Chemistry 4 Clutch Chemistry Clutch 63 CH 11 Liquids Solids Intermolecular Forces 6836

CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CH.11 - LIQUIDS, SOLIDS & INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: POLARITY
Molecules that have _______________ sharing of electrons contain a molecular polarity.

• For these molecules, both _________________ and _________________ determine the molecular polarity.
POLARITY RULES TO BEING NON-POLAR:
1) If central element has NO lone pair(s):

a. Central element must be connected to the ___________ elements.
b. Central element must be ______________ electronegative than the surrounding elements.
PRACTICE 1: Determine if carbon dioxide, CO2, is polar or nonpolar.
2) If central element has lone pair(s):

a. Central element must be connected to the ___________ elements.
b. Central element must be ______________ electronegative than the surrounding elements.
c. Use dipole arrows to point to the ________ electronegative element. These dipole arrows must cancel out.
d. Dipole arrows extend _____________________ lone pairs. These lone pair dipole arrows must cancel out.
PRACTICE 2: Determine if xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4, is polar or nonpolar.
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: POLARITY PT.2
Molecules that have unequal sharing of electrons contain a molecular polarity.

• Some molecular shapes are seen as perfect and will always lead to a non-polar molecule overall.
POLARITY RULES TO BEING NON-POLAR:
1) A perfect shape will be non-polar as long as:

a. The central element is connected to the same elements.
b. The central element is less electronegative than the surrounding elements.
2 Groups 3 Groups F
B Sn
O C O H C N F F
F F
AX2 - Linear AX3 - Trigonal Planar AX2E1 - Bent, Angular or V-Shaped
4 Groups Cl
N
C H O
Cl H
Cl H H H
Cl
AX4 - Tetrahedral AX3E1 - Trigonal Pyramidal AX2E2 - Bent, Angular or V-Shaped
5 Groups Cl F
Cl F Cl F
P Cl F S F F Xe F
Cl
Cl F F
AX5 - Trigonal
AX4E1 - Seesaw AX3E2 - T-Shaped AX2E3 - Linear
Bipyramidal
6 Groups Cl F
H H
Cl S Cl
F S F Xe
Cl Cl Cl
F F H H
AX6 - Octahedral AX5E1 - Square Pyramidal AX4E2 - Square Planar
EXAMPLE 1: Determine if silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, is polar or nonpolar.
EXAMPLE 2: Determine if phosphorus trihydride, PH3, is polar or nonpolar.

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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
PRACTICE: POLARITY
PRACTICE 1: Determine if the following compound is polar or nonpolar.
a. SiBr42-
a. H 2S
a. PCl2F3
a. IF2 –
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

When looking at a molecular substance such as H2O you will discover two types of electrostatic forces at work:
______________ forces exist within a molecule and influences the _____________ properties of the substance.
______________ forces exist between molecules and influence the _____________ properties of the substance.
___________________ is the force that exists between an ion and a polar compound. (Strongest)
Ex:
nd
___________________ is the force that exists when H is directly connected F, O, N. (2 Strongest)
Ex:
rd
____________________ is the force that exists when two polar covalent compounds interact. (3 Strongest)
Ex:
____________________is the force that exists when a nonpolar covalent compound interacts with a polar
th
covalent compound. (4 Strongest)
Ex:
____________________ is the force that exists when two nonpolar covalent compounds interact. (Weakest)
Ex:
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
PRACTICE: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

EXAMPLE: Based on the given compounds, answer each of the following questions:
a. CH3CH3 b. KBr c. C6H5OH d. CaS e. Ne
a) Which compound will have the lowest boiling point?
b) Which compound will have the highest surface tension.
c) Which compound will have the highest vapor pressure.
PRACTICE 1: The predominant intermolecular force in C6H5NH2 is:

a. London Dispersion b. Hydrogen Bonding c. Ion-Dipole d. Dipole-Dipole e. Dipole-induced Dipole
PRACTICE 2: The predominant intermolecular force in HBr is:

PRACTICE 3: The predominant intermolecular force in ZnBr2 with H2O is:

PRACTICE 4: The predominant intermolecular force in Ne with H2O is:

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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: SOLUBILITY
According to the theory of __________ dissolves ____________ compounds with the same intermolecular
force or polarity will dissolve into each other.
EXAMPLE: Identify the intermolecular forces present in both the solute and the solvent, and predict whether a solution will
form between the two.
a. CCl4 and P4
b. CH3OH and C6H6
c. C6H5CH2NH2 and HF
d. IF4 – and NH3
PRACTICE: Which of the following statements is/are true?
a. Methane will dissolve completely in acetone, CH3COCH3.
b. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) will form a heterogeneous mixture with tetrachloride, CCl4.
c. Pentane will form a homogeneous mixture with CBr4.
d. Methanethiol (CH3SH) is miscible in fluoromethane (CH3F).

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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: PHASE DIAGRAMS
Under appropriate conditions of pressure and temperature, most substances can exist in 3 states of matter: ___________,
_______________ and ________________.
Microscopic Explanation for the Behavior of Gases, Liquids and Solids
Gas Liquid Solid
Assumes the Assumes the __________ of the

Maintains a fixed
___________ and ___________ portion of its container it occupies,
___________ and ___________
of its container. but not the __________ .
___________________ compressible ___________________ compressible ___________________ compressible
Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity
____________________ Viscous ____________________ Viscous ____________________ Viscous
Now, a convenient way to show the effect that temperature and pressure has on a pure substance in a closed system
without any air is to use a phase diagram.
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
PRACTICE: PHASE DIAGRAMS
a) At what temperature can we no longer tell the difference between the liquid and the gas? _____________
b) Which point represents an equilibrium between the solid, liquid and gas phase? _____________
c) Which line segment represents an equilibrium between fusion and freezing? _____________
d) Which line segment represents an equilibrium between sublimation and deposition? _____________
e) Which line segment represents an equilibrium between condensation and vaporization? _____________
f) What is the normal freezing point of this unknown substance? _____________
g) What is the normal boiling point of this unknown substance? _____________

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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: HEATING & COOLING CURVES

In heating and cooling curves we have the representation of the amount of heat absorbed or released during phase
changes.
Heating Curve
Temperature (oC)
J
Specific Heat of Ice 2.09
g⋅ oC
Time ΔH Fusion 334
J
g
J
Specific Heat of Water 4.184
g⋅ oC
Cooling Curve ΔH Vaporization 2260
J
g
J
Specific Heat of Steam 1.84
g⋅ oC

Temperature (oC)
Time

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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
PRACTICE: HEATING & COOLING CURVE CALCULATIONS 1
EXAMPLE: How much energy (kJ) is required to convert a 76.4 g acetone (molar mass = 58.08 g/mol) as a liquid at -30 oC
to a solid at -115.0 oC?
J
Specific Heat of Solid 1.65
g⋅ oC
kJ
ΔH Fusion 7.27
mol
J
Specific Heat of Liquid 2.16
g⋅ oC
J
Specific Heat of Gas 1.29
g⋅ oC
TMelting − 95.0 o C
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
PRACTICE: HEATING & COOLING CURVE CALCULATIONS 2
PRACTICE: If 53.2kJ of heat are added to a 15.5g ice cube at - 5.00 oC, what will be the resulting state and temperature of
the substance?
J
Specific Heat of Ice 2.09
g⋅ oC
J
ΔH Fusion 334
g
J
Specific Heat of Water 4.184
g⋅ oC
J
ΔH Vaporization 2260
g
J
Specific Heat of Steam 1.84
g⋅ oC

Page 12
CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: SOLID STATE STRUCTURAL FEATURES

Solids are grouped into two broad categories based on the organization of their particles and shapes:
_______________________ solids.
• Tend to have well-established shapes because their particles occur in an

organized pattern.
_______________________ solids.
• Tend to have poor-established shapes because their particles lack an overall

organized pattern.
When examining the particles within a crystal you may observe them tightly packed in an organized pattern.
• The ____________________ point represents the area within the crystal that has identical surroundings all around.
• The ____________________ represents the smallest portion of the crystal that, if reproduced in all three directions,
would give the crystal.
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: THE SIMPLE CUBIC UNIT CELL
There are ______ crystal systems and ______ types of unit cells that naturally occur, but we will only focus on those that
follow cubic lattice system.
The simple cubic unit cell is made of a cube with one atom at each corner.
• The edge length is twice the radius of the atoms so ____________________.
• Then unit cell does not contain 8 atoms, but actually only ___________ atom because
each corner atom is shared by eight other unit cells.
• The packing efficiency is equal to ___________________________.

• The coordination number is equal to _______________________.
Unit Cell Diagram Lattice Diagram Space Filling Unit Cell Diagram
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: THE BODY-CENTERED CUBIC UNIT CELL
The body-centered cubic unit cell is made of a cube with one atom at each corner and one atom of the same kind in the
center of the cube.
• The edge length is equal to _________________________ .
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: THE FACE-CENTERED CUBIC UNIT CELL
The face-centered cubic unit cell is made of a cube with one atom at each corner and one atom of the same kind in the
center of each cube face.
• The edge length is equal to _________________________.
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
PRACTICE: THE CUBIC UNIT CELL (CALCULATIONS 1)

EXAMPLE 1: An element crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice and it possesses a density of 2.03 g/cm3. The edge of
its unit cell is 4.11 x 10-8 cm. How many atoms are in each unit cell?
EXAMPLE 2: Based on Example 1, what is the volume of a unit cell?
EXAMPLE 3: Based on Example 1, what is the mass a unit cell?
EXAMPLE 4: Based on Example 1, calculate the approximate atomic mass of the element.
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH

EXAMPLE 1: KF has the same type of crystal structure as NaCl. The unit cell of KF has an edge length of 5.39 angstroms.
Find the density of KF.
EXAMPLE 2: Which one of the following is not a general property of ionic solids?
a) Hard and brittle

b) Good electrical conductors in the solid state
c) Relatively high melting points
d) Strongest interparticle attractions are electrostatic
e) Positions of ions define the unit cell (lattice)
EXAMPLE 3: Lead crystallizes in a face-centered cubic structure. What is the edge length of the unit cell if the atomic
radius of gold is 180 pm?
a) 185 pm
b) 288 pm
c) 360 pm
d) 509 pm
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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
EXAMPLE 1: Chromium metal crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure with a unit cell edge length of 2.89 angstroms.
The radius of a chromium atom is __________ angstroms.
a) 0.91
b) 3.90
c) 2.25
d) 1.25
e) 1.57
EXAMPLE 2: A solid has a very high melting point, great hardness, and poor electrical conduction. This is a(n) __________
solid. Example: Rubies
a) covalent network
b) metallic and covalent network
c) ionic
d) metallic
e) molecular
EXAMPLE 3: Determine the radius of an Ag atom (in pm) if the density of silver is 10.5 g/cm3. Silver crystallizes in a face
centered cubic structure with an edge length of 4r 2.
a) 144 pm
b) 186 pm
c) 83 pm
d) 303 pm
e) 127 pm
Page 19
CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH
CONCEPT: CLASIUS-CLAPEYRON EQUATION
By using the Clasius-Clapeyron equation a quantitative relationship between _____________________ and

_____________________ can be established.
P2 ΔH vap # 1 1 &
ln = − % − (
P1 R $ T2 T1 '
`
EXAMPLE : The heat of vaporization (∆Hvap) of water is 40.3 kJ/mol at its normal boiling point at 100oC. What is the vapor
pressure (in mmHg) of water at 60oC?
Page 20

Chemistry 4 Clutch Chemistry Clutch 63 CH 11 Liquids Solids Intermolecular Forces 6836

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CHEMISTRY - CLUTCH

CH.11 - LIQUIDS, SOLIDS & INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Molecules that have _______________ sharing of electrons contain a molecular polarity.

POLARITY RULES TO BEING NON-POLAR:

1) If central element has NO lone pair(s):

b. Central element must be ______________ electronegative than the surrounding elements.

PRACTICE 1: Determine if carbon dioxide, CO2, is polar or nonpolar.

2) If central element has lone pair(s):

PRACTICE 2: Determine if xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4, is polar or nonpolar.

CONCEPT: POLARITY PT.2

Molecules that have unequal sharing of electrons contain a molecular polarity.

1) A perfect shape will be non-polar as long as:

b. The central element is less electronegative than the surrounding elements.

EXAMPLE 1: Determine if silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, is polar or nonpolar.

EXAMPLE 2: Determine if phosphorus trihydride, PH3, is polar or nonpolar.

PRACTICE 1: Determine if the following compound is polar or nonpolar.

PRACTICE 2: Determine if the following compound is polar or nonpolar.

PRACTICE 3: Determine if the following compound is polar or nonpolar.

PRACTICE 4: Determine if the following compound is polar or nonpolar.

CONCEPT: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

PRACTICE: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

a) Which compound will have the lowest boiling point?

b) Which compound will have the highest surface tension.

c) Which compound will have the highest vapor pressure.

PRACTICE 1: The predominant intermolecular force in C6H5NH2 is:

PRACTICE 2: The predominant intermolecular force in HBr is:

PRACTICE 3: The predominant intermolecular force in ZnBr2 with H2O is:

PRACTICE 4: The predominant intermolecular force in Ne with H2O is:

b. CH3OH and C6H6

d. IF4 – and NH3

PRACTICE: Which of the following statements is/are true?

a. Methane will dissolve completely in acetone, CH3COCH3.

c. Pentane will form a homogeneous mixture with CBr4.

d. Methanethiol (CH3SH) is miscible in fluoromethane (CH3F).

CONCEPT: PHASE DIAGRAMS

Microscopic Explanation for the Behavior of Gases, Liquids and Solids

Gas Liquid Solid

Assumes the Assumes the __________ of the

___________________ compressible ___________________ compressible ___________________ compressible

Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity

____________________ Viscous ____________________ Viscous ____________________ Viscous

PRACTICE: PHASE DIAGRAMS

f) What is the normal freezing point of this unknown substance? _____________

g) What is the normal boiling point of this unknown substance? _____________

CONCEPT: HEATING & COOLING CURVES

PRACTICE: HEATING & COOLING CURVE CALCULATIONS 1

to a solid at -115.0 oC?

PRACTICE: HEATING & COOLING CURVE CALCULATIONS 2

CONCEPT: SOLID STATE STRUCTURAL FEATURES

• Tend to have well-established shapes because their particles occur in an

• Tend to have poor-established shapes because their particles lack an overall

CONCEPT: THE SIMPLE CUBIC UNIT CELL

each corner atom is shared by eight other unit cells.

• The packing efficiency is equal to ___________________________.

CONCEPT: THE BODY-CENTERED CUBIC UNIT CELL

• The edge length is equal to _________________________ .

• The packing efficiency is equal to ___________________________.

• The coordination number is equal to _______________________.

CONCEPT: THE FACE-CENTERED CUBIC UNIT CELL

• The edge length is equal to _________________________.

• The packing efficiency is equal to ___________________________.

• The coordination number is equal to _______________________.

PRACTICE: THE CUBIC UNIT CELL (CALCULATIONS 1)

_________ compressible _ compressible ___________ compressible

Viscous Viscous Viscous