇒ 2(AB2 - AC2) = BC2
⇒ 2AB2 - 2AC2 = BC2
∴ 2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2.
15. In an equilateral triangle ABC, D is a point on side BC such that BD = 1/3BC. Prove that
9AD2 = 7AB2.
Solution:
Given, ABC is an equilateral triangle.
And D is a point on side BC such that BD = 1/3BC
Let the side of the equilateral triangle be a, and AE be the altitude of ΔABC.
∴ BE = EC = BC/2 = a/2
And, AE = a√3/2
Given, BD = 1/3BC
∴ BD = a/3
DE = BE - BD = a/2 - a/3 = a/6
In ΔADE, by Pythagoras theorem,
AD2 = AE2 + DE2
⇒ 9 AD2 = 7 AB2
16. In an equilateral triangle, prove that three times the square of one side is equal to four times
the square of one of its altitudes.
Solution:
Given, an equilateral triangle say ABC,
Let the sides of the equilateral triangle be of length a, and AE be the altitude of ΔABC.
∴ BE = EC = BC/2 = a/2
In ΔABE, by Pythagoras Theorem, we get
AB2 = AE2 + BE2
4AE2 = 3a2
⇒ 4 × (Square of altitude) = 3 × (Square of one side)
Hence, proved.
17. Tick the correct answer and justify: In ΔABC, AB = 6√3 cm, AC = 12 cm and BC = 6 cm.
The angle B is:
(A) 120°
(B) 60°
(C) 90°
(D) 45°
Solution:
Given, in ΔABC, AB = 6√3 cm, AC = 12 cm and BC = 6 cm.
We can observe that,

AB2 = 108
AC2 = 144
And, BC2 = 36
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
The given triangle, ΔABC, is satisfying Pythagoras theorem.
Therefore, the triangle is a right triangle, right-angled at B.
∴ ∠B = 90°
Hence, the correct answer is (C).

1. In Figure, PS is the bisector of ∠ QPR of ∆ PQR. Prove that QS/PQ = SR/PR
Solution:
Let us draw a line segment RT parallel to SP which intersects extended line segment QP at point T.
Given, PS is the angle bisector of ∠QPR. Therefore,

∠QPS = ∠SPR………………………………..(i)
As per the constructed figure,

∠SPR=∠PRT(Since, PS||TR)……………(ii)
∠QPS = ∠QRT(Since, PS||TR) …………..(iii)
From the above equations, we get,
∠PRT=∠QTR
Therefore,
PT=PR
In △QTR, by basic proportionality theorem,

QS/SR = QP/PT
Since, PT=TR
Therefore,
QS/SR = PQ/PR
Hence, proved.
2. In Fig. 6.57, D is a point on hypotenuse AC of ∆ABC, such that BD ⊥AC, DM ⊥ BC and DN ⊥ AB. Prove
that: (i) DM2 = DN . MC (ii) DN2 = DM . AN.
Solution:
(i) Let us join Point D and B.
Given,
BD ⊥AC, DM ⊥ BC and DN ⊥ AB
Now from the figure we have,
DN || CB, DM || AB and ∠B = 90 °
Therefore, DMBN is a rectangle.
So, DN = MB and DM = NB
The given condition which we have to prove, is when D is the foot of the perpendicular drawn from B to
AC.
∴ ∠CDB = 90° ⇒ ∠2 + ∠3 = 90° ……………………. (i)
In ∆CDM, ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠DMC = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 = 90° …………………………………….. (ii)
In ∆DMB, ∠3 + ∠DMB + ∠4 = 180°
⇒ ∠3 + ∠4 = 90° …………………………………….. (iii)
∠1 = ∠3
From equation (i) and (iii), we get
∠2 = ∠4
In ∆DCM and ∆BDM,

∠1 = ∠3 (Already Proved)
∠2 = ∠4 (Already Proved)
∴ ∆DCM ∼ ∆BDM (AA similarity criterion)
BM/DM = DM/MC
 DN/DM = DM/MC (BM = DN)
2
⇒ DM = DN × MC
Hence, proved.
(ii) In right triangle DBN,

∠5 + ∠7 = 90° ……………….. (iv)
In right triangle DAN,
∠6 + ∠8 = 90° ………………… (v)
D is the point in triangle, which is foot of the perpendicular drawn from B to AC.
∴ ∠ADB = 90° ⇒ ∠5 + ∠6 = 90° ………….. (vi)
From equation (iv) and (vi), we get,

∠6 = ∠7
From equation (v) and (vi), we get,
∠8 = ∠5
In ∆DNA and ∆BND,
∠6 = ∠7 (Already proved)
∠8 = ∠5 (Already proved)
∴ ∆DNA ∼ ∆BND (AA similarity criterion)
AN/DN = DN/NB
⇒ DN2 = AN × NB
⇒ DN2 = AN × DM (Since, NB = DM)
Hence, proved.
3. In Figure, ABC is a triangle in which ∠ABC > 90° and AD ⊥ CB produced. Prove that
AC2= AB2+ BC2+ 2 BC.BD.
Solution:
By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆ADB, we get,
AB2 = AD2 + DB2 ……………………… (i)
Again, by applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆ACD, we get,
AC2 = AD2 + DC2
AC2 = AD2 + (DB + BC) 2
AC2 = AD2 + DB2 + BC2 + 2DB × BC
From equation (i), we can write,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2DB × BC
Hence, proved.
4. In Figure, ABC is a triangle in which ∠ ABC < 90° and AD ⊥ BC. Prove that
AC2= AB2+ BC2 – 2 BC.BD.
Solution:
By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆ADB, we get,
AB2 = AD2 + DB2
We can write it as;
⇒ AD2 = AB2 − DB2 ……………….. (i)
By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆ADC, we get,
AD2 + DC2 = AC2
From equation (i),
AB2 − BD2 + DC2 = AC2
AB2 − BD2 + (BC − BD) 2 = AC2
AC2 = AB2 − BD2 + BC2 + BD2 −2BC × BD
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 − 2BC × BD
Hence, proved.
5. In Figure, AD is a median of a triangle ABC and AM ⊥ BC. Prove that :

(i) AC2 = AD2 + BC.DM + 2 (BC/2) 2
(ii) AB2 = AD2 – BC.DM + 2 (BC/2) 2
(iii) AC2 + AB2 = 2 AD2 + ½ BC2
Solution:
(i) By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆AMD, we get,
AM2 + MD2 = AD2 ………………. (i)
Again, by applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆AMC, we get,

AM2 + MC2 = AC2
AM2 + (MD + DC) 2 = AC2
(AM2 + MD2 ) + DC2 + 2MD.DC = AC2
From equation(i), we get,

AD2 + DC2 + 2MD.DC = AC2
Since, DC=BC/2, thus, we get,
AD2 + (BC/2) 2 + 2MD.(BC/2) 2 = AC2
AD2 + (BC/2) 2 + 2MD × BC = AC2
Hence, proved.
(ii) By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆ABM, we get;

AB2 = AM2 + MB2
= (AD2 − DM2) + MB2
= (AD2 − DM2) + (BD − MD) 2
= AD2 − DM2 + BD2 + MD2 − 2BD × MD
= AD2 + BD2 − 2BD × MD
= AD2 + (BC/2)2 - 2(BC/2) × MD
= AD2 + (BC/2)2 - BC × MD
Hence, proved.
(iii) By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆ABM, we get,

AM2 + MB2 = AB2 ………………….… (i)
By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆AMC, we get,
AM2 + MC2 = AC2 …………………..… (ii)
Adding both the equations (i) and (ii), we get,
2AM2 + MB2 + MC2 = AB2 + AC2
2AM2 + (BD − DM) 2 + (MD + DC) 2 = AB2 + AC2
2AM2+BD2 + DM2 − 2BD.DM + MD2 + DC2 + 2MD.DC = AB2 + AC2
2AM2 + 2MD2 + BD2 + DC2 + 2MD (− BD + DC) = AB2 + AC2
2(AM2+ MD2) + (BC/2) 2 + (BC/2) 2 + 2MD (-BC/2 + BC/2) 2 = AB2 + AC2
2AD2 + BC2/2 = AB2 + AC2
6. Prove that the sum of the squares of the diagonals of parallelogram is equal to the sum of the
squares of its sides.
Solution:
Let us consider, ABCD be a parallelogram. Now, draw perpendicular DE on extended side of AB, and
draw a perpendicular AF meeting DC at point F.
By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆DEA, we get,

DE2 + EA2 = DA2 ……………….… (i)
By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆DEB, we get,
DE2 + EB2 = DB2
DE2 + (EA + AB) 2 = DB2
(DE2 + EA2) + AB2 + 2EA × AB = DB2

DA2 + AB2 + 2EA × AB = DB2 ……………. (ii)
By applying Pythagoras Theorem in ∆ADF, we get,
AD2 = AF2 + FD2
Again, applying Pythagoras theorem in ∆AFC, we get,
AC2 = AF2 + FC2 = AF2 + (DC − FD) 2
= AF2 + DC2 + FD2 − 2DC × FD
= (AF2 + FD2) + DC2 − 2DC × FD AC2
AC2= AD2 + DC2 − 2DC × FD ………………… (iii)
Since ABCD is a parallelogram,
AB = CD ………………….…(iv)
And BC = AD ………………. (v)
In ∆DEA and ∆ADF,
∠DEA = ∠AFD (Each 90°)
∠EAD = ∠ADF (EA || DF)
AD = AD (Common Angles)
∴ ∆EAD ≅ ∆FDA (AAS congruence criterion)
⇒ EA = DF ……………… (vi)
Adding equations (i) and (iii), we get,
DA2 + AB2 + 2EA × AB + AD2 + DC2 − 2DC × FD = DB2 + AC2
DA2 + AB2 + AD2 + DC2 + 2EA × AB − 2DC × FD = DB2 + AC2
From equation (iv) and (vi),
BC2 + AB2 + AD2 + DC2 + 2EA × AB − 2AB × EA = DB2 + AC2
AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2 = AC2 + BD2
7. In Figure, two chords AB and CD intersect each other at the point P. Prove that :
(i) ∆APC ~ ∆ DPB
(ii) AP . PB = CP . DP
Solution:
Firstly, let us join CB, in the given figure.
(i) In ∆APC and ∆DPB,

∠APC = ∠DPB (Vertically opposite angles)
∠CAP = ∠BDP (Angles in the same segment for chord CB)
Therefore,
∆APC ∼ ∆DPB (AA similarity criterion)
(ii) In the above, we have proved that ∆APC ∼ ∆DPB

We know that the corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.
∴ AP/DP = PC/PB = CA/BD
⇒AP/DP = PC/PB
∴AP. PB = PC. DP
Hence, proved.
8. In Fig. 6.62, two chords AB and CD of a circle intersect each other at the point P (when
produced) outside the circle. Prove that:
(i) ∆ PAC ~ ∆ PDB
(ii) PA . PB = PC . PD.
Solution:
(i) In ∆PAC and ∆PDB,
∠P = ∠P (Common Angles)
As we know, exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is ∠PCA and ∠PBD is opposite interior angle,
which are both equal.
∠PAC = ∠PDB
Thus, ∆PAC ∼ ∆PDB(AA similarity criterion)
(ii) We have already proved above,

∆APC ∼ ∆DPB
We know that the corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.
Therefore,
AP/DP = PC/PB = CA/BD
AP/DP = PC/PB
∴ AP. PB = PC. DP
9. In Figure, D is a point on side BC of ∆ ABC such that BD/CD = AB/AC . Prove that AD is the
bisector of ∠ BAC.
Solution:
In the given figure, let us extend BA to P such that;
AP = AC.
Now join PC.
Given, BD/CD = AB/AC

⇒ BD/CD = AP/AC
By using the converse of basic proportionality theorem, we get,
AD || PC
∠BAD = ∠APC (Corresponding angles) ……………….. (i)
And, ∠DAC = ∠ACP (Alternate interior angles) …….… (ii)
By the new figure, we have;

AP = AC
⇒ ∠APC = ∠ACP ……………………. (iii)
On comparing equations (i), (ii), and (iii), we get,
∠BAD = ∠APC
Therefore, AD is the bisector of the angle BAC.
Hence, proved.
10. Nazima is fly fishing in a stream. The tip of her fishing rod is 1.8 m above the surface of the
water and the fly at the end of the string rests on the water 3.6 m away and 2.4 m from a point
directly under the tip of the rod. Assuming that her string (from the tip of her rod to the fly) is
taut, how much string does she have out (see Figure)? If she pulls in the string at the rate of 5 cm
per second, what will be the horizontal distance of the fly from her after 12 seconds?
Solution:
Let us consider, AB is the height of the tip of the fishing rod from the water surface and BC is the
horizontal distance of the fly from the tip of the fishing rod. Therefore, AC is now the length of the
string.
To find AC, we have to use Pythagoras theorem in ∆ABC, is such way;

AC2 = AB2+ BC2
AB2 = (1.8 m) 2 + (2.4 m) 2
AB2 = (3.24 + 5.76) m2
AB2 = 9.00 m2
⟹ AB = √9 m = 3m
Thus, the length of the string out is 3 m.
As its given, she pulls the string at the rate of 5 cm per second.
Therefore, string pulled in 12 seconds = 12 × 5 = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Let us say now, the fly is at point D after 12 seconds.

Length of string out after 12 seconds is AD.
AD = AC − String pulled by Nazima in 12 seconds
= (3.00 − 0.6) m
= 2.4 m
In ∆ADB, by Pythagoras Theorem,
AB2 + BD2 = AD2
(1.8 m) 2 + BD2 = (2.4 m) 2
BD2 = (5.76 − 3.24) m2 = 2.52 m2
BD = 1.587 m
Horizontal distance of fly = BD + 1.2 m
= (1.587 + 1.2) m = 2.787 m
= 2.79 m
NCERT Solution for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3-
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

1. Aftab tells his daughter, “Seven years ago, I was seven times as old as you were then. Also, three years
from now, I shall be three times as old as you will be.” (Isn’t this interesting?) Represent this situation
algebraically and graphically.
Solutions:
Let the present age of Aftab be ‘x’.
And, the present age of his daughter be ‘y’.
Now, we can write, seven years ago,
Age of Aftab = x - 7
Age of his daughter = y - 7
According to the question,
x−7 = 7(y−7)
⇒ x−7 = 7y−49
⇒ x−7y = −42 ………………………(i)
Also, three years from now or after three years,

Age of Aftab will become = x + 3.
Age of his daughter will become = y + 3
According to the situation given,
x+3 = 3(y+3)
⇒x+3 = 3y+9
⇒x−3y = 6 …………..…………………(ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii) we have

(x−3y)−(x−7y) = 6−(−42)
⇒−3y+7y=6+42
⇒4y=48
⇒y=12
The algebraic equation is represented by

x−7y = −42
x−3y = 6
For, x−7y =−42 or x = −42+7y

The solution table is
For, x−3y=6 or x=6+3y

The graphical representation is:
2. The coach of a cricket team buys 3 bats and 6 balls for Rs.3900. Later, she buys another bat and 3 more
balls of the same kind for Rs.1300. Represent this situation algebraically and geometrically.
Solutions:
Let us assume that the cost of a bat be ‘Rs x’
And,the cost of a ball be ‘Rs y’
According to the question, the algebraic representation is
3x+6y=3900
and x+2y=1300
For, 3x+6y=3900
Or x= (3900 – 6y)/3
x 300 100 -100
y 500 600 700
For, x+2y=1300
Or x=1300-2y
x 300 100 -100
y 500 600 700
The graphical representation is as follows.

3. The cost of 2 kg of apples and 1kg of grapes on a day was found to be Rs.160. After a month, the cost of 4
kg of apples and 2 kg of grapes is Rs.300. Represent the situation algebraically and geometrically.
Solutions:
Let the cost of 1 kg of apples be ‘Rs. x’
And, cost of 1 kg of grapes be ‘Rs. y’
According to the question, the algebraic representation is
2x+y=160
And 4x+2y=300
For, 2x+y=160 or y=160−2x, the solution table is;
x 50 60 70
y 60 40 20
For 4x+2y=300 or y = (300 – 4x)/2, the solution table is;
x 70 80 75
y 10 -10 0
The graphical representation is as follows;

1. Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their solutions graphically.
(i) 10 students of Class X took part in a Mathematics quiz. If the number of girls is 4 more than the number
of boys, find the number of boys and girls who took part in the quiz.
(ii) 5 pencils and 7 pens together cost ` 50, whereas 7 pencils and 5 pens together cost ` 46. Find the cost of
one pencil and that of one pen.
Solution:
(i) Let there be x number of girls and y number of boys. As per the given question, the algebraic expression
can be represented as follows.
x + y = 10
x–y=4
Now, for x + y = 10 or x=10−y, the solutions are;
x 5 4 6
y 5 6 4
For x – y = 4 or x = 4 + y, the solutions are;
x 4 5 3
y 0 1 -1
From the graph, it can be seen that the given lines cross each other at point (7, 3). Therefore, there are 7 girls
and 3 boys in the class.
(ii) Let 1 pencil costs Rs.x and 1 pen costs Rs.y.

According to the question, the algebraic expression can be represented as;
5x + 7y = 50
7x + 5y = 46
For, 5x + 7y = 50 or x = (50 -7y)/5, the solutions are;
x 3 10 -4
y 5 0 10
For 7x + 5y = 46 or x =(46 – 5y)/7, the solutions are;
x 8 3 -2
y -2 5 12
From the graph, it is can be seen that the given lines cross each other at point (3, 5).
So, the cost of a eraser is 3/- and cost of a chocolate is 5/-.
2. On comparing the ratios a1/a2 , b1/b2 and c1/c2, find out whether the lines representing the following pairs
of linear equations intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident:
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0
7x + 6y – 9 = 0
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0
18x + 6y + 24 = 0
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0
2x – y + 9 = 0
Solutions:
(i) Given expressions;
5x−4y+8=0
7x+6y−9=0
Comparing these equations with 𝑎1 x + 𝑏1 y + 𝑐1 =0
And 𝑎2 x + 𝑏2y + 𝑐2 = 0
We get,
𝑎1 = 5, 𝑏1 = −4, 𝑐1 = 8
𝑎2 = 7, 𝑏2 = 6, 𝑐2 = −9
𝑎1 5 𝑏1 4 2 𝑐1 8
= , = − = − , =
𝑎2 7 𝑏2 6 3 𝑐2 −9
𝑎1
Since,
𝑎2
≠ 𝑏𝑏1
2
So, the pairs of equations given in the question have a unique solution and the lines cross each other at
exactly one point.
(ii) Given expressions;

9x + 3y + 12 = 0
18x + 6y + 24 = 0

And 𝑎2 x + 𝑏2y + 𝑐2 = 0
We get,
𝑎1 = 9, 𝑏1 = 3, 𝑐1 = 12
𝑎2 = 18, 𝑏2 = 6, 𝑐2 = 24
𝑎1 9 1 𝑏1 3 1 𝑐1 12 1
𝑎2
= 18 = 2 , 𝑏2
= 6
= 2,𝑐2
= 24 = 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Since, 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1
2 2 2
So, the pairs of equations given in the question have infinite possible solutions and the lines are coincident.
(iii) Given Expressions;

6x – 3y + 10 = 0
2x – y + 9 = 0

And 𝑎2 x + 𝑏2y + 𝑐2 = 0
We get,
𝑎1 = 6, 𝑏1 = −3, 𝑐1 = 10
𝑎2 = 2, 𝑏2 = −1, 𝑐2 = 9
𝑎1 6 3 𝑏1 −3 3 𝑐1 10
𝑎2
= 2 = 1, 𝑏2
= −1
= 1,𝑐2
= 9
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Since, = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
So, the pairs of equations given in the question are parallel to each other and the lines never intersect each
other at any point and there is no possible solution for the given pair of equations.
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄
3. On comparing the ratios , , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝟏,
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
find out whether the following pair of linear equations are
𝟐
consistent, or inconsistent.
(i) 3x + 2y = 5 ; 2x – 3y = 7
(ii) 2x – 3y = 8 ; 4x – 6y = 9
𝟑 𝟓
(iii)𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒚 = 𝟕; 9x – 10y = 14
(iv) 5x – 3y = 11 ; – 10x + 6y = –22
𝟒
(v) 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟖 ; 2x + 3y = 12
Solutions:
(i) Given : 3x + 2y = 5 or 3x + 2y -5 = 0
and 2x – 3y = 7 or 2x – 3y -7 = 0

And 𝑎2 x + 𝑏2y + 𝑐2 = 0
We get,
𝑎1 = 3, 𝑏1 = 2, 𝑐1 = -5
𝑎2 = 2, 𝑏2 = −3, 𝑐2 = −7
𝑎1 3 𝑏1 2 𝑐1 −5 5
𝑎2
= 2, 𝑏2
= −3, 𝑐2
= −7 = 7
𝑎1 𝑏
Since, 𝑎2
≠ 𝑏1
2
So, the given equations intersect each other at one point and they have only one possible solution. The
equations are consistent.
(ii) Given 2x – 3y = 8 and 4x – 6y = 9

Therefore,
𝑎1 = 2, 𝑏1 = −3, 𝑐1 = -8
𝑎2 = 4, 𝑏2 = −6, 𝑐2 = −9
𝑎1 2 1 𝑏1 3 1 𝑐1 8
𝑎2
= 4 = 2, 𝑏2
= 6 = 2, 𝑐2
=9
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Since, 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 ≠ 𝑐1
2 2 2
So, the equations are parallel to each other and they have no possible solution. Hence, the equations are
inconsistent.
𝟑 𝟓
(iii)𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟕 and 9x – 10y = 14
𝟐 𝟑
Therefore,
3 5
𝑎1 = 2 , 𝑏1 = 3 , 𝑐1 = -7
𝑎2 = 9, 𝑏2 = −10, 𝑐2 = 14
𝑎1 3 1 𝑏1 5 1 𝑐1 −7 1
𝑎2
= 2.9 = 6 , 𝑏2
= 3.(−10) = − 2, 𝑐2
= 14
= −2
𝑎1 𝑏1
Since, ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
So, the equations are intersecting each other at one point and they have only one possible solution. Hence,
the equations are consistent.
(iv) Given, 5x – 3y = 11 and – 10x + 6y = –22

Therefore,
𝑎1 = 5, 𝑏1 = −3, 𝑐1 = 11
𝑎2 = −10, 𝑏2 = 6, 𝑐2 = −22
𝑎1 5 1 𝑏1 −3 1 𝑐1 11 1
𝑎2
= −10 = − 2 , 𝑏2
= 6
= − 2, 𝑐2
= −22 = − 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
2 2 2
These linear equations are coincident lines and have infinite number of possible solutions. Hence,
𝟒
(v) 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟖 and 2x + 3y = 12
𝟑
4
𝑎1 = 3 , 𝑏1 = 2, 𝑐1 = 8
𝑎2 = 2, 𝑏2 = 3, 𝑐2 = 12
𝑎1 4 2 𝑏1 2 𝑐1 8 2
𝑎2
= 3.2 = 3 , 𝑏2
= 3, 𝑐2
= 12 = 3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
2 2 2
These linear equations are coincident lines and have infinite number of possible solutions. Hence,
4. Which of the following pairs of linear equations are consistent/inconsistent? If consistent, obtain
the solution graphically:
(i) x + y = 5, 2x + 2y = 10
(ii) x – y = 8, 3x – 3y = 16
(iii) 2x + y – 6 = 0, 4x – 2y – 4 = 0
(iv) 2x – 2y – 2 = 0, 4x – 4y – 5 = 0
Solutions:
(i) Given, x + y = 5 and 2x + 2y = 10
𝑎1 1 𝑏 1 𝑐 5 1
𝑎2
= 2 , 𝑏1 = 2, 𝑐1 = 10 = 2
2 2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
∴ The equations are coincident and they have infinite number of possible solutions.
So, the equations are consistent.
For, x + y = 5 or x = 5 - y
x 4 3 2
y 1 2 3
10−2𝑦
For 2x + 2y = 10 or 𝑥 = 2
x 4 3 2
y 1 2 3
So, the equations are represented in graphs as follows:

From the figure, we can see, that the lines are overlapping each other.
Therefore, the equations have infinite possible solutions.
(ii) Given, x – y = 8 and 3x – 3y = 16

𝑎1 1 𝑏1 −1 1 𝑐1 8 1
𝑎2
= 3, 𝑏2
= −3 = 3,𝑐2
= 16 = 2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
The equations are parallel to each other and have no solutions. Hence, the pair of linear equations is
inconsistent.
(iii) Given, 2x + y – 6 = 0 and 4x – 2y – 4 = 0

𝑎1 2 1 𝑏1 1 𝑐1 −6 3
𝑎2
= 4 = 2, 𝑏2
= −2, 𝑐2
= −4 = 2
𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
The given linear equations are intersecting each other at one point and have only one solution. Hence,
the pair of linear equations is consistent.
Now, for 2x + y – 6 = 0 or y = 6 - 2x
x 0 1 2
y 6 4 2
𝟒𝒙−𝟒
And for 4x – 2y – 4 = 0 or 𝒚 = 𝟐
x 1 2 3
y 0 2 4
So, the equations are represented in graphs as follows:

From the graph, it can be seen that these lines are intersecting each other at only one point,(2,2).
(iv) Given, 2x – 2y – 2 = 0 and 4x – 4y – 5 = 0

𝑎1 2 1 𝑏 −2 1 𝑐1 2
𝑎2
= 4 = 2 , 𝑏1 = −4 = 2, 𝑐2
=5
2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Thus, these linear equations have parallel and have no possible solutions. Hence, the pair of linear equations
are inconsistent.
5. Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 4 m more than its width, is 36 m. Find the
dimensions of the garden.
Solutions: Let us consider.
The width of the garden is x and length is y.
Now, according to the question, we can express the given condition as;
y–x=4
and
y + x = 36
Now, taking y – x = 4 or y = x + 4
x 0 8 12
y 4 12 16
For y + x = 36, y = 36 – x
x 0 36 16
y 36 0 20
The graphical representation of both the equation is as follows;

From the graph you can see, the lines intersects each other at a point(16, 20). Hence, the width of the garden
is 16 and length is 20.
6. Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0, write another linear equation in two variables such that the
geometrical representation of the pair so formed is:
(i) Intersecting lines
(ii) Parallel lines
(iii) Coincident lines
Solutions:
(i) Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0.
To find another linear equation in two variables such that the geometrical representation of the pair so formed is
intersecting lines, it should satisfy below condition;
𝑎1 𝑏1
≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
Thus, another equation could be 2x – 7y + 9 = 0, such that;

𝑎1 2 𝑏1 3
= = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝑎2 2 𝑏2 −7
Clearly, you can see another equation satisfies the condition.
(ii) Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0.
parallel lines, it should satisfy below condition;
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Thus, another equation could be 6x + 9y + 9 = 0, such that;

𝑎1 2 1 𝑏1 3 1 𝑐1 8
= = , = = , =−
𝑎2 6 3 𝑏2 9 3 𝑐2 9
(iii) Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0.
coincident lines, it should satisfy below condition;
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Thus, another equation could be 4x + 6y - 16 = 0, such that;
𝑎1 2 1 𝑏1 3 1 𝑐1 −8 1
= = , = = , = =
𝑎2 4 2 𝑏2 6 2 𝑐2 −16 2
7. Draw the graphs of the equations x – y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0. Determine the coordinates of the
vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis, and shade the triangular region.
Solution: Given, the equations for graphs are x – y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y – 12 = 0.

For, x – y + 1 = 0 or x = -1+y
x 0 1 2
y 1 2 3
𝟏𝟐−𝟐𝒚
For, 3x + 2y – 12 = 0 or x = 𝟑
x 4 2 0
y 0 3 6
Hence, the graphical representation of these equations is as follows;

From the figure, it can be seen that these lines are intersecting each other at point (2, 3) and x-axis at (−1, 0)
and (4, 0). Therefore, the vertices of the triangle are (2, 3), (−1, 0), and (4, 0).

1. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method
(i) x + y = 14
x–y=4
(ii) s – t = 3
(s/3) + (t/2) = 6
(iii) 3x – y = 3
9x – 3y = 9
(iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3

0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3
(v) √2 x+√3 y = 0
√3 x-√8 y = 0
(vi) (3x/2) – (5y/3) = -2
(x/3) + (y/2) = (13/6)
Solutions:
(i) Given,
x + y = 14 and x – y = 4 are the two equations.
From 1st equation, we get,
x = 14 – y
Now, substitute the value of x in second equation to get,
(14 – y) – y = 4
14 – 2y = 4
2y = 10
Or y = 5
By the value of y, we can now find the exact value of x;
∵ x = 14 – y
∴ x = 14 - 5
Or x = 9
Hence, x = 9 and y = 5.
(ii) Given,
s – t = 3 and (s/3) + (t/2) = 6 are the two equations.
s = 3 + t ________________(1)
Now, substitute the value of s in second equation to get,
(3+t)/3 + (t/2) = 6
⇒ (2(3+t) + 3t )/6 = 6
⇒ (6+2t+3t)/6 = 6
⇒ (6+5t) = 36
⇒5t = 30
⇒t = 6
Now, substitute the value of t in equation (1)
s=3+6=9
Therefore, s = 9 and t = 6.
(iii) Given,
3x – y = 3 and 9x – 3y = 9 are the two equations.
x = (3+y)/3
Now, substitute the value of x in the given second equation to get,

9(3+y)/3 – 3y = 9
⇒9 +3y -3y = 9
⇒9=9
Therefore, y has infinite values and since, x = (3+y) /3, so x also has infinite values.
(iv) Given,
0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3 and 0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3are the two equations.

x = (1.3- 0.3y)/0.2 _________________(1)
Now, substitute the value of x in the given second equation to get,

0.4(1.3-0.3y)/0.2 + 0.5y = 2.3
⇒2(1.3 – 0.3y) + 0.5y = 2.3
⇒ 2.6 - 0.6y + 0.5y = 2.3
⇒ 2.6 – 0.1 y = 2.3
⇒ 0.1 y = 0.3
⇒y=3
Now, substitute the value of y in equation (1), we get,

x = (1.3-0.3(3))/0.2 = (1.3-0.9)/0.2 = 0.4/0.2 = 2
Therefore, x = 2 and y = 3.
(v) Given,
√2 x + √3 y = 0 and √3 x - √8 y = 0
are the two equations.

x = - (√3/√2)y __________________(1)
Putting the value of x in the given second equation to get,
√3(-√3/√2)y - √8y = 0 ⇒ (-3/√2)y- √8 y = 0
⇒y=0

x=0
(vi) Given,
(3x/2)-(5y/3) = -2 and (x/3) + (y/2) = 13/6 are the two equations.
(3/2)x = -2 + (5y/3)
⇒ x = 2(-6+5y)/9 = (-12+10y)/9 ………………………(1)
Putting the value of x in the given second equation to get,
((-12+10y)/9)/3 + y/2 = 13/6
⇒y/2 = 13/6 –( (-12+10y)/27 ) + y/2 = 13/6

(3x/2) – 5(3)/3 = -2
⇒ (3x/2) – 5 = -2
⇒x=2
2. Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x – 4y = – 24 and hence find the value of ‘m’ for which y = mx + 3.
Solution:
2x + 3y = 11…………………………..(I)
2x – 4y = -24………………………… (II)
From equation (II), we get
x = (11-3y)/2 ………………….(III)
Substituting the value of x in equation (II), we get
2(11-3y)/2 – 4y = 24
11 – 3y – 4y = -24
-7y = -35
y = 5……………………………………..(IV)
Putting the value of y in equation (III), we get

x = (11-3×5)/2 = -4/2 = -2
Hence, x = -2, y = 5
Also,
y = mx + 3
5 = -2m +3
-2m = 2
m = -1
Therefore the value of m is -1.
3. Form the pair of linear equations for the following problems and find their solution by substitution
method.
(i) The difference between two numbers is 26 and one number is three times the other. Find them.
Solution:
Let the two numbers be x and y respectively, such that y > x.
y = 3x ……………… (1)
y – x = 26 …………..(2)
Substituting the value of (1) into (2), we get
3x – x = 26
x = 13 ……………. (3)
Substituting (3) in (1), we get y = 39
Hence, the numbers are 13 and 39.
(ii) The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller by 18 degrees. Find them.
Solution:
Let the larger angle by xo and smaller angle be yo.
We know that the sum of two supplementary pair of angles is always 180o.
x + y = 180o……………. (1)
x – y = 18o ……………..(2)
From (1), we get x = 180o – y …………. (3)
Substituting (3) in (2), we get
180o – y – y =18o
162o = 2y
y = 81o ………….. (4)
Using the value of y in (3), we get
x = 180o – 81o
= 99o
Hence, the angles are 99o and 81o.
(iii) The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls for Rs.3800. Later, she buys 3 bats and 5
balls for Rs.1750. Find the cost of each bat and each ball.
Solution:
Let the cost a bat be x and cost of a ball be y.
7x + 6y = 3800 ………………. (I)
3x + 5y = 1750 ………………. (II)
From (I), we get
y = (3800-7x)/6………………..(III)
Substituting (III) in (II). we get,
3x+5(3800-7x)/6 =1750
⇒3x+ 9500/3 – 35x/6 = 1750
⇒3x- 35x/6 = 1750 – 9500/3
⇒(18x-35x)/6 = (5250 – 9500)/3
⇒-17x/6 = -4250/3
⇒-17x = -8500
x = 500 ……………………….. (IV)
Substituting the value of x in (III), we get
y = (3800-7 ×500)/6 = 300/6 = 50
Hence, the cost of a bat is Rs 500 and cost of a ball is Rs 50.
(iv) The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed charge together with the charge for the distance covered.
For a distance of 10 km, the charge paid is Rs 105 and for a journey of 15 km, the charge paid is Rs 155.
What are the fixed charges and the charge per km? How much does a person have to pay for travelling a
distance of 25 km?
Solution:
Let the fixed charge be Rs x and per km charge be Rs y.

x + 10y = 105 …………….. (1)
x + 15y = 155 …………….. (2)
From (1), we get x = 105 – 10y ………………. (3)
Substituting the value of x in (2), we get
105 – 10y + 15y = 155
5y = 50
y = 10 …………….. (4)
Putting the value of y in (3), we get
x = 105 – 10 × 10 = 5
Hence, fixed charge is Rs 5 and per km charge = Rs 10
Charge for 25 km = x + 25y = 5 + 250 = Rs 255
(v) A fraction becomes 9/11 , if 2 is added to both the numerator and the denominator. If, 3 is
added to both the numerator and the denominator it becomes 5/6. Find the fraction.
Solution:
Let the fraction be x/y.
(x+2) /(y+2) = 9/11
11x + 22 = 9y + 18
11x – 9y = -4 …………….. (1)
(x+3) /(y+3) = 5/6
6x + 18 = 5y +15
6x – 5y = -3 ………………. (2)
From (1), we get x = (-4+9y)/11 …………….. (3)

6(-4+9y)/11 -5y = -3
-24 + 54y – 55y = -33
-y = -9
y = 9 ………………… (4)
Substituting the value of y in (3), we get
x = (-4+9×9 )/11 = 7
Hence the fraction is 7/9.
(vi) Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son. Five years ago, Jacob’s age was
seven times that of his son. What are their present ages?
Solutions:
Let the age of Jacob and his son be x and y respectively.
(x + 5) = 3(y + 5)
x – 3y = 10 …………………………………….. (1)
(x – 5) = 7(y – 5)
x – 7y = -30 …………………………………….... (2)
From (1), we get x = 3y + 10 ……………………. (3)
3y + 10 – 7y = -30
-4y = -40
y = 10 ………………… (4)
Substituting the value of y in (3), we get
x = 3 x 10 + 10 = 40
Hence, the present age of Jacob’s and his son is 40 years and 10 years respectively.

1. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the elimination method and the substitution method:
(i) x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4
(ii) 3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2
(iii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7
(iv) x/2+ 2y/3 = -1 and x-y/3 = 3
Solutions:
(i) x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4
By the method of elimination.
x + y = 5 ……………………………….. (i)
2x – 3y = 4 ……………………………..(ii)
When the equation (i) is multiplied by 2, we get
2x + 2y = 10 ……………………………(iii)
When the equation (ii) is subtracted from (iii) we get,
5y = 6
y = 6/5 ………………………………………(iv)
Substituting the value of y in eq. (i) we get,
x=5−6/5 = 19/5
∴x = 19/5 , y = 6/5
By the method of substitution.

From the equation (i), we get:
x = 5 – y………………………………….. (v)
When the value is put in equation (ii) we get,
2(5 – y) – 3y = 4
-5y = -6
y = 6/5
When the values are substituted in equation (v), we get:
x =5− 6/5 = 19/5

∴x = 19/5 ,y = 6/5
(ii) 3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2
By the method of elimination.
3x + 4y = 10……………………….(i)
2x – 2y = 2 ………………………. (ii)
When the equation (i) and (ii) is multiplied by 2, we get:
4x – 4y = 4 ………………………..(iii)
When the Equation (i) and (iii) are added, we get:
7x = 14
x = 2 ……………………………….(iv)
Substituting equation (iv) in (i) we get,
6 + 4y = 10
4y = 4
y=1
Hence, x = 2 and y = 1
By the method of Substitution
From equation (ii) we get,
x = 1 + y……………………………… (v)
Substituting equation (v) in equation (i) we get,
3(1 + y) + 4y = 10
7y = 7
y=1
When y = 1 is substituted in equation (v) we get,
A=1+1=2
Therefore, A = 2 and B = 1
(iii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7
By the method of elimination:
3x – 5y – 4 = 0 ………………………………… (i)
9x = 2y + 7
9x – 2y – 7 = 0 …………………………………(ii)
When the equation (i) and (iii) is multiplied we get,
9x – 15y – 12 = 0 ………………………………(iii)
When the equation (iii) is subtracted from equation (ii) we get,
13y = -5
y = -5/13 ………………………………………….(iv)
When equation (iv) is substituted in equation (i) we get,
3x +25/13 −4=0
3x = 27/13
x =9/13
∴x = 9/13 and y = -5/13
By the method of Substitution:

From the equation (i) we get,
x = (5y+4)/3 …………………………………………… (v)
Putting the value (v) in equation (ii) we get,
9(5y+4)/3 −2y −7=0
13y = -5
y = -5/13
Substituting this value in equation (v) we get,
x = (5(-5/13)+4)/3
x = 9/13
∴x = 9/13, y = -5/13
(iv) x/2 + 2y/3 = -1 and x-y/3 = 3

By the method of Elimination.
3x + 4y = -6 …………………………. (i)
x-y/3 = 3
3x – y = 9 ……………………………. (ii)
When the equation (ii) is subtracted from equation (i) we get,
5y = -15
y = -3 ………………………………….(iii)
When the equation (iii) is substituted in (i) we get,
3x – 12 = -6
3x = 6
x=2
Hence, x = 2 , y = -3
By the method of Substitution:

From the equation (ii) we get,
x = (y+9)/3…………………………………(v)
Putting the value obtained from equation (v) in equation (i) we get,
3(y+9)/3 +4y =−6

5y = -15
y = -3
When y = -3 is substituted in equation (v) we get,
x = (-3+9)/3 = 2
Therefore, x = 2 and y = -3
2. Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their solutions (if they exist) by the
elimination method:
𝟏
(i) If we add 1 to the numerator and subtract 1 from the denominator, a fraction reduces to 1. It becomes 𝟐
if we only add 1 to the denominator. What is the fraction?
Solution:
Let the fraction be a/b
According to the given information,
(a+1)/(b-1) = 1
=> a – b = -2 ………………………………..(i)
a/(b+1) = 1/2
=> 2a-b = 1…………………………………(ii)
When equation (i) is subtracted from equation (ii) we get,

a = 3 …………………………………………………..(iii)
When a = 3 is substituted in equation (i) we get,
3 – b = -2
-b = -5
b=5
Hence, the fraction is 3/5.
(ii) Five years ago, Nuri was thrice as old as Sonu. Ten years later, Nuri will be twice as old as Sonu. How
old are Nuri and Sonu?
Solution:
Let us assume, present age of Nuri is x
And present age of Sonu is y.
According to the given condition, we can write as;
x – 5 = 3(y – 5)
x – 3y = -10…………………………………..(1)
Now,
x + 10 = 2(y +10)
x – 2y = 10…………………………………….(2)
Subtract eq. 1 from 2, to get,
y = 20 ………………………………………….(3)
Substituting the value of y in eq.1, we get,
x – 3.20 = -10
x – 60 = -10
x = 50
Therefore,
Age of Nuri is 50 years
Age of Sonu is 20 years.
(iii) The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. Also, nine times this number is twice the number
obtained by reversing the order of the digits. Find the number.
Solution:
Let the unit digit and tens digit of a number be x and y respectively.
Then, Number (n) = 10B + A
N after reversing order of the digits = 10A + B
According to the given information, A + B = 9…………………….(i)
9(10B + A) = 2(10A + B)
88 B – 11 A = 0
-A + 8B = 0 ………………………………………………………….. (ii)
Adding the equations (i) and (ii) we get,
9B = 9
B = 1……………………………………………………………………….(3)
Substituting this value of B, in the equation (i) we get A= 8
Hence the number (N) is 10B + A = 10 x 1 +8 = 18
(iv) Meena went to a bank to withdraw Rs.2000. She asked the cashier to give her Rs.50 and
Rs.100 notes only. Meena got 25 notes in all. Find how many notes of Rs.50 and Rs.100 she
received.
Solution:
Let the number of Rs.50 notes be A and the number of Rs.100 notes be B
According to the given information,
A + B = 25 ……………………………………………………………………….. (i)
50A + 100B = 2000 ………………………………………………………………(ii)
When equation (i) is multiplied with (ii) we get,
50A + 50B = 1250 …………………………………………………………………..(iii)
Subtracting the equation (iii) from the equation (ii) we get,
50B = 750
B = 15
Substituting in the equation (i) we get,
A = 10
Hence, Meena has 10 notes of Rs.50 and 15 notes of Rs.100.
(v) A lending library has a fixed charge for the first three days and an additional charge for each
day thereafter. Saritha paid Rs.27 for a book kept for seven days, while Susy paid Rs.21 for the
book she kept for five days. Find the fixed charge and the charge for each extra day.
Solution:
Let the fixed charge for the first three days be Rs.A and the charge for each day extra be Rs.B.
According to the information given,
A + 4B = 27 …………………………………….…………………………. (i)
A + 2B = 21 ……………………………………………………………….. (ii)
When equation (ii) is subtracted from equation (i) we get,
2B = 6
B = 3 …………………………………………………………………………(iii)
Substituting B = 3 in equation (i) we get,
A + 12 = 27
A = 15
Hence, the fixed charge is Rs.15
And the Charge per day is Rs.3

1. Which of the following pairs of linear equations has unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many
solutions. In case there is a unique solution, find it by using cross multiplication method.
(i) x – 3y – 3 = 0 and 3x – 9y – 2 = 0 (ii) 2x + y = 5 and 3x + 2y = 8

(iii) 3x – 5y = 20 and 6x – 10y = 40 (iv) x – 3y – 7 = 0 and 3x – 3y – 15 = 0
Solutions:
(i) Given, x – 3y – 3 =0 and 3x – 9y -2 =0

a1/a2=1/3 , b1/b2= -3/-9 =1/3, c1/c2=-3/-2 = 3/2
(a1/a2) = (b1/b2) ≠ (c1/c2)
Since, the given set of lines are parallel to each other they will not intersect each other and therefore there is
no solution for these equations.
(ii) Given, 2x + y = 5 and 3x +2y = 8

a1/a2 = 2/3 , b1/b2 = 1/2 , c1/c2 = -5/-8
(a1/a2) ≠ (b1/b2)
Since they intersect at a unique point these equations will have a unique solution by cross multiplication
method:
x/(b1c2-c1b2) = y/(c1a2 – c2a1) = 1/(a1b2-a2b1)
x/(-8-(-10)) = y/(-15-(-16)) = 1/(4-3)
x/2 = y/1 = 1
∴ x = 2 and y =1
(iii) Given, 3x – 5y = 20 and 6x – 10y = 40
(a1/a2) = 3/6 = 1/2

(b1/b2) = -5/-10 = 1/2
(c1/c2) = 20/40 = 1/2
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
Since the given sets of lines are overlapping each other there will be infinite number of solutions for this pair
of equation.
(iv) Given, x – 3y – 7 = 0 and 3x – 3y – 15 = 0
(a1/a2) = 1/3
(b1/b2) = -3/-3 = 1
(c1/c2) = -7/-15
a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2
Since this pair of lines are intersecting each other at a unique point, there will be a unique solution.
By cross multiplication,
x/(45-21) = y/(-21+15) = 1/(-3+9)
x/24 = y/ -6 = 1/6
x/24 = 1/6 and y/-6 = 1/6
∴ x = 4 and y = 1.
2. (i) For which values of a and b does the following pair of linear equations have an infinite
number of solutions?
2x + 3y = 7
(a – b) x + (a + b) y = 3a + b – 2
(ii) For which value of k will the following pair of linear equations have no solution?
3x + y = 1
(2k – 1) x + (k – 1) y = 2k + 1
Solution:
(i) 3y + 2x -7 =0
(a + b)y + (a-b)y – (3a + b -2) = 0
a1/a2 = 2/(a-b) , b1/b2 = 3/(a+b) , c1/c2 = -7/-(3a + b -2)
For infinitely many solutions,
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
Thus 2/(a-b) = 7/(3a+b– 2)
6a + 2b – 4 = 7a – 7b
a – 9b = -4 ……………………………….(i)
2/(a-b) = 3/(a+b)
2a + 2b = 3a – 3b
a - 5b = 0 ……………………………….….(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get

4b = 4
b =1
Substituting this eq. in (ii), we get
a -5 x 1= 0
a=5
Thus at a = 5 and b = 1 the given equations will have infinite solutions.
(ii) 3x + y -1 = 0
(2k -1)x + (k-1)y – 2k -1 = 0
a1/a2 = 3/(2k -1) , b1/b2 = 1/(k-1), c1/c2 = -1/(-2k -1) = 1/( 2k +1)
For no solutions
a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
3/(2k-1) = 1/(k -1) ≠ 1/(2k +1)
3/(2k –1) = 1/(k -1)
3k -3 = 2k -1
k =2
Therefore, for k = 2 the given pair of linear equations will have no solution.
3. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution and cross-multiplication
methods:
8x + 5y = 9
3x + 2y = 4
Solution:
8x + 5y = 9 …………………..(1)
3x + 2y = 4 ……………….….(2)
From equation (2) we get
x = (4 – 2y )/ 3 ……………………. (3)
Using this value in equation 1, we get
8(4-2y)/3 + 5y = 9
32 – 16y +15y = 27
-y = -5
y = 5 ……………………………….(4)
Using this value in equation (2), we get
3x + 10 = 4
x = -2
Thus, x = -2 and y = 5.
Now, Using Cross Multiplication method:

8x +5y – 9 = 0
3x + 2y – 4 = 0
x/(-20+18) = y/(-27 + 32 ) = 1/(16-15)
-x/2 = y/5 =1/1
∴ x = -2 and y =5.
4. Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems and find their solutions (if they
exist) by any algebraic method:
(i) A part of monthly hostel charges is fixed and the remaining depends on the number of days one
has taken food in the mess. When a student A takes food for 20 days she has to pay Rs.1000 as
hostel charges whereas a student B, who takes food for 26 days, pays Rs.1180 as hostel charges.
Find the fixed charges and the cost of food per day.
(ii) A fraction becomes 1/3 when 1 is subtracted from the numerator and it becomes 1/4 when 8 is
added to its denominator. Find the fraction.
(iii) Yash scored 40 marks in a test, getting 3 marks for each right answer and losing 1 mark for
each wrong answer. Had 4 marks been awarded for each correct answer and 2 marks been
deducted for each incorrect answer, then Yash would have scored 50 marks. How many questions
were there in the test?
(iv) Places A and B are 100 km apart on a highway. One car starts from A and another from B at
the same time. If the cars travel in the same direction at different speeds, they meet in 5 hours. If
they travel towards each other, they meet in 1 hour. What are the speeds of the two cars?
(v) The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 square units, if its length is reduced by 5 units and
breadth is increased by 3 units. If we increase the length by 3 units and the breadth by 2 units, the
area increases by 67 square units. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
Solutions:
(i) Let x be the fixed charge and y be the charge of food per day.
x + 20y = 1000……………….. (i)

x + 26y = 1180………………..(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii) we get
6y = 180
y = Rs.30
Using this value in equation (ii) we get
x = 1180 -26 x 30
x= Rs.400.
Therefore, fixed charges is Rs.400 and charge per day is Rs.30.
(ii) Let the fraction be x/y.

So, as per the question given,
(x -1)/y = 1/3 => 3x – y = 3………………...(1)
x/(y + 8) = 1/4 => 4x –y =8 ………………..(2)
Subtracting equation (1) from (2) , we get
x = 5 ………………………………………….(3)
Using this value in equation (2), we get,
(4×5)– y = 8
y= 12
Therefore, the fraction is 5/12.
(iii) Let the number of right answers is x and number of wrong answers be y
According to the given question;
3x−y=40……..(1)
4x−2y=50
⇒2x−y=25…….(2)
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1), we get;
x = 15 ….….(3)
Putting this in equation (2), we obtain;
30 - y = 25
Or y = 5
Therefore, number of right answers = 15 and number of wrong answers = 5
Hence, total number of questions = 20
(iv) Let x km/h be the speed of car from point A and y km/h be the speed of car from point B.
If the car travels in the same direction,

5x – 5y = 100
x – y = 20 …………………………………(i)
If the car travels in the opposite direction,

x + y = 100………………………………(ii)
Solving equation (i) and (ii), we get

x = 60 km/h………………………………………(iii)
Using this in equation (i), we get,

60 – y = 20
y = 40 km/h
Therefore, the speed of car from point A = 60 km/h
Speed of car from point B = 40 km/h.
(v) Let,
The length of rectangle = x unit
And breadth of the rectangle = y unit
Now, as per the question given,
(x – 5) (y + 3) = xy -9
3x – 5y – 6 = 0……………………………(1)
(x + 3) (y + 2) = xy + 67
2x + 3y – 61 = 0…………………………..(2)
Using cross multiplication method, we get,
x/(305 +18) = y/(-12+183) = 1/(9+10)
x/323 = y/171 = 1/19
Hence, the length of rectangle = 17 units
And breadth of the rectangle = 9 units

1. Solve the following pairs of equations by reducing them to a pair of linear equations:
(i) 1/2x + 1/3y = 2
1/3x + 1/2y = 13/6
Solution:
Let us assume 1/x = m and 1/y = n , then the equation will change as follows.
m/2 + n/3 = 2
⇒ 3m+2n-12 = 0…………………….(1)
m/3 + n/2 = 13/6
⇒ 2m+3n-13 = 0……………………….(2)
Now, using cross-multiplication method, we get,

m/(-26-(-36) ) = n/(-24-(-39)) = 1/(9-4)
m/10 = n/15 = 1/5
m/10 = 1/5 and n/15 = 1/5
So, m = 2 and n = 3
1/x = 2 and 1/y = 3
x = 1/2 and y = 1/3
(ii)2/√x + 3/√y = 2
4/√x + 9/√y = -1
Solution:
Substituting 1/√x = m and 1/√y = n in the given equations, we get
2m + 3n = 2 ………………………..(i)
4m – 9n = -1 ………………………(ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by 3, we get
6m + 9n = 6 ………………….…..(iii)
Adding equation (ii) and (iii), we get
10m = 5
m = 1/2…………………………….…(iv)
Now by putting the value of ‘m’ in equation (i), we get

2×1/2 + 3n = 2
3n = 1
n = 1/3
m =1/√x
½ = 1/√x
x=4
n = 1/√y
1/3 = 1/√y
y=9
(iii) 4/x + 3y = 14
3/x -4y = 23
Solution:
1
Putting 𝑥 = 𝑚 in the given equation we get,
So, 4m + 3y = 14 => 4m + 3y – 14 = 0 ……………..…..(1)
3m – 4y = 23 => 3m – 4y – 23 = 0 ……………………....(2)
By cross-multiplication, we get,
m/(-69-56) = y/(-42-(-92)) = 1/(-16-9)
-m/125 = y/50 = -1/ 25
-m/125 = -1/25 and y/50 = -1/25
m = 5 and b = -2
m = 1/x = 5
So , x = 1/5
y = -2
(iv) 5/(x-1) + 1/(y-2) = 2

6/(x-1) – 3/(y-2) = 1
Solution:
Substituting 1/(x-1) = m and 1/(y-2) = n in the given equations, we get,
5m + n = 2 …………………………(i)
6m – 3n = 1 ……………………….(ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by 3, we get
15m + 3n = 6 …………………....(iii)
Adding (ii) and (iii) we get

21m = 7
m = 1/3
Putting this value in equation (i), we get

5×1/3 + n = 2
n = 2- 5/3 = 1/3
m = 1/ (x-1)
⇒ 1/3 = 1/(x-1)
⇒x=4
n = 1/(y-2)
⇒ 1/3 = 1/(y-2)
⇒y=5
(v) (7x-2y)/ xy = 5
(8x + 7y)/xy = 15
Solution:
(7x-2y)/ xy = 5
7/y – 2/x = 5…………………………..(i)
(8x + 7y)/xy = 15
8/y + 7/x = 15…………………………(ii)
Substituting 1/x =m in the given equation we get,

– 2m + 7n = 5 => -2 + 7n – 5 = 0 ……..(iii)
7m + 8n = 15 => 7m + 8n – 15 = 0 ……(iv)
By cross-multiplication method, we get,
m/(-105-(-40)) = n/(-35-30) = 1/(-16-49)
m/(-65) = n/(-65) = 1/(-65)
m/-65 = 1/-65
m=1
n/(-65) = 1/(-65)
n=1
m = 1 and n = 1
m = 1/x = 1 n = 1/x = 1
Therefore, x = 1 and y = 1
(vi) 6x + 3y = 6xy
2x + 4y = 5xy
Solution:
6x + 3y = 6xy
6/y + 3/x = 6
Let 1/x = m and 1/y = n
=> 6n +3m = 6
=>3m + 6n-6 = 0…………………….(i)
2x + 4y = 5xy
=> 2/y + 4/x = 5
=> 2n +4m = 5
=> 4m+2n-5 = 0……………………..(ii)
3m + 6n – 6 = 0
4m + 2n – 5 = 0
By cross-multiplication method, we get
m/(-30 –(-12)) = n/(-24-(-15)) = 1/(6-24)
m/-18 = n/-9 = 1/-18
m/-18 = 1/-18
m=1
n/-9 = 1/-18
n = 1/2
m = 1 and n = 1/2
m = 1/x = 1 and n = 1/y = 1/2
x = 1 and y = 2
(vii) 10/(x+y) + 2/(x-y) = 4

15/(x+y) – 5/(x-y) = -2
Solution:
Substituting 1/x+y = m and 1/x-y = n in the given equations, we get,

10m + 2n = 4 => 10m + 2n – 4 = 0 ………………..…..(i)
15m – 5n = -2 => 15m – 5n + 2 = 0 ……………………..(ii)
Using cross-multiplication method, we get,
m/(4-20) = n/(-60-(20)) = 1/(-50 -30)
m/-16 = n/-80 = 1/-80
m/-16 = 1/-80 and n/-80 = 1/-80
m = 1/5 and n = 1
m = 1/(x+y) = 1/5
x+y = 5 …………………………………………(iii)
n = 1/(x-y) = 1
x-y = 1……………………………………………(iv)
Adding equation (iii) and (iv), we get

2x = 6 => x = 3 …….(v)
Putting the value of x = 3 in equation (3), we get
y=2
(viii) 1/(3x+y) + 1/(3x-y) = 3/4

1/2(3x+y) – 1/2(3x-y) = -1/8
Solution:
Substituting 1/(3x+y) = m and 1/(3x-y) = n in the given equations, we get,

m + n = 3/4 …………………………….…… (1)
m/2 – n/2 = -1/8
m – n = -1/4 …………………………..…(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get
2m = 3/4 – 1/4
2m = 1/2
Putting in (2), we get
1/4 – n = -1/4
n = 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2

m = 1/(3x+y) = 1/4
3x + y = 4 ………………………………...(3)
n = 1/( 3x-y) = 1/2
3x – y = 2 ………………………………(4)
Adding equations (3) and (4), we get
6x = 6
x = 1 ……………………………....(5)
Putting in (3), we get
3(1) + y = 4
y=1
2. Formulate the following problems as a pair of equations, and hence find their solutions:
(i) Ritu can row downstream 20 km in 2 hours, and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find her speed of
rowing in still water and the speed of the current.
(ii) 2 women and 5 men can together finish an embroidery work in 4 days, while 3 women and 6
men can finish it in 3 days. Find the time taken by 1 woman alone to finish the work, and also that
taken by 1 man alone.
(iii) Roohi travels 300 km to her home partly by train and partly by bus. She takes 4 hours if she
travels 60 km by train and the remaining by bus. If she travels 100 km by train and the remaining
by bus, she takes 10 minutes longer. Find the speed of the train and the bus separately.
Solutions:
(i) Let us consider,
Speed of Ritu in still water = x km/hr
Speed of Stream = y km/hr
Now, speed of Ritu during,
Downstream = x + y km/h
Upstream = x – y km/h
As per the question given,
2(x+y) = 20
Or x + y = 10……………………….(1)
And, 2(x-y) = 4
Or x – y = 2………………………(2)
Adding both the eq.1 and 2, we get,
2x = 12
x=6
Putting the value of x in eq.1, we get,
y=4
Therefore,
Speed of Ritu rowing in still water = 6 km/hr
Speed of Stream = 4 km/hr
(ii) Let us consider,

Number of days taken by women to finish the work = x
Number of days taken by men to finish the work = y
Work done by women in one day = 1/x
Work done by women in one day = 1/y
As per the question given,
4(2/x + 5/y) = 1
(2/x + 5/y) = 1/4
And, 3(3/x + 6/y) = 1
(3/x + 6/y) = 1/3
Now, put 1/x=m and 1/y=n, we get,
2m + 5n = 1/4 => 8m + 20n = 1…………………(1)
3m + 6n =1/3 => 9m + 18n = 1………………….(2)
Now, by cross multiplication method, we get here,
m/(20-18) = n/(9-8) = 1/ (180-144)
m/2 = n/1 = 1/36
m/2 = 1/36
m = 1/18
m = 1/x = 1/18
or x = 18
n = 1/y = 1/36
y = 36
Therefore,
Number of days taken by women to finish the work = 18
Number of days taken by men to finish the work = 36.
(iii) Let us consider,

Speed of the train = x km/h
Speed of the bus = y km/h
According to the given question,
60/x + 240/y = 4 …………………(1)
100/x + 200/y = 25/6 …………….(2)
Put 1/x=m and 1/y=n, in the above two equations;
60m + 240n = 4……………………..(3)
100m + 200n = 25/6
600m + 1200n = 25 ………………….(4)
Multiply eq.3 by 10, to get,
600m + 2400n = 40 ……………………(5)
Now, subtract eq.4 from 5, to get,
1200n = 15
n = 15/1200 = 1/80
Substitute the value of n in eq. 3, to get,
60m + 3 = 4
m = 1/60
m = 1/x = 1/60
x = 60
And y = 1/n
y = 80
Therefore,
Speed of the train = 60 km/h

Speed of the bus = 80 km/h
1. The ages of two friends Ani and Biju differ by 3 years. Ani’s father Dharam is twice as old as
Ani and Biju is twice as old as his sister Cathy. The ages of Cathy and Dharam differ by 30 years.
Find the ages of Ani and Biju.
Solution:
The age difference between Ani and Biju is 3 yrs.
Either Biju is 3 years older than that of Ani or Ani is 3 years older than Biju. From both the cases we find out
that Ani’s father’s age is 30 yrs more than that of Cathy’s age.
Let the ages of Ani and Biju be A and B respectively.
Therefore, the age of Dharam = 2 x A = 2A yrs.
And the age of Biju sister Ann B/2 yrs
By using the information that is given,
Case (i)
When Ani is older than that of Biju by 3 yrs then A – B = 3 – – – – – – – – (1)
2A−B/2 = 30
4A – B = 60 – – – – – – – – – – – (2)
By subtracting the equations (1) and (2) we get,
3A = 60 – 3 = 57
A = 57/3 = 19
Therefore, the age of Ani = 19 yrs

And the age of Biju is 19 – 3 = 16 yrs.
Case (ii)
When Biju is older than Ani,
B – A = 3 – – – – – – – – – (1)
2A − B/2 = 30
4A – B = 60 – – – – – – – – – (2)
Adding the equation (1) and (2) we get,
3A = 63
A = 21
Therefore, the age of Ani is 21 yrs
And the age of Biju is 21 + 3 = 24 yrs.
2. One says, “Give me a hundred, friend! I shall then become twice as rich as you”. The other
replies, “If you give me ten, I shall be six times as rich as you”. Tell me what is the amount of their
(respective) capital? [From the Bijaganita of Bhaskara II] [Hint : x + 100 = 2(y – 100), y + 10 = 6(x
– 10)].
Solution:
Let Sangam have Rs A with him and Reuben have Rs B with him.
Using the information that is given we get,
A + 100 = 2(B – 100) ⇒ A + 100 = 2B – 200
Or A – 2B = -300 – – – – – – – (1)
And
6(A – 10) = ( B + 10 )
Or 6A – 60 = B + 10
Or 6A – B = 70 – – – – – – (2)
When equation (2) is multiplied by 2 we get,
12A – 2B = 140 – – – – – – – (3)
When equation (1) is subtracted from equation (3) we get,
11A = 140 + 300
11A = 440
⇒ A = 440/11 = 40
Using A =40 in equation (1) we get,
40 – 2B = -300
40 + 300 = 2B
2B = 340
B = 170
Therefore, Sangam had Rs 40 and Reuben had Rs 170 with them.
3. A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have been 10 km/h
faster, it would have taken 2 hours less than the scheduled time. And, if the train were slower by
10 km/h; it would have taken 3 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the distance covered by
the train.
Solution:
Let the speed of the train be A km/hr and the time taken by the train to travel a distance be N hours and the
distance to travel be X hours.
Speed of the train = Distance travelled by train / Time taken to travel that distance
A = N (distance)/ X (time)
Or, N = AX – – – – – – – – – – – (1)
Using the information that is given, we get:
(A+10) = X/(N-2)
(A + 10) (N – 2) = X
AN + 10N – 2A – 20 = X
By using the equation (1) we get,
– 2A + 10N = 20 – – – – – – – – – – (2)
(A-10) = X/(N+3)
(A – 10) (N + 3) = X
AN – 10N + 3A – 30 = X
3A – 10N = 30 – – – – – – – – – (3)
Adding equation (2) and equation (3) we get,
A = 50
Using the equation (2) we get,
(-2) x (50) + 10N = 20
-100 +10N = 20
=> 10N = 120
N = 12hours
From the equation (1) we get,
Distance travelled by the train, X = AN
= 50 x 12
= 600 km
Hence, the distance covered by the train is 600km.
4. The students of a class are made to stand in rows. If 3 students are extra in a row, there would be 1 row
less. If 3 students are less in a row, there would be 2 rows more. Find the number of students in the class.
Solution:
Let the number of rows be A and the number of students in a row be B.
Total number of students = Number of rows x Number of students in a row
=AB
Using the information, that is given,

First Condition:
Total number of students = (A – 1) ( B + 3)
Or AB = ( A – 1 )(B + 3) = AB – B + 3A – 3
Or 3A – B – 3 = 0
Or 3A – Y = 3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – (1)
Second condition:
Total Number of students = (A + 2 ) ( B – 3 )
Or AB = AB + 2B – 3A – 6
Or 3A – 2B = -6 – – – – – – – – – (2)
When equation (2) is subtracted from (1)
(3A – B) – (3A – 2B) = 3 – (-6)
-B + 2B = 3 + 6B = 9
3A – 9 =3
3A = 9+3 = 12
A=4
Number of rows, A = 4
Number of students in a row, B = 9
Number of total students in a class = AB = 4 x 9 = 36
5. In a ∆ABC, ∠ C = 3 ∠ B = 2 (∠A + ∠ B). Find the three angles.

Solution:
Given,
∠C = 3 ∠B = 2(∠B + ∠A)
3∠B = 2 ∠A+2 ∠B
∠B=2 ∠A
2∠A – ∠B= 0- – – – – – – – – – – – (i)
We know, the sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 180O.
Thus, ∠ A +∠B+ ∠C = 180O
∠A + ∠B +3 ∠B = 180O
∠A + 4 ∠B = 180O– – – – – – – – – – – – – – -(ii)
Multiplying 4 to equation (i) , we get

8 ∠A – 4 ∠B = 0- – – – – – – – – – – – (iii)
Adding equations (iii) and (ii) we get
9 ∠A = 180O
∠A = 20O
Using this in equation (ii), we get
20O+ 4∠B = 180O
∠B = 40O
3∠B =∠C
∠C = 3 x 40 = 120O
Therefore, ∠A = 20O
∠B=40O
∠C = 120O
6. Draw the graphs of the equations 5x – y = 5 and 3x – y = 3. Determine the co-ordinates of the
vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the y axis.
Solutions:
Given,
5x – y = 5
=> y = 5x – 5
Its solution table will be.
Also given,3x – y = 3
y = 3x – 3
The graphical representation of these lines will be as follows:

From the above graph we can see that the triangle formed is ∆ABC by the lines and the y axis. Also the
coordinates of the vertices are A(1,0) , C(0,-5) and B(0,-3).
7. Solve the following pair of linear equations:

(i) px + qy = p – q
qx – py = p + q
(ii) ax + by = c
bx + ay = 1 + c
(iii) x/a – y/b = 0

ax + by = a2 + b2
(iv) (a – b)x + (a + b) y = a2 – 2ab – b2

(a + b)(x + y) = a2 + b2
(v) 152x – 378y = – 74

–378x + 152y = – 604
Solutions:
(i) px + qy = p – q……………(i)
qx – py = p + q……………….(ii)
Multiplying p to equation (1) and q to equation (2), we get
p2x + pqy = p2 − pq ………… (iii)
q2x − pqy = pq + q2 ………… (iv)
Adding equation (iii) and equation (iv),we get
p2x + q2 x = p2 + q2
(p2 + q2 ) x = p2 + q2
x = (p2 + q2)/ p2 + q2 = 1
From equation (i), we get
p(1) + qy = p – q
qy = p-q-p
qy = -q
y = -1
(ii) ax + by= c…………………(i)

bx + ay = 1+ c………… ..(ii)
Multiplying a to equation (i) and b to equation (ii), we obtain

a2x + aby = ac ………………… (iii)
b2x + aby = b + bc…………… (iv)
Subtracting equation (iv) from equation (iii),
(a2 – b2) x = ac − bc– b
x = (ac − bc– b)/ (a2 – b2)
x = c(a-b) –b / (a2+b2)
From equation (i), we obtain
ax +by = c
a{c(a−b)−b)/ (a2 – b2)} +by=c

ac(a−b)−ab/ (a2 – b2)+by=c
by=c–ac(a−b)−ab/(a2 – b2)
by=abc – b2 c+ab/a2-b2
y = c(a-b)+a/a2-b2
(iii) x/a – y/b = 0

ax + by = a2 + b2
x/a – y/b = 0
=> bx − ay = 0 ……. (i)
ax + by = a2 + b2 …….. (ii)
Multiplying a and b to equation (i) and (ii) respectively, we get
b2x − aby = 0 …………… (iii)
a2x + aby = a 3 + ab3 …… (iv)
Adding equations (iii) and (iv), we get
b2x + a2x = a 3 + ab2
x (b2 + a2) = a (a2 + b2) x = a
b(a) − ay = 0
ab − ay = 0
ay = ab,
y=b
(iv) (a – b)x + (a + b) y = a2 – 2ab – b2

(a + b)(x + y) = a2 + b2
(a + b) y + (a – b) x = a2− 2ab − b2 …………… (i)
(x + y)(a + b) = a 2 + b2
(a + b) y + (a + b) x = a2 + b2 ………………… (ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i), we get
(a − b) x − (a + b) x = (a 2 − 2ab − b 2) − (a2 + b2)
x(a − b − a − b) = − 2ab − 2b2
− 2bx = − 2b (b + a)
x=b+a
Substituting this value in equation (i), we get
(a + b)(a − b) +y (a + b) = a2− 2ab – b2
a2 − b2 + y(a + b) = a2− 2ab – b2
(a + b) y = − 2ab
y = -2ab/(a+b)
(v) 152x − 378y = − 74

76x − 189y = − 37
x =(189y-37)/76……………..…(i)
− 378x + 152y = − 604
− 189x + 76y = − 302 ………….. (ii)
Using the value of x in equation (ii), we get
− 189(189y−37)/76 +76y=−302
−(189)2y + 189 × 37 + (76) 2 y = − 302 × 76

189 × 37 + 302 × 76 = (189)2 y − (76)2y
6993 + 22952 = (189 − 76) (189 + 76) y
29945 = (113) (265) y
y=1
x = (189-37)/76
x = 152/76 = 2
8. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral (see Fig. 3.7). Find the angles of the cyclic quadrilateral.
Solution:
It is known that the sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180o
Thus, we have
∠C +∠A = 180
4y + 20− 4x = 180
− 4x + 4y = 160
x − y = − 40 ……………(1)
And, ∠B + ∠D = 180
3y − 5 − 7x + 5 = 180
− 7x + 3y = 180 ………..(2)
Multiplying 3 to equation (1), we get
3x − 3y = − 120 ………(3)
Adding equation (2) to equation (3), we get
− 7x + 3x = 180 – 120
− 4x = 60
x = −15
Substituting this value in equation (i), we get
x − y = − 40
-y−15 = − 40
y = 40-15
= 25
∠A = 4y + 20 = 20+4(25) = 120°
∠B = 3y − 5 = − 5+3(25) = 70°
∠C = − 4x = − 4(− 15) = 60°
∠D = 5-7x
∠D= 5− 7(−15) = 110°
Hence, all the angles are measured.
NCERT Solution For Class 10 Maths Chapter 2- Polynomials

1. The graphs of y = p(x) are given in Fig. 2.10 below, for some polynomials p(x). Find the number of zeroes
of p(x), in each case.
Solutions:
Graphical method to find zeroes:-

Total number of zeroes in any polynomial equation = total number of times the curve intersects x-axis.
(i) In the given graph, the number of zeroes of p(x) is 0 because the graph is parallel to x-axis
does not cut it at any point.
(ii) In the given graph, the number of zeroes of p(x) is 1 because the graph intersects the x-axis at
only one point.
(iii) In the given graph, the number of zeroes of p(x) is 3 because the graph intersects the x-axis at
any three points.
(iv) In the given graph, the number of zeroes of p(x) is 2 because the graph intersects the x-axis at
two points.
(v) In the given graph, the number of zeroes of p(x) is 4 because the graph intersects the x-axis at
four points.
(vi) In the given graph, the number of zeroes of p(x) is 3 because the graph intersects the x-axis at
three points.

1. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between the zeroes
and the coefficients.
Solutions:
(i)x2–2x –8
⇒x2– 4x+2x–8 = x(x–4)+2(x–4) = (x-4)(x+2)
Therefore, zeroes of polynomial equation x2–2x–8 are (4, -2)
Sum of zeroes = 4–2 = 2 = -(-2)/1 = -(Coefficient of x)/(Coefficient of x2)
Product of zeroes = 4×(-2) = -8 =-(8)/1 = (Constant term)/(Coefficient of x2)
(ii)4s2–4s+1
⇒4s2–2s–2s+1 = 2s(2s–1)–1(2s-1) = (2s–1)(2s–1)
Therefore, zeroes of polynomial equation 4s2–4s+1 are (1/2, 1/2)
Sum of zeroes = (½)+(1/2) = 1 = -(-4)/4 = -(Coefficient of s)/(Coefficient of
s2) Product of zeros = (1/2)×(1/2) = 1/4 = (Constant term)/(Coefficient of
s2 )
(iii) 6x2–3–7x
⇒6x2–7x–3 = 6x2 – 9x + 2x – 3 = 3x(2x - 3) +1(2x - 3) = (3x+1)(2x-3)
Therefore, zeroes of polynomial equation 6x2–3–7x are (-1/3, 3/2)
Sum of zeroes = -(1/3)+(3/2) = (7/6) = -(Coefficient of x)/(Coefficient of x2)
Product of zeroes = -(1/3)×(3/2) = -(3/6) = (Constant term) /(Coefficient of x2 )
(iv)4u2+8u
⇒ 4u(u+2)
Therefore, zeroes of polynomial equation 4u2 + 8u are (0, -2).
Sum of zeroes = 0+(-2) = -2 = -(8/4) = = -(Coefficient of u)/(Coefficient of u2)

Product of zeroes = 0×-2 = 0 = 0/4 = (Constant term)/(Coefficient of u2 )
(v) t2–15
⇒ t2 = 15 or t = ±√15
Therefore, zeroes of polynomial equation t2 –15 are (√15, -√15)
Sum of zeroes =√15+(-√15) = 0= -(0/1)= -(Coefficient of t) / (Coefficient of t2)
Product of zeroes = √15×(-√15) = -15 = -15/1 = (Constant term) / (Coefficient of t2 )
(vi) 3x2–x–4
⇒ 3x2–4x+3x–4 = x(3x-4)+1(3x-4) = (3x - 4)(x + 1)
Therefore, zeroes of polynomial equation3x2 – x – 4 are (4/3, -1)
Sum of zeroes = (4/3)+(-1) = (1/3)= -(-1/3) = -(Coefficient of x) / (Coefficient of x2)
Product of zeroes=(4/3)×(-1) = (-4/3) = (Constant term) /(Coefficient of x2 )
2. Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its zeroes
respectively.
(i) 1/4 , -1
Solution:
From the formulas of sum and product of zeroes, we know,

Sum of zeroes = α+β
Product of zeroes = α β
Sum of zeroes = α+β = 1/4
Product of zeroes = α β = -1
∴ If α and β are zeroes of any quadratic polynomial, then the quadratic polynomial equation can be written directly
as:-
x2–(α+β)x +αβ = 0
x2–(1/4)x +(-1) = 0
4x2–x-4 = 0
Thus,4x2–x–4 is the quadratic polynomial.

(ii)√2, 1/3
Solution:
Sum of zeroes = α + β =√2

Product of zeroes = α β = 1/3
as:-
x2–(α+β)x +αβ = 0
x2 –(√2)x + (1/3) = 0
3x2-3√2x+1 = 0
Thus, 3x2-3√2x+1 is the quadratic polynomial.
(iii) 0, √5
Solution:
Given,
Sum of zeroes = α+β = 0
Product of zeroes = α β = √5
as:-
x2–(α+β)x +αβ = 0
x2–(0)x +√5= 0
Thus, x2+√5 is the quadratic polynomial.
(iv) 1, 1
Solution:
Given,
Product of zeroes = α β = 1
as:-
x2–(α+β)x +αβ = 0
x2–x+1 = 0
Thus , x2–x+1is the quadratic polynomial.
(v) -1/4, 1/4
Solution:
Given,
Sum of zeroes = α+β = -1/4
Product of zeroes = α β = 1/4
as:-
x2–(α+β)x +αβ = 0
x2–(-1/4)x +(1/4) = 0
4x2+x+1 = 0
Thus,4x2+x+1 is the quadratic polynomial.
(vi) 4, 1
Solution:
Given,
Product of zeroes = αβ = 1
as:-
x2–(α+β)x+αβ = 0
x2–4x+1 = 0
Thus,x2–4x+1 is the quadratic polynomial.


1. Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder in each of the
following:
(i) p(x) = x3-3x2+5x–3 , g(x) = x2–2
Solution:
Given,
Dividend = p(x) = x3-3x2+5x–3
Divisor = g(x) = x2– 2
Therefore, upon division we get,

Quotient = x–3
Remainder = 7x–9
(ii) p(x) = x4-3x2+4x+5 , g(x) = x2+1-x
Solution:
Given,
Dividend = p(x) = x4 - 3x2 + 4x +5
Divisor = g(x) = x2 +1-x

Quotient = x2 + x–3
Remainder = 8
(iii) p(x) =x4–5x+6, g(x) = 2–x2

Solution:
Given,
Dividend = p(x) =x4 - 5x + 6 = x4 +0x2–5x+6

Divisor = g(x) = 2–x2 = –x2+2

Quotient = -x2-2
Remainder = -5x + 10
2. Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the second polynomial
by the first polynomial:
(i) t2-3, 2t4 +3t3-2t2-9t-12

Solutions:
Given,
First polynomial = t2-3

Second polynomial = 2t4 +3t3-2t2 -9t-12
As we can see, the remainder is left as 0. Therefore, we say that, t2-3 is a factor of 2t4 +3t3-2t2 -9t-12 .
(ii)x2+3x+1 , 3x4+5x3-7x2+2x+2
Solutions:
Given,
First polynomial = x2+3x+1

Second polynomial = 3x4+5x3-7x2+2x+2
As we can see, the remainder is left as 0. Therefore, we say that, x2 + 3x + 1 is a factor of 3x4+5x3-7x2+2x+2.
(iii) x3-3x+1, x5-4x3+x2+3x+1
Solutions:
Given,
First polynomial = x3-3x+1
Second polynomial = x5-4x3+x2+3x+1
As we can see, the remainder is not equal to 0. Therefore, we say that, x3-3x+1 is not a factor of x5-4x3+x2+3x+1 .
3. Obtain all other zeroes of 3x4+6x3-2x2-10x-5, if two of its zeroes are √(5/3) and - √(5/3).
Solutions:
Since this is a polynomial equation of degree 4, hence there will be total 4 roots.
√(5/3) and - √(5/3) are zeroes of polynomial f(x).

∴ (x -√(5/3)) (x+√(5/3) = x2-(5/3) = 0
(3x2−5)=0, is a factor of given polynomial f(x).
Now, when we will divide f(x) by (3x2−5) the quotient obtained will also be a factor of f(x) and the remainder
will be 0.
Therefore, 3x4 +6x3 −2x2 −10x–5 = (3x2 –5)(x2+2x+1)
Now, on further factorizing (x2+2x+1) we get,
x2+2x+1 = x2+x+x+1 = 0
x(x+1)+1(x+1) = 0
(x+1)(x+1) = 0
So, its zeroes are given by: x= −1 and x = −1.
Therefore, all four zeroes of given polynomial equation are:

√(5/3),- √(5/3) , −1 and −1.
Hence, is the answer.
4. On dividing x3-3x2+x+2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were x–2 and –2x+4, respectively.
Find g(x).
Solutions:
Given,
Dividend, p(x) = x3-3x2+x+2
Quotient = x-2
Remainder = –2x+4
We have to find the value of Divisor, g(x) =?
As we know,
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
∴ x3-3x2+x+2 = g(x)×(x-2) + (-2x+4)

x3-3x2+x+2-(-2x+4) = g(x)×(x-2)
Therefore, g(x) × (x-2) = x3-3x2+3x-2
Now, for finding g(x) we will divide x3-3x2+3x-2 with (x-2)
Therefore, g(x) = (x2–x+1)
5. Give examples of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm and
(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)
(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)
(iii) deg r(x) = 0
Solutions:
According to the division algorithm, dividend p(x) and divisor g(x) are two polynomials, where g(x)≠0. Then we
can find the value of quotient q(x) and remainder r(x), with the help of below given formula;
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

∴ p(x) = g(x)×q(x)+r(x)
Where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x)< degree of g(x).
Now let us proof the three given cases as per division algorithm by taking examples for each.
(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)

Degree of dividend is equal to degree of quotient, only when the divisor is a constant term.
Let us take an example, p(x) = 3x2 + 3x + 3 is a polynomial to be divided by g(x) = 3.
So, (3x2 + 3x + 3)/3 = x2 + x + 1 = q(x)
Thus, you can see, the degree of quotient q(x) = 2, which also equal to the degree of dividend
p(x).
Hence, division algorithm is satisfied here.
(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)

Let us take an example, p(x) = x2 + 3 is a polynomial to be divided by g(x) = x - 1.
So, x2 + 3 = (x - 1)×(x) + (x + 3)
Hence, quotient q(x) = x
Also, remainder r(x) = x + 3
Thus, you can see, the degree of quotient q(x) = 1, which is also equal to the degree of
remainder r(x).
(iii) deg r(x) = 0

The degree of remainder is 0 only when the remainder left after division algorithm is constant.
Let us take an example, p(x) = x2 + 1 is a polynomial to be divided by g(x) = x.
So, x2 + 1 = (x)×(x) + 1
Hence, quotient q(x) = x
And, remainder r(x) = 1
Clearly, the degree of remainder here is 0.

1. Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic polynomials below are their zeroes. Also verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients in each case:
(i) 2x3+x2-5x+2; -1/2, 1, -2
Solution:
Given, p(x) = 2x3+x2-5x+2
And zeroes for p(x) are = 1/2, 1, -2
∴ p(1/2) = 2(1/2)3+(1/2)2-5(1/2)+2 = (1/4)+(1/4)-(5/2)+2 = 0
p(1) = 2(1)3+(1)2-5(1)+2 = 0
p(-2) = 2(-2)3+(-2)2-5(-2)+2 = 0
Hence, proved 1/2, 1, -2 are the zeroes of 2x3+x2-5x+2.
Now, comparing the given polynomial with general expression, we get;
∴ ax3+bx2+cx+d = 2x3+x2-5x+2
a=2, b=1, c= -5 and d = 2
As we know, if α, β, γ are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial ax3+bx2+cx+d , then;
α +β+γ = –b/a
αβ+βγ+γα = c/a
α βγ = – d/a.
Therefore, putting the values of zeroes of the polynomial,
α+β+γ = ½+1+(-2) = -1/2 = –b/a
αβ+βγ+γα = (1/2×1)+(1 ×-2)+(-2×1/2) = -5/2 = c/a
α β γ = ½×1×(-2) = -2/2 = -d/a
Hence, the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients are satisfied.
(ii) x3-4x2+5x-2 ;2, 1, 1
Solution:
Given, p(x) = x3-4x2+5x-2
And zeroes for p(x) are 2,1,1.
∴ p(2)= 23-4(2)2+5(2)-2 = 0
p(1) = 13-(4×12 )+(5×1)-2 = 0

Hence proved, 2, 1, 1 are the zeroes of x3-4x2+5x-2
∴ ax3+bx2+cx+d = x3-4x2+5x-2
a = 1, b = -4, c = 5 and d = -2
As we know, if α, β, γ are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial ax3+bx2+cx+d , then;
α + β + γ = –b/a
αβ + βγ + γα = c/a
α β γ = – d/a.
Therefore, putting the values of zeroes of the polynomial,
α +β+γ = 2+1+1 = 4 = -(-4)/1 = –b/a
αβ+βγ+γα = 2×1+1×1+1×2 = 5 = 5/1= c/a
αβγ = 2×1×1 = 2 = -(-2)/1 = -d/a
Hence, the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients are satisfied.
2. Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product of its zeroes taken two at a time, and the
product of its zeroes as 2, –7, –14 respectively.
Solution:
Let us consider the cubic polynomial is ax3+bx2+cx+d and the values of the zeroes of the polynomials be α, β, γ.
As per the given question,
α+β+γ = -b/a = 2/1
αβ +βγ+γα = c/a = -7/1
α βγ = -d/a = -14/1
Thus, from above three expressions we get the values of coefficient of polynomial.
a = 1, b = -2, c = -7, d = 14
Hence, the cubic polynomial is x3-2x2-7x+14
3. If the zeroes of the polynomial x3-3x2+x+1 are a – b, a, a + b, find a and b.
Solution:
We are given with the polynomial here,
p(x) = x3-3x2+x+1
And zeroes are given as a – b, a, a + b
∴px3+qx2+rx+s = x3-3x2+x+1
p = 1, q = -3, r = 1 and s = 1
Sum of zeroes = a – b + a + a + b
-q/p = 3a
Putting the values q and p.
-(-3)/1 = 3a
a=1
Thus, the zeroes are 1-b, 1, 1+b.
Now, product of zeroes = 1(1-b)(1+b)
-s/p = 1-b2
-1/1 = 1-b2
b2 = 1+1 = 2
b = ±√2
Hence,1-√2, 1 ,1+√2 are the zeroes of x3-3x2+x+1.
4. If two zeroes of the polynomial x4-6x3-26x2+138x-35 are 2 ±√3, find other zeroes.
Solution:
Since this is a polynomial equation of degree 4, hence there will be total 4 roots.
Let f(x) = x4-6x3-26x2+138x-35
Since 2 +√3 and 2-√3 are zeroes of given polynomial f(x).
∴ [x−(2+√3)] [x−(2-√3)] =0
(x−2−√3)(x−2+√3) = 0
On multiplying the above equation we get,
x2-4x+1, this is a factor of a given polynomial f(x).
Now, if we will divide f(x) by g(x), the quotient will also be a factor of f(x) and the remainder will be 0.
So, x4-6x3-26x2+138x-35 = (x2-4x+1)(x2 –2x−35)
Now, on further factorizing (x2–2x−35) we get,

x2–(7−5)x −35 = x2– 7x+5x+35 = 0
x(x −7)+5(x−7) = 0
(x+5)(x−7) = 0
So, its zeroes are given by:
x= −5 and x = 7.
Therefore, all four zeroes of given polynomial equation are: 2+√3 , 2-√3, −5 and 7.

Ncert Solution For Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction To Trigonometry 2

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Ncert Solution For Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 Introduction To Trigonometry 2

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NCERT Solution for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8 – Introduction to Trigonometry

Exercise 8.1 Page: 181

(i) To find Sin (A), Cos (A)

(ii) To find Sin (C), Cos (C)

2. In Fig. 8.13, find tan P – cot R

3. If sin A = 3/4, Calculate cos A and tan A.

Therefore, Sin A = Opposite side /Hypotenuse= 3/4

Cos (A) = Adjacent side/Hypotenuse

tan(A) = Opposite side/Adjacent side

4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.

Therefore, cot A = Adjacent side/Opposite side = AB/BC = 8/15

Let AB be 8k and BC will be 15k

Therefore, sin A = 15/17

Sec (A) = Hypotenuse/Adjacent side

AC/AB = 17k/8k = 17/8

5. Given sec θ = 13/12 . Calculate all other trigonometric ratios

Now, substitute the corresponding values in all other trigonometric ratios

Cosec θ = Hypotenuse/Opposite Side = AC/BC = 13/5

cot θ = Adjacent Side/Opposite Side = AB/BC = 12/5

Let us assume the triangle ABC in which CD⊥AB

Now consider the equation as

7. If cot θ = 7/8, evaluate :

According to the sine and cos function ratios, it is written as

sin θ = AB/AC = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse = 8k/√113 k = 8/√113 and

cos θ = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse = BC/AC = 7k/√113 k = 7/√113

Now apply the values of sin function and cos function:

8. If 3 cot A = 4, check whether (1-tan2 A)/(1+tan2 A) = cos2 A – sin 2 A or not.

Let △ABC in which ∠B=90°

Since, both the LHS and RHS = 7/25

Hence, (1-tan2 A)/(1+tan2 A) = cos2 A – sin 2 A is proved

9. In triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A = 1/√3 find the value of:

Let ΔABC in which ∠B=90°

tan A = BC/AB = 1/√3

10. In ∆ PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P,

In a given triangle PQR, right angled at Q, the following measures are

(1) sin p = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse = QR/PR = 12/13

(i) The value of tan A is always less than 1.

(ii) sec A = 12/5 for some value of angle A

(iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the cosecant of angle A.

(iv) cot A is the product of cot and A.

(v) sin θ = 4/3 for some angle θ.

Exercise 8.2 Page: 187

(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60

(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°

(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60

We know that, the values of the trigonometric ratios are:

(iii) cos 45°/(sec 30°+cosec 30°)

Substitute the values, we get

Now, multiply both the numerator and denominator by √2 , we get

Therefore, cos 45°/(sec 30°+cosec 30°) = (3√2 – √6)/8

Substitute the values in the given problem, we get

2. Choose the correct option and justify your choice :

(A) tan 90° (B) 1 (C) sin 45° (D) 0

(ii) (D) is correct.

(iii) (A) is correct.

(iv) (C) is correct.

Exercise 8.3 Page: 189

(i) sin 18°/cos 72°

(ii) tan 26°/cot 64°

(iii) cos 48° - sin 42°

(iv) cosec 31° - sec 59°

(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67°

We know that, tan 48° = tan (90° - 42°) = cot 42°