PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Tips!
Remember e-e
+ be + verb+ing I am
you are
we are
you are
take -taking but dyeing

ie – y
lie - lying
She is reading a book now. he/she/it is they are
double consonant
running

Negative USE IT FOR:

+ be + not + verb+ing actions happening now

She isn’t reading a book now.
I'm studying English at the moment.
temporary situations
I'm living in Paris now.
Question
?
( )+
annoying habits – with always

+ verb+ing ?
When You're always losing your keys.
What
Where
be + fixed arrangements in the near future
Is she reading a book now? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. I'm flying to London next week.

Time expressions: Stative Verbs

always (annoying habits) , at the moment,
now, right now, tomorrow, tonight, ...
Some verbs don’t have continuous forms:
believe, hate, have (possess), know, like, love,
need, remember, understand, want
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 PRESENT SIMPLE
+es, +s

+ verb /+es, +s
sometimes, often,
+ usually, seldom,
never
he she it
I always do my homework after school.
My mum usually does the shopping at the weekend. Tips!
Add ‘es’ after verbs ending:
Negative ss – passes
sh – washes

+ don’t/doesn’t + verb
infinitive (he,she,it)
ch – watches
x – relaxes study – studies
o – goes play - plays
I don't always do my homework after school.
My mum doesn't usually do the shopping at the weekend.

Question USE IT FOR:

?
( ) + do/does + + verb ?
When
daily routines
What
Where (he,she,it) infinitive My father starts work at 9 every morning.
habits
Do you always do your homework after school? Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
I play volleyball every weekend.
Does your mum usually do the shopping at the weekend?
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. permanent situations
I live in Warsaw.
timetables and programmes
Time expressions: Our bus leaves at 8 a.m.
general truths
always, every day/week/..., hardly ever, never, The Sun rises in the east.
often, on Monday(s), seldom, sometimes, usually, ...

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 PRESENT PERFECT Remember
I have we have
you have you have
he/she/it has they have

just,
+ have/has + already + verb
+ed /Past Participle Verbs Tips!
I have already done my homework. Irregular: study -studied
He has just cooked dinner. do – did - done play – played
Regular: +ed plan – planned

Negative cook - cooked travel – travelled

+ haven’t/hasn’t + +edverb
/Past Participle
USE IT FOR:

I haven't done my homework yet. actions which started in the past and still continue in the present
He hasn't cooked dinner yet. I've known John since 2010.
actions which have recently finished - the results are
Question visible in the present
?
( ) + have/has
I've just done the shopping.
actions which happened at an unspecified time- it is not
++edverb + ... ?
What
Where
How long
+ /Past Participle
mentioned because it is not important
She’s bought a new mobile phone.
Have you done your homework yet? Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. with expressions: today, this morning/afternoon etc, when
Has he cooked dinner yet? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't. the period of time hasn’t finished at the time of speaking
They haven't eaten breakfast this morning.

Time expressions:
for: 2 weeks, 3 months, 2 years, ages,
already, ever, for, just, never, recently, since, so far, this week/..., since: yesterday, April, Christmas, 2016,
three times, today, yet, ... 2 o' clock, I was a child

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PAST SIMPLE

Tips!
Verbs
study -studied
verb
+ +ed/Past Irregular:
do – did - done play – played
Simple plan – planned
Regular: -ed
I did my homework after school yesterday. cook - cooked travel – travelled

Negative
USE IT FOR:

+ didn’t + verb
infinitive
actions completed at a stated time
I visited my grandparents yesterday.
I didn't do my homework after school yesterday.
actions that happened one after the other
I got up, took a shower and got dressed.

Question past habits

?
( )+
My father often went fishing when he was younger.

+ verb ?
When people who are no longer alive
What
Where
did + infinitive
Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.

Did you do your homework after school yesterday?

Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

Time expressions:

yesterday, last week/month/year, two days ago,

in 2016, ...

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 PAST CONTINUOUS

Tips!
Remember e-e
+ was/were + verb+ing I was we were
take -taking but dyeing

ie – y
She was reading a book yesterday afternoon. you were you were lie - lying

We were swimming all morning. he/she/it was they were double consonant
running

Negative
USE IT FOR:

+ wasn’t/weren’t + verb+ing an action which was in progress at a stated time

She wasn't reading a book yesterday afternoon. in the past,
We weren't swimming all morning. I was reading a book at 8 o' clock yesterday.
for two (or more) actions which were happening at
Question
?
the same time (Past Continuous, Past Continuous)

( )+
While my brother was playing football, my
When
What
Where
was/were + + verb+ing ? sister was surfing the Internet.
for a past action in progress (Past Continuous)
Was she reading a book yesterday afternoon? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't. when another action interrupted it (Past Simple)
Were you swimming all morning? Yes, we were. / No, we weren't. We were running in the park when it started
to rain.

Time expressions:

all evening, while, at 8 o' clock yesterday, yesterday, ...

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 PAST PERFECT

Verbs Tips!

+ had ++ed/Past
verb
Participle
Irregular:
do – did - done
study -studied
play – played
Regular: +ed plan – planned
He had learnt to speak English before he moved to London. cook - cooked travel – travelled

Negative
USE IT FOR:

verb
+ hadn't ++ed/Past Participle
He hadn't learnt to speak English before he moved to London.
an action which happened (Past Perfect) before another
past action (Past Simple)
When I came back home, I realised that somebody
had stolen my mobile phone.

Question
an action finished in the past and the result was visible
? in the past

( )+
She was glad that she had passed all the exams.
When
What
Where
had + + verb ?
+ed/Past Participle
Had he learnt to speak English before he moved to London?
Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t.

Time expressions:

after, before, by the time, never, till/until, when, ...

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Future forms

Present Continuous Present Simple

fixed arrangements in the near future timetables/programmes

We're flying to London next week. The film starts at 6 o' clock.
(We've just bought the tickets.)

Future Simple Be going to

on the spot decisions plans and intentions

Don't worry. I'll lend you some money. I'm going to visit my grandparents
tomorrow afternoon.

after verbs: promise, swear, believe, hope, think predictions based on evidence
(what we see or know)
I promise I'll send you a postcard.
Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.

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Indirect questions

Can you tell me... Could you tell me... Do you know...
I wonder... I'd like to know...

Direct question:

Where does he work?

Indirect question:

Do you know where he works?

sentence structure

Direct question:

Did you buy a new dress yesterday?

Indirect question:

I wonder if/whether you bought a new dress yesterday.

sentence structure

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Passive voice

subject verb object

My grandma makes the best dumplings.

The best dumplings are made by my grandma.

subject verb
agent
be +past participle

Present Simple is/are + verb

past participle Present Perfect has been/have been +verb
past participle
Active They grow tea in China.
Active Adidas has turned plastic ocean waste into sneakers.
Passive Tea is grown in China.
Passive Plastic ocean waste has been turned into sneakers
by Adidas.

Past Simple was/were +verb

past participle Future Simple will be + verb
past participle
Active My parents bought a car.
Active They will use drones to deliver parcels in the future.
Passive A car was bought by my parents.
Passive Parcels will be delivered by drones in the future.
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Reported speech
Direct speech Reported speech Some words and time expressions change as follows:

Present Simple Past Simple now then

‘She dances well.’ He said (that) she danced well.
today, tonight that day, that night
Present Continuous Past Continuous
‘She is dancing well.’ He said (that) she was dancing well. the day before,
yesterday the previous day
Past Simple Past Perfect
the next day,
‘She danced well.’ He said (that) she had danced well.
tomorrow the following day

Present Perfect Past Perfect next week the next week,

the following week
‘She has danced well.’ He said (that) she had danced well.
this week that week
Direct speech Reported speech
the week before,
last week the previous week
Where is Kate? He asked me where Kate was.

Did you do your He asked me if I had done my

two days ago two days before
homework yesterday? homework the day before?
here there

this, these that, those

will - would must - had to
can - could shall - should

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 Conditionals: 1, 2

Conditional 1

real present/future
if Present Simple, Future Simple

If I have enough money, I will buy a new car.

Future Simple if Present Simple

I will buy a new car if I have enough money.

Conditional 2

unreal present
if Past Simple, would + verb (infinitive)

If I were you, I would do the same.

would + verb (infinitive) if Past Simple

I would do the same if I were you.

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Comparatives and superlatives

Adjective Comparative Superlative

one-/two-syllable adjectives big bigger the biggest

cheap cheaper the cheapest

two-syllable adjectives busy busier the busiest

ending in -y
happy happier the happiest

adjectives with more than two expensive more expensive the most expensive
syllables

Irregular adjectives
good - better - the best
bad - worse - the worst
far - farther/further- the farthest/furthest

Comparative + than
My new laptop is faster than my previous one. (not) as + adjective + as
Whitewater rafting is more exciting than hiking. My dress isn't as beautiful as yours.

Superlative
My boyfriend is the best footballer in our school team.
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 so, such
so + adjective
The bag was so heavy that I asked for help.
That film is so interesting that we have watched it three times.

such+ (a/an) + adjective + noun

It was such a heavy bag that I asked for help.
It is such an interesting film that we have watched it three times.

too, enough
too + adjective/adverb
too expensive.

adjective/adverb + enough
I am not old enough to look after my younger sister.

enough + noun
The library closes at 6 p.m. Hurry up! We don't have enough time to check out some books.
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much, many, some, any...
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
bananas, books, bottles, cars, children, chocolate, advice, furniture, information,
eggs, friends, hours, people money, news, sugar, time, water
How many? How much?

some + Countable nouns

in the plural
or Uncountable
nouns No – not any
There are some oranges in the fridge. There is some orange juice in the fridge. There aren't any books.
There are no books.
Negative

any + Countable nouns

in the plural
or Uncountable
nouns
(a) few – countable nouns
There aren't any tomatoes in the fridge. There isn’t any milk in the fridge.
in the plural
many + Countable nouns a few – some
in the plural
few – not many
There aren't many eggs in the fridge.
a) little – uncountable nouns
Uncountable
much + nouns a little – some
There isn’t much milk in the fridge. little – not much
a lot of / lots of
? Question countable nouns in the plural/
uncountable nouns
any + Countable nouns
in the plural
or Uncountable
nouns ?
Are there any oranges in the fridge? Is there any milk in the fridge?
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BE - present

Affirmative Negative ? Question

I am we are I ‘m not we aren’t Am I...? Are we...?

you are you are you aren’t you aren’t Are you...? Are you...?
he/ she /it is they are he/ she /it isn’t they aren’t Is he/she/it...? Are they...?

She is an intelligent girl. She isn't an intelligent girl. Is she an intelligent girl?
Short answers
Yes, I am. Yes, we are. No, I’m not. No, we aren’t.

Yes, you are. Yes, you are. No, you aren’t. No, you aren’t.

Yes, he/she/it is. Yes, they are. No, she/he/it isn’t. No, they aren’t.

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BE - past

Affirmative Negative ? Question

I was we were I wasn’t we weren’t Was I...? Were we...?

you were you were you weren’t you weren’t Were you...? Were you...?
he/ she /it was they were he/ she /it wasn’t they weren’t Was he/she/it...? Were they...?

I was at school yesterday. I wasn't at school yesterday. Were you at school yesterday?
Short answers
Yes, I was. Yes, we were. No, I wasn’t. No, we weren’t.

Yes, you were. Yes, you were. No, you weren’t. No, you weren’t.

Yes, he/she/it was. Yes, they were. No, she/he/it wasn’t. No, they weren’t.

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