Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

26. If an isotope decays by the process of beta emission, ____________.

a. the mass number changes
b. the atomic number changes
c. protons are given off
d. the number of neutrons remains the same

27. Which among the following given statement is correct?

BASIS:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_m
oderator

ANSWER: A. Water is used to moderate

(slow down) neutrons in a nuclear reactor.

28. Describe how an atom with too many neutrons relative to protons undergo radioactive
decay?

BASIS: https://socratic.org/questions/how-
does-an-atom-with-too-many-neutrons-
relative-to-protons-undergo-radioactive-
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

29. Determine the particle that is needed to complete the following equation? 147 N + ¿ │ 146C + 11│ H
a. 10│ n b. −10e c. 42│ He d. +10e

30. Which type of coolant(s) usually is (are) used to remove heat from a nuclear reactor core?

a. water only c. liquid sodium or water

b. liquid sodium only d. CFC’s

31. What type of radiation is best detected by a scintillation counter?

a. alpha radiation only c. alpha and beta radiation only

b. gamma radiation only d. all types of radiation

32. To what element does polonium-208 (atomic number 84) decay when it emits an alpha
particle?
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

SOLUTION:
Alpha decay means the element loses at
Helium particle.

General representation of an element is given

as:
A
ZX

where:
A represents mass number
Z represents atomic number
X represents the symbol of an element
4
2 He
208
84 Po → 208−4
84−2 X

208 204
84 Po → 82 Pb

ANSWER: C. 204
82 Pb

33. What does the band of stability for atomic number nuclei refer to?

BASIS: Chemistry Chapter 21.1 Nuclear

Structure and Stability

ANSWER: B. the ratio of neutrons to

protons
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

34. An unstable nucleus ________.

BASIS: BC Science 10,McGraw-

Hill Reyson

ANSWER: C. Emits energy when

it decays

35. What is the change in atomic number when an atom emits an alpha particle?

BASIS: CHE 105/110-Intoduction to Chemistry

Textbook

ANSWER: A. decrease by 2
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

36. The amount of C-14 in a piece of wood from an ancient underground cave indicates that two-
half lives of this radioisotope have passed. If the half-life of C-14 is 5730 years,
approximately, how many years ago did this sample wood die?

Given:
C-14
2 half lives = (½)(½) (100%) = 0.25
half life of 5730

Required:
T(time) when the wood die

Solution:
We use the equation for the radio active.

( )
ln 2
−
t1
A=A e o
2

Then, we derive the equation:

ln 2
t 1= (t)
2
Ao
ln
A

Therefore,

ln ( AA ) t
o

t=
ln 2 ( ) 1
2

Substitute the value:

t=
ln ( 0.251 ) ( 5730)=11,460 years
ln 2
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

37. Which of the following will increase the rigidity of a polymer?

BASIS:https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/
polymers.htm

Explanation: Polymers formed by straightforward linking together of

monomer units, with no loss or gain of materoal, are called addition
polymer or chain growth polymers.

ANSWER: D. introducing the possibility of hydrogen bonding between

chains.

38. A carboxylic acid will react with an alcohol to form a(an) __________ and a water molecule.

BASIS: Organic Chemistry

https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/reaction-guide/conversion-
of-carboxylic-acids-to-esters-using-acid-and-alcohols-fischer-
esterification/

Explanation: When a carboxylic acid is treated with an alcohol and

an acid catalyst, an ester is formed (along with water). This reaction
is called Fischer esterification

Note: The reaction is actually an equilibrium. The alcohol is

generally used as solvent so is present in large excess. Many different
acids can be used: it’s common to see just “H+”, although H2SO4
(sulfuric acid) and TsOH (tosic acid) are also often used.

ANSWER: A. ester
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

39. Polystyrene is an addition polymer of styrene. What would be the effect if some
divinylbenzene was added to styrene and then polymerized?

BASIS: Cross-Linked Polymer Synthesis by Toshiyuki Oyama

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-
36199-9_181-1.pdf

ANSWER: C. Divinylbenzene would act as a cross-linking

agent, making the polymer stronger.

40. Classifying the following molecule:

BASIS: Organic Chemistry by T.W. Graham

Solomons Page 68
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

41. Classifying the following molecule:

BASIS: Organic Chemistry by T.W. Graham

Solomons Page 69

ANSWER: B. aldehyde

42. Determine among the following pairs of substances that could form a polyester?

BASIS: A-level Chemistry Complete Guide

(Yellow Reef) Page 148
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

43. Referring to the structures below, which statement is true?

BASIS: Chemistry For Today (General, Organic and

Biochemistry) 8th Ed. Page 368

Explanation:
The functional group of I is ester while II and III is
carboxylic acid. The II and III also have the same
structural name 3-hydroxy-propanoic acid while I is
different.

ANSWER: A. I and II have different molecular

formula

44. In condensation polymerization, a common by-product is:

a. ethylene b. alcohol c. aldehyde d. water
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

45. Chemical reactions involving alkanes in which hydrogen atoms are removed and the product
is an unsaturated hydrocarbon are called

a. combustion reactions c. substitution reactions

b. dehydrogenation reactions d. addition reactions

46. What is the compound represented by the following structure?

a. cyclohexene, C6H10 c. cyclohexatriene, C6H9

b. cyclohexane, C6H12 d. benzene, C6H6

47. The building blocks of all proteins are

a. pleated sheets c. alpha helices

b. alpha amino acids d. tertiary structures

48. Aspirin is formed via a(n) _________ reaction.

a. combustion” c. addition
b. hydrogenation d. condensation

49. The coordination theory was proposed by:

BASIS:https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-co-
ordination-compounds/werners-theory-of-
coordination-compounds/

ANSWER: D. Werner
Review Questions and Problems PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

a. Bailar b. Jorgensen c. Blomstrand d. Werner

50. Which of the following polymers is not based on a substituted ethylene monometer?
a. nylon b. polyvinylchloride c. Teflon d. polystyrene