Biochemistry

Module #6 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _____________________________________________________ Class number: ____

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________ Date: ___________

Lesson title: Carbohydrates Materials: Pen, Paper, Module

Learning Targets:
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Explain the definition and function of carbohydrates;
2. Describe the structural and chemical formula for different
carbohydrates;
3. Determine the classification of carbohydrates, and
4. Demonstrate general and specific tests for carbohydrates.
References:
Petrucci, et al. General Chemistry Principles &
Modern Applications. 9th ed. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.
Sadava, et al. Life: The Science of Biology. 8th
ed. New York, NY. W.H. Freeman and
Company, 2007.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Identify what is being asked. Write your answers on the blank.
1. What amino acid makes Keratin? _______________________________
2. What amino acid is responsible for causing Sickle cell anemia? _______________________________
3. What is the simplest amino acid? _______________________________
4. This part of the cell is responsible for protein synthesis. _______________________________
5. Give three functional groups found in the structure of amino acids _______________________________

B. MAIN LESSON

MATERIALS:
 Starch  Conc. Sulfuric acid  Chloroform
 Soda lime
 Alpha-naphthol solution  Test tube
 Hydrochloric acid
 Lead acetate solution  Anthrone reagent  Watch glass
 Water  Benedict’s reagent  Stirring rod
 0.1M NaOH  Nylander’s reagent  Litmus paper
 0.1M HCl  Barfoed’s reagent  Water bath
 Sucrose, glucose, fructose,  Ethyl alcohol  Mortar and pestle
Lactose, galactose

PROCEDURE:

Before
1. Use equipment only for its designated purpose.
2. Make sure you have complete materials and equipment. Wash them before use and check if everything is in good
condition.
3. To avoid mix-up and cross-contamination, organize and segregate the set of chemical reagents and equipment
needed in different procedure.
4. Make a label of the reagents or materials that you will use.
5. The acquired reagents should be put into an appropriate receiving and holding vessels such as test tube for liquids
and watch glass for solids.

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 Biochemistry
Module #6 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _____________________________________________________ Class number: ____

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________ Date: ___________

During

A. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBOHYDRATRES

I. ELEMENT COMPOSITION
1. Mix thoroughly in a mortar and pestle 0.5 g of starch and 0.5 g of soda lime.

2. Heat the mixture strongly while holding moist litmus paper in the vapors emerging from the mouth of the tube.
Result: ____________________________________________________

What element is / is not indicated? _______________________________

3. Continue to heat the test tube strongly for several minutes. Allow the tube to cool to room temperature.

4. Acidify the contents of the tube with 3ml HCl.

5. Place a piece of filter paper moistened with lead acetate solution over the mouth of the test tube and warm gently.
What happens to the lead acetate paper? _____________________________________________________
What element is / is not indicated? _______________________________

6. Observe the residue in the test tube. _____________________________

7. Observe what is formed at the cooler end near the mouth of the test tube.
Result: ____________________________________________________

II. IGNITION TEST

1. Place a small amount of starch enough to cover the bottom of a porcelain crucible. Heat gently at first and then
more strongly until the bottom of the crucible becomes red hot.
2. Did the sample melt? _______ bubble? ________ smoke? _________ catch fire? _______ change color?
______ give off any color? ______ leave any residue? ______

III. SOLUBILITY TEST

Test the solubility of a pinch of sucrose in 2 ml of each of the following solvents listed below. Indicate whether
soluble or insoluble.
A. Water _______________________
B. 0.1M NaOH _______________________
C. 0.1M HCl _______________________
D. Ethyl alcohol _______________________
E. Chloroform _______________________

B. GENERAL COLOR TESTS

1. Molisch Test
To 3 separate test tube containing 1 ml each of glucose, sucrose and starch, add 3 drops of alpha-naphthol
solution. Incline the test tube and slowly and carefully add about 1 ml. of conc. sulfuric acid (CAUTION!) down
the side of the tube to form a layer below the sugar solution. Note the color formed at the junction of the two
liquids.
Results: _______________________________________________________________________________

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Biochemistry
Module #6 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _____________________________________________________ Class number: ____

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________ Date: ___________

2. Anthrone test
To 3 separate tubes containing 1 ml each of glucose, sucrose and starch, add 1 ml of anthrone reagent. Mix
thoroughly by swirling and hat in a bowling water bath for 3 minutes. Cool and observe the color formed.
Results: _______________________________________________________________________________

C. TESTS FOR REDUCING SUGARS

1. Benedict’s Test
Add 1 ml of Benedict’s reagent to 1 ml of glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose and starch solutions in separate
test tubes. Shake each tube thoroughly and place each tube in a boiling water bath. Heat for 5 minutes and
observe what happens. Record your results in a table on the next page.

2. Nylanders Test
In separate test tubes, put 1 ml. of glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and starch solutions. Add 1 ml of
Nylander’s reagent and heat for 5 minutes in a boiling water bath. Record your results in a table on the next
page.

3. Barfoed’s Test
Add 1 ml. of Barfoed’s reagent to 1 ml of glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and starch solutions placed in
separate test tubes. Shake well and place all the tubes at the same time in an actively boiling water bath.
Observe any change in each solution and note the time it takes for the formation of a positive result. Tabulate
results on the table below.

Name of Test Composition of Reagent Carbohydrate Result Obtained

1.

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 Biochemistry
Module #6 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _____________________________________________________ Class number: ____

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________ Date: ___________

CONCLUSION:

D. MUCIC ACID TEST FOR GALACTOSE AND LACTOSE

NOTE: Instructor will only assign 2 groups to perform this test.
2. To 1 ml of galactose and lactose solution in separate evaporating dishes, add 5 ml of conc. Nitric acid.
Evaporate on a steam bath under the hood to a volume of 2 ml.
3. Allow to cool cover the evaporating dishes with watch glasses and set aside in your locker until the next
laboratory period.
4. Add 5 ml of distilled water to each dish, mix well a stirring rod, and pour the contents of the dishes into clean
test tubes.
5. Examine the crystals under the microscope.
6. What does the formation of crystals on the tube indicates?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. What does the absence of such crystals indicate?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Write the equation involved in this test.
______________________________________________________________________________

E. SELIWANOFF’S TEST FOR KETONES

Place 1 ml. each of solutions of fructose and sucrose in separate test tubes. Add 1 ml of Seliwanoff’s reagent to
each tube and place of time of formation of this color in each tube.
Results: _______________________________________________________________________________
What is the chemical composition of Seliwadoff’s reagent?
_______________________________________________________________________________________

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Biochemistry
Module #6 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _____________________________________________________ Class number: ____

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________ Date: ___________

F. TEST FOR PENTOSES

1. Aniline Acetate Test
Place 3 ml. of arabinose in a test tube. Add 2 ml. of conc. HCI and carefully boil the resulting solution for about
1 minute. Discontinue heating and hold a small piece of filter paper moistened with aniline acetate over the
mouth of the tube. Do not allow the paper to rest on the mouth of the tube. Hold the paper, otherwise false
results may be obtained.
Results: __________________________________________________________________________

2. Bial’s Test
To 1 ml. of Bial’s reagent in a test tube, add 1 ml. of arabinose and heat the mixture gently until it just begins
to boil. Cool and add about 1 ml. of amyl alcohol.
Results: __________________________________________________________________________
What is the chemical composition of Bial’s reagent? ________________________________________

After
1. Dispose all waste materials into the laboratory waste bin. Observe proper segregation of hazardous and non-
hazardous chemicals in discarding them into the waste bin.
2. Clean all your laboratory apparatus and return them to the laboratory custodian or technician.
3. Clean your working area and sink.
4. Make sure to unplug all electronic devices used in the operation.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

Guide Questions:
1. What are Carbohydrates?

2. Summarize the general characteristics of Carbohydrates.

3. Why do many carbohydrates give positive result for Molisch’s test?

4. What is the chemical name and formula for the precipitate obtained as positive result in Benedict’s and
Barfoed’s Test?

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Biochemistry
Module #6 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _____________________________________________________ Class number: ____

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________ Date: ___________

Reference/s used: APA Format 7th Edition

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Active Learning Strategy: THE MUDDIEST POINT

THE MUDDIEST POINT

In today’s session, what was least clear to you?

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

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