Example 2.2.1. Expand each summation, and simplify if possible.

Xn
X

5 6
X

6
5 6 7

Example 2.2.2. Write each expression in sigma notation.

1 1 1 1

(2) — 1 + 2 — 3 + 4 — 5 + 6 — 7 + 8 — 9 + ·· · — 25

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4
8 16 32 64 128

1 1 100
X
1 1
n

(2) — 1 + 2 — 3 + 4 — 5 + ·· · — 25
X
 X

7
1 1 1 1 1 1

(4) 1 + + + + + + + = k=0 2
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 2k

8
1 1 1 1 1 1
k=1
1+ + + + + + + = .
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 2k—1

1.

X
(2 — 3k) Answer: —28
k=—
1
X

(—1)k+1k Answer: —2
k=
X
1 (an+1 — an) Answer: a4 — a1

2.

X
kxk
X k=
1
(b) 1 — 2 + 3 — 4 + 5 — 6 + ·· · — 10 Answer: (—1)k+1 k
k=1
 X

k=0
4

k=
1
1 1 1 1
(e) 1 —
3 5 7 9
2k +1
k=0

n
X

X n(n +
1)
···
2 2
 c any real number.

Proof.
X

n
X

n n

i=m i=m

c c(n — m 1)

X
c = c + c + c + ·· · + c
| {z }
 n—m+1 terms
c(n — m 1) 2
 A special case of the above result which you might encounter more often is
the following:
X
c cn.

X⇥ ⇤
—

[f (m 3) — (m 2)]+ ·· · [f (n 1) — (n)]

X
(4i — 5).

i=1 i=1
=4 — 5(30)
2

Example 2.2.4. Evaluate:

1 1 1 1
·· · .
1·2 2·3 3·4 99 · 100
 1 1 1 1
·· ·
1·2 2·3 3·4 99 · 100
99
X

Xi+1 — i

Σ
X i

=
—
i(i + 1) i(i + 1)
i=1
◆
99 ✓
X 1
1 —
◆
1 1
X

— —

X
1 ◆
99 1 99
1
i=1
=— — = . 2
i(i + 1) 100 1 100

X
Example 2.2.5. Derive a formula for i2 using a telescoping sum with terms

X⇥ ⇤
— — —

n n

i=1 i=1
n n n
2
 X 3n(n +
1)
—
X

n(n 1)[2(n — 1) 3]

X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

1.

X
(2 — 3k) Answer: —3725
k=
X1
n

1
Answer: 9
 1 —
·
—

—
X⇣p

—
 X
2. b c

1.

9
1 2 3 4 5

2.

(a) 1 + 22 33 44 ·· · 1212 Answer: X

(b) (x — 5) (x — 3) (x — 1) (x 1)+ (x 3)+ ·· · (x 15)

3.

X
(4i — 15) Answer: 27240

X
 2

—
4. If 70 of ?
2
Answer: 145
5.

6.

X
7.