4

THERMon\'N
STATE EQUA~lC
' 4• l lntTOduction
•10~
. . A d' _
S ISCU!ISCu1 I•n clii,ntc
r
r-3 ' some properties of fluid such as pressu
r~, sp>cific
. d' ctly mensurable nnd some properties . ~
such as intcrna) 1 ~
and tcmpcrnturc ,uc Vo g,,.,
ire
• Th cncr...
entropy, etc. m gencr1,1 are not capable of direct measu rem ent
or"'
. . .• e develop rncn t
• r-re t'
mtc . bct,,,ecn these two groups of properties ~
1n aons1ups . 1s an Important part or the
• s. l 'hcse ,·nter-rclntionship will be dcnvcd . . r~
dynnnuc nnd dis cus sed m cha
thermodynamic relations ,, . However, bcfore d . . pte r on "Ge n·
that can be one, at 1s necessary to inte rre1i,rat
the basic pnrametcrs, i.e. pressure, specific
volume and temperature of a substance or i
system nt equilibrium state. Of the three par
ameters p, v, and T, only two are indep:n4ta
variable. This shows thnt there exists an equ
ation which connects p, v, and T of a tb~r
dynamic system at equilibrium and ~hich rob ma
s one of them of its independ~nce. Such
equation is calkd an equation of thermodynam 11
ic state or equation of state.
No satisfactory relationship of this type
is known for liquids a!ld solids but f01
gaseous systems certain moderately simple
equations of state hav e been proposed,
gases actually differ in their behaviour, and AJ
so the problem is approached by postulating
properties of an ideal gas and then considering I.bi
deviations from ideal b.!haviour.
· 4-2 Perfect and Quasi-Perfect Gases
Perfrct gases ( or ideal gases ) are tho se
tha t consists of fully resilient molecule
between which there is no molecular attraction
and the volume occupied by them is infinitd:
small as compared with the volume of the inte
rmolecular space, i.e, the molecules are poin
of matter. There are no ideal gases in nat t·
ure, but thermodynamics employs the con
simplify the folmulae used in thermal calcula cept t,
tions. The term perfect gas is used, sometim
for merely gas obeying exactly p, := RT e
shall see latter ).
law ( the equ atio n of sta te for ideal gases, as w•

. Something is to be gained by having different

terms for pv == RT gases with const1111·
and variable specific beats ( Cp and Cv ),
This is included by defining perfect gases
quasi-perfect gases ( or semi-perfect gases) as anc
below :
Perfect gas obeys pv = RI', and Cp and C,.
are constant.
Quasi-perf'ect gas obeys pv = RT, but c,.
nnd c. vary with temp~rllturc. For
~ither cas e:

••
du ~
C,. dT whether change is at constant volum
e or not,
. • dlz • Cp • dT whether process is at constan
t pressure or not, and
.. C, - C,. == R