CEE 306 - Lecture 05 - Water - Admixture

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE:
WATER & ADMIXTURES

ECE 306
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
CHANG-SEON SHON, PH.D., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
NAZARBAYEV UNIVERSITY
Lecture 05
1
CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials
WATER
Lecture 05 2
1
MIXING WATER FOR CONCRETE
• ANY POTABLE (DRINKABLE) WATER CAN BE USED

• IF FRESH WATER ISN'T AVAILABLE, WE MAY ALLOW SOME
IMPURITIES IF WE STILL OBTAIN A REASONABLE CONCRETE MIX
– Seawater may be used for plain concrete, but not for
reinforced
– Mining water can cause problems due to the presence of
salts, acids, oil, sugar, and organic matter
– Almost any water is good for the curing of concrete, but
some may cause discoloration, though.
Lecture 05
3
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR

QUESTIONABLE WATER SUPPLIES
• ACCEPTABLE CRITERIA (ASTM C94 OR AASHTO M157)
– Average 7-day comp. strength of mortar cubes ≥ 90% of
strength of those made with fresh water
– Should not affect the set time significantly
– Chemical test (e.g. Cl- content)
Lecture 05 4
2
CHEMICAL LIMITS FOR MIXING WATER
(ASTM C 94 OR AASHTO M 157)
Concentration,
Chemical or type of construction Max. ppm Test method
Chloride, as Cl ASTM D 512
Prestressed concrete or concrete in 500
bridge decks
Other reinforced concrete containing
aluminum or dissimilar metals or 1,000
galvanized metal forms
Sulfate, as SO4 3,000 ASTM D 516
Alkalies, as (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) 600
Total solids 50,000 AASHTO T 26
Lecture 05
5
ACI 318/318R LIMITS FOR CHLORIDE

ION CONTENT IN CONCRETE
Maximum water soluble chloride-ion

Type of member (CI¯) in concrete
(percent by mass of cement)
Prestressed concrete 0.06
Reinforced concrete exposed to
0.25
chloride in service
Reinforced concrete that will be
dry or protected from moisture in 1.00
service
Other reinforced concrete
0.30
construction
Lecture 05 6
3
ACI 222R- PROTECTION OF METALS
IN CONCRETE AGAINST CORROSION
Chloride Limits for New Construction1
Lecture 05
7
EFFECT OF TANNIC ACID ON THE

STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
C76H52O46
Lecture 05 8
4
DISPOSAL AND
REUSE OF WASH WATER
• WASTE WATER FROM READY-MIXED CONCRETE PLANTS IS A

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
• PRACTICES PREVENTED OR LIMITED BY ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) IN UNITED STATES INCLUDE
– Dumping at the job site
– Dumping at a landfill
Lecture 05
9
DISPOSAL AND
REUSE OF WASH WATER (CONT’D)
• RECYCLED WATER (WATER FROM CONCRETE PRODUCTION)
– Recycled water from concrete production is primarily a
mixture of: water, partially or completely hydrated
cementitious materials, and aggregate fines resulting from
processing returned concrete Truck wash water & storm water at the concrete plant
– Solid content in recycled
water typically varies from
2.5% to 10%.
– Can reuse it for mixing new
concrete
– Can use chemical
stabilizing admixtures
Lecture 05 10
5
ADMIXTURES
Lecture 05
11
ADMIXTURES
• REASONS TO USE ADMIXTURES

– Improve or modify some or several properties of Portland
cement concrete
– Compensate for some deficiency
• CLASSIFICATION
– Chemical Admixtures (1-4% by weight of cement)
– Mineral Admixtures (> 5% by weight of cement)
• Sometimes called as pozzolanic materials or supplementary
cementitious materials (SCMs)
– Surfactants (0.05-0.5%; new ones 2%)
Lecture 05 12
6
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
Lecture 05
13
WHAT IS MINERAL ADMIXTURE?
• ASTM C 618 / C 311

• CALLED SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL (SCM) OR
POZZOLANIC MATERIAL
• SHOWS DIFFERENT PERFORMANCES:
– Pozzolanic (Siliceous): e.g. low-calcium fly ash
– Cementitious (Calcium based): e.g. ground granulated blast-
furnace slag (GGBFS)
– Both pozzolanic and cementitious : e.g. high-calcium fly ash,
GGBFS
Lecture 05 14
7
WHAT IS MINERAL ADMIXTURE?
(CONT’D)
• IN GENERAL, MINERAL ADMIXTURES CONTAINING REACTIVE

SILICA & ALUMINA WHICH ON THEIR OWN HAVE LITTLE OR NO
BINDING PROPERTIES
• SOME MINERAL ADMIXTURES HAVE BINDING (CEMENTING)
PROPERTIES
• SET AND HARDEN WHEN MIXED WITH CALCIUM-BASED
MATERIALS (CEMENT OR LIME) IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER
• IMPROVEMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
Lecture 05
15
ECOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE TO USE

MINERAL ADMIXTURE IN CONCRETE
• POWER PLANTS USING COAL AS FUEL AND METALLURGICAL FURNACES
PRODUCING CAST IRON, SILICON METAL, AND FERROSILICON ALLOYS ARE
THE MAJOR SOURCES OF BYPRODUCTS THAT ARE BEING PRODUCED AT THE
RATE OF MILLIONS OF TONES EVERY YEAR IN MANY COUNTRIES
• DUMPING OF THESE BY-PRODUCTS INTO LANDFILLS AND STREAMS
AMOUNTS TO A WASTE OF THE MATERIAL AND CAUSES SERIOUS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION https://www.heidelbergcement.kz/en/cement-types
• WITH PROPER QUALITY CONTROL, LARGE AMOUNTS OF MANY INDUSTRIAL

BY-PRODUCTS CAN BE INCORPORATED INTO CONCRETE, EITHER IN THE
FORM OF BLENDED PORTLAND CEMENT OR AS MINERAL ADMIXTURES
• WHENEVER A POZZOLANIC AND/OR CEMENTITIOUS BYPRODUCT CAN BE
USED AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR PORTLAND CEMENT IN CONCRETE,
IT REPRESENTS SIGNIFICANT ENERGY AND COST SAVINGS
Lecture 05 16
8
HOW DOES MINERAL ADMIXTURE
IMPROVE CONCRETE PERFORMANCE?
• WHEN CEMENT HYDRATES,

– Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H): 75%
– Calcium hydroxide (CH): 20%
– Others : 5%
– Ettringite
– Monosulfate
Lecture 05
17
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (CH)
• IS CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
UNDESIRABLE IN FOR CONCRETE?
– Source for alkalinity of concrete
– Weak mineral
– Intrinsic strength
– 100~150 psi
– Source of alkali silica reaction
(ASR) & delayed ettringite
formation (DEF)
Lecture 05 18
9
POZZOLANIC REACTION
• REDUCE CH CONTENT IN CONCRETE BY POZZOLANIC REACTION

• RESTRICT CH FORMATION
Lecture 05
19
MECHANISMS OF ACTION TO IMPROVE

THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
• CONTROL OF BLEEDING
– Channels of bleeding water are obstructed by the small
particles
• GRAIN REFINEMENT
– Without pozzolans large CH crystals develop
– Pozzolanic reaction reduces the amount of CH (silica + CH +
H → C-S-H)
• PORE REFINEMENT
– Reduction of porosity
Bleeding of concrete
Lecture 05 20
10
BENEFICIATION OF MINERAL
ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE
• INCREASE LONG TERM STRENGTH

• DECREASE PERMEABILITY
• MINIMIZE CRACKING CASED BY SELF-
SHRINKAGE
• ENHANCE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TO
SULFATE ATTACK, ALKALI-SILICA
REACTION, CORROSION, ETC
• PREVENT BLEEDING, SEGREGATION,
DELAMINATION OF FRESH CONCRETE
Lecture 05
21
TYPES OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES

(ASTM C 618 / C 311)
• NATURAL MATERIALS
– Need processing a pozzolan
– Crushing, grinding, size separation, & thermal activation
– Zeolite, calcined clay
• BY-PRODUCT MATERIALS
– May or may not require any processing
– Drying and pulverization
– Pulverized fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag
(GGBFS), silica fume
Lecture 05 22
11
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL
ADMIXTURES (REACTIVITY)
Lecture 05
23
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MINERAL

ADMIXTURES
SiO2
100%
Silica fume
Natural Class F fly ash

zeolite
Class C fly ash

Slag
Portland
cement
Al2O3
CaO
100%
100%
Lecture 05 24
12
PRODUCTION OF SILICA FUME (SF)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica_fume
Lecture 05
25
25
SILICA FUME (SF): ASTM C 1240
• BYPRODUCT OF PRODUCING SILICON METAL (S), FERROSILICON (FE-

S), OR OTHER SILICON-CONTAINING ALLOYS
• CALLED MICROSILICA OR CONDENSED SILICA FUME
• SF PRODUCT FORM
– Undesified / Densified (agglomerated) / Slurry
• ULTRAFINE
– Not easy to handle / Highly pozzolanic / Act as Pore filler
• HIGHLY REACTIVE POZZOLAN DUE TO HIGH SIO2 CONTENT AND
EXTREMELY SMALL PARTICLE SIZE
• TYPICAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT VALUES: 5-15%
• ABOUT 4X THE COST OF CEMENT
Lecture 05 26
13
PROPERTIES OF SF
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
– 85-98% SiO2
– SiO2 content dependent upon alloy
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
– Very small, spherical particles
– Particle size: 0.1-0.3 µm
– Surface area: 15,000-25,000 m2/kg
– Density: 30-430 kg/m3
– Specific gravity: 2.2
– White (premium) / grey (standard) in color
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ilica_fume
Lecture 05
27
PRODUCTION OF FLY ASH (FA)
Lecture 05 28
14
FLY ASH (FA): ASTM C 215
• BY-PRODUCT OF COMBUSTION OF PULVERIZED COAL IN FURNACES OF

THERMAL POWER PLANTS
• CALLED “PULVERIZED FUEL ASH” OR PFA
• THE MOST WIDELY USED SCM
• GENERALLY FINER THAN CEMENT
• CAN BE USED AT UP TO ~50% REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT
(TYPICALLY 20-35%)
• APPROXIMATELY ½ THE COST (OR LESS) OF CEMENT
Countries like Kazakhstan, China, India, the United States, Russia, Germany, South
Africa, and the United Kingdom, are among the biggest producers of fly ash which, at
the current (Year 2000) rate of production, some 500 million tones a year constitutes
the largest industrial waste product in the world
Lecture 05
29
FLY ASH (FA): ASTM C 215
Lecture 05 30
15
PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH
– Mostly spherical, glassy particles, often
hollow, unburned carbon present
– Particle size: 5-20 µm
– Surface area: 300-500 m2/kg
– Density: 540-860 kg/m3
– Specific gravity: 2.2-2.4
– Color ranges from off-white to light gray
Source: http://ingeosolum.blogspot.com/2011_08_01_archive.html
Lecture 05
31
PRODUCTION OF SLAG
Lecture 05 32
16
SLAG: ASTM C 989
• RESIDUE FROM METALLURGICAL PROCESSES, EITHER FROM
PRODUCTION OF METALS FROM ORE OR REFINEMENT OF IMPURE
METALS
• NONMETALLIC PRODUCT, CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF CALCIUM-
SILICATES AND ALUMINO-SILICATES
• KNOWN AS GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GGBFS)
• TYPICAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT VALUES: 20-70%
• ABOUT 70-80% THE COST OF CEMENT
• ASTM C989 CLASSIFICATION OF SLAG
– Grade 80: Slags with a low activity index
– Grade 100: Slags with a moderate activity index
– Grade 120: Slags with a high activity index
Lecture 05
33
PROPERTIES OF SLAG
– CaO (35-45%); SiO2 (32-38%); Al2O3
(8-16%); MgO (5-15%)
– Particle size: < 45µm
– Surface area: 400-600 m2/kg
– Density: 1050-1375 kg/m3
– Specific gravity: 2.9
– Angular particle shape
– Generally, white to off-white color
Lecture 05 34
17
SPECIFICATION AND CLASS OF NATURAL
POZZOLANS: ASTM C 618
• CLASS N—RAW OR CALCINED NATURAL POZZOLANS
– Diatomaceous earths
• Characterized by materials of organic origin
• Soft, siliceous sedimentary rock basis
• Typical size: 10 to 200 μm
– Opaline cherts and shales
– Volcanic tuffs, volcanic glasses, or pumicites
– Calcined clays or shales
• E.g. Metakaolin
• Destroyed crystal structure by heat treatment (amorphous or
disordered aluminosilicate structure)
Surce: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth
Lecture 05
35
METAKAOLIN
– SiO2 (55%); Al2O3 (35-45%)
– Calcined (600-900 C) clay (kaolin)
– Typical cement replacement
amounts of 5-15% (similar to silica
fume)
– High reactivity
– Amorphous or disordered
aluminosilicate structure
Source: http://www.chemie.at/pub/newchem/WEISS.jpg
Lecture 05 36
18
OTHER MINERAL ADMIXTURES
• RICE HUSK / RICE STRAW ASHES
– 90 million tons of rice husks produced worldwide each year
– High reactivity (SiO2 85%)
• WASTE GLASS
– Crushed, recycled glass; must be finely ground
– Variable composition Rice husk
• WASTE FIBERGLASS
– Processed waste glass fibers
– White color
– High reactivity calcium aluminosilicate borosilicate glass
– SiO2 (50-55%); CaO (20-25%); Al2O3 (15-20% )
Lecture 05
37
COMPARISON OF PARTICLE SIZE

DISTRIBUTION
Lecture 05 38
19
EFFECT OF SCMS ON WATER DEMAND
• FLY ASH
– ↓water demand due to “ball bearing” eﬀect of spherical
particles
– For every 10% FA, ~2-3% reduction in water demand
• SILICA FUME
– ↕water demand (↓~2% replacement, ↑>5% replacement)
• SLAG
– ↓water demand
• PUMICITE OR RICE HUSK ASH
– ↑water demand due to very high surface area
• EFFECT ON WATER DEMAND: FA < SLAG < SF
Lecture 05
39
EFFECT OF SCMS ON WORKABILITY
• FLY ASH & SLAG

– “Ball bearing” effect of spherical particles
– Slag and fly ash improve workability
• SILICA FUME Fly ash
– Silica fume containing concretes tend to be “sticky” and

more difficult to finish, leading to decreased workability or
the need for high-range water reducer
Workability of concrete
Lecture 05 40
20
DURABILITY TO THERMAL CRACKING
• MINERAL ADMIXTURES REDUCES THE TEMPERATURE RISE

ALMOST IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO THE AMOUNT OF PORTLAND
CEMENT REPLACED BY THE ADMIXTURE
• THESE ADMIXTURES DO NOT REACT TO A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE
FOR SEVERAL DAYS
• AS A RULE OF THUMB, THE TOTAL HEAT OF HYDRATION
PRODUCED BY THE POZZOLANIC REACTIONS INVOLVING MINERAL
ADMIXTURES IS CONSIDERED TO BE HALF AS MUCH AS THE
AVERAGE HEAT PRODUCED BY THE HYDRATION OF PORTLAND
CEMENT
Lecture 05
41
DURABILITY TO CHEMICAL ATTACK
• THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE

IN DETERMINING THE RATE OF DETERIORATION DUE TO
DESTRUCTIVE CHEMICAL ACTIONS SUCH AS THE ALKALI
AGGREGATE EXPANSION AND ATTACK BY ACIDIC OR SULFATE
SOLUTION
• THE POZZOLANIC REACTION INVOLVING MINERAL ADMIXTURES
CAUSES PORE REFINEMENT WHICH REDUCES THE PERMEABILITY
OF CONCRETE AS WELL AS A REDUCTION IN THE CALCIUM
HYDROXIDE CONTENT OF THE HYDRATED PRODUCT →
IMPROVES THE RESISTANCE OF THE CONCRETE TO ACIDIC
WATER, SULFATE WATER, AND SEAWATER
Lecture 05 42
21
EXAMPLE: SULFATE ATTACK
• ALUMINA-CONTAINING HYDRATES
– C3A·CŜ·H18 (C3A content ≥ 5%)
– C3A·CH·H18 (C3A content ≥ 8%)
• CONTACT WITH CALCIUM HYDROXIDE & SULFATE IONS

– C3A·CH·H18 + 2CH + 3Ŝ + 12H → C3A·3CŜ·H32
– C3A·CŜ·H18 + 2CH + 2Ŝ + 12H → C3A·3CŜ·H32
• GROWING ETTRINGITE & SWELLING DUE TO ADSORPTION OF

WATER BY POORLY CRYSTALLINE ETTRINGITE
→ INTERNAL PRESSURE → CRACK
Lecture 05
43
EFFECTS OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES

ON FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE
Lecture 05 44
22
EFFECTS OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES
ON HARDENED CONCRETE
Lecture 05
45
SUMMARY: ADVANTAGES OF MINERAL

ADMIXTURES USED IN CONCRETE
• REMOVAL OF CH
• DENSIFICATION
• IMPROVE DURABILITY
• REDUCE THERMAL CRACKING
• IMPROVE WORKABILITY AND COHESIVENESS
• REDUCE BLEEDING AND SEGREGATION
• INCREASE ULTIMATE STRENGTH
Lecture 05 46
23
TERNARY AND QUATERNARY BLENDS OF
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
• USE OF CEMENT + 2 OR 3
SCMS
• OVERCOMES SOME ISSUES
WITH WORKABILITY AND
STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT
Lecture 05
47
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
Lecture 05 48
24
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
• CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES CAN INFLUENCE MANY

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONCRETE SYSTEM:
– Setting time
– Air-content (ASTM C 231)
– Workability: Slump (ASTM C 143)
– Compressive strength (ASTM C 39)
– Freeze-thaw resistance (ASTM C 290, 291)
– Volume change (ASTM C 157)
Lecture 05
49
TYPE OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
• AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES • CORROSION INHIBITORS

• WATER-REDUCING ADMIXTURES • SHRINKAGE REDUCERS
• PLASTICIZERS • ASR INHIBITORS
• ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES • COLORING ADMIXTURES
• RETARDING ADMIXTURES • MISCELLANEOUS ADMIXTURES
• HYDRATION-CONTROL
ADMIXTURES
Lecture 05 50
25
UNDERSTANDING REACTION MECHANISM
• SURFACE-ACTIVE CHEMICALS (SURFACTANTS)

– Consist of long-chain organic molecules
• Hydrophilic (water-attracting) group(s): one or more polar groups,
such as −COO-, −SO3-, or −NH3+
• Hydrophobic (water-repelling) component
• A chain containing some polar groups: salts, modifications, and
derivatives of lignosulfonic acids, hydroxylated carboxylic acids, and
polysacchrides
Lecture 05
51
AIR ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES

(AEAS)
• ENTRAIN SMALL AIR BUBBLES (100 ΜM ~ 1 MM) IN CONCRETE

• ADVANTAGES OF USING AEAS
– More resistant to freezing & thawing cycles
• Critical spacing factor: 0.1 ~ 0.2 mm to F&T resistance
– Improve workability
– Reduce tendency for segregation bleeding
• DISADVANTAGES OF USING AEAS
– Loss in strength ( for each 1% of air causes 5% loss in strength)
– Increase permeability
– In case of overdoses, they cause delay in setting and hardening
Lecture 05 52
26
MECHANISM OF AIR ENTRAINING
ADMIXTURES (AEAS)
Flocculation of cement grains
+cemen ++
- +-
+ t
++ -
+cement +
+ +
+
- +-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+cemen ++
- +-
+ t
Air bubble
++ -
Lecture 05
53
PREVENTING FREEZE & THAW

DAMAGES
Lecture 05 54
27
ICE FORMING IN AIR VOIDS
Lecture 05
55
WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES
• SALTS AND DERIVATIVES OF LIGNOSULFONIC ACIDS,

HYDROXYLATED CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AND POLYSACCHARIDES.
• THE ANIONIC POLAR GROUP IS JOINED TO HYDROCARBON CHAIN
WHICH ITSELF IS POLAR OR HYDROPHILIC.
Lecture 05 56
28
MECHANISM OF WATER REDUCING
ADMIXTURES (WRAS)
Flocculation of
cement grains
After
Before
- -- -
- -- -
-
- -- -
- -- -
-
Workability of concrete
Lecture 05
57
INFLUENCE OF WATER REDUCING

ADMIXTURES ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES
• REDUCE MIXING WATER REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A CERTAIN

SLUMP
• REDUCE WATER CONTENT 5% MIN.
• REDUCE WATER-CEMENT RATIO
• INCREASE SLUMP
• INCREASE THE *CONSISTENCY OF A CONCRETE MIXTURE
• ACHIEVE HIGHER STRENGTH
• REDUCE CEMENT CONTENT
Important: not all three
*Consistency is the relative mobility or ability of freshly
benefits can be obtained
mixed concrete to flow. at the same time
Lecture 05 58
29
THREE WAYS TO USE WATER
REDUCERS / SUPERPLASTICIZERS
• IMPROVE WORKABILITY USING SAME W/C RATIO
• INCREASE STRENGTH USING LOWER W/C RATIO
• REDUCE COST AT SAME W/C RATIO BY REDUCING BOTH WATER
& CEMENT
Lecture 05
59
WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES &

SET-CONTROLLING ADMIXTURES
• ASTM C 494 / AASHTO M 194

– Type A : Water reducing
• Reduce water content at least 5%
– Type B : Retarding
– Type C : Accelerating
– Type D : Water reducing and retarding
• Reduce water content at least 5% / Retard setting
– Type E : Water reducing and accelerating
• Reduce water content at least 5% / Accelerate setting
– Type F : Water reducing high-range (HRWRAs)
– Type G : Water reducing high range and retarding
Lecture 05 60
30
LOW-RANGE WATER REDUCING
ADMIXTURES (WRAS)
• REDUCE WATER CONTENT AT LEAST 5%-10%

– E.g. lignosulfonate
• TYPE A : NORMAL
• TYPE D : WR AND RETARDING
• TYPE E : WR AND ACCELERATING
Sodium lignosulfonate water reducing admixture
Lecture 05
61
MID-RANGE WATER REDUCING

ADMIXTURES (MRWRAS)
• REDUCE WATER CONTENT 10% TO 15%

• REDUCE CEMENT CONTENT
• REDUCE WATER-CEMENT RATIO
• NO RETARDATION
• IMPROVE PLACEABILITY AND
FINISHABILITY
Lecture 05 62
31
HIGH-RANGE WATER REDUCING
ADMIXTURES (HRWRAS)
• REDUCE WATER CONTENT 12% -30%+

• REDUCED W/C PRODUCES CONCRETE WITH:
– Compressive strength > 70 MPa
– Increased early strength gain
– Reduced Cl- ion penetration
Lecture 05
63
SUMMARY OF WATER REDUCING

ADMIXTURES (WRAS)
7.62 – 15.24 cm
12.7 – 20.32 cm
Greater than 20.32 cm
Lecture 05 64
32
SUPERPLASTICIZERS (ASTM C 1017)
Bleeding of
• TYPE 1: PLASTICIZING concrete
• TYPE 2: PLASTICIZING AND RETARDING

• SIMILAR TO HIGH-RANGE WATER REDUCER (A STRONGER
NEGATIVE CHARGE ON THE CEMENT PARTICLE SURFACE)
• PRODUCE FLOWING CONCRETE WITH HIGH SLUMP (190 MM
[7.5 IN.])
• USE MUCH HIGHER QUANTITIES THAN WRAS (UP TO 1% OF
CEMENT WT.) W/O CAUSING EXCESSIVE BLEEDING
• SIDE-EFFECTS OF SUPERPLASTICIZERS
– In some instances, an accelerated set can occur (better
dispersion of the cement grains)
Lecture 05
65
USE WATER REDUCERS /

SUPERPLASTICIZERS
• INCREASE MOBILITY OF CEMENT PARTICLES
• IMPROVES WORKABILITY – MEASURED WITH SLUMP TEST
Measuring slump
Lecture 05 66
33
MECHANISM OF SET-CONTROLLING
ADMIXTURES
• EARLY REACTIONS BETWEEN WATER AND CEMENT GRAINS ARE,
AT FIRST, THROUGH SOLUTION (i.e. COMPOUNDS IONIZE THEN
HYDRATION PRODUCTS CRYSTALLIZE OUT OF THE SOLUTION)
• IF CERTAIN COMPOUNDS, IONS, ETC. COULD ALTER THE RATE AT
WHICH THE COMPOUNDS IONIZE, THE RATE AT WHICH THE
SETTING BEGINS TO OCCUR CAN BE ‘DESIGNED’ TO MEET THE
NEEDS OF SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
Lecture 05
67
MECHANISM OF ACCELERATING
ADMIXTURES
• PROMOTE THE DISSOLUTION OF IONS FROM THE CEMENT GRAIN

SURFACE
• PROMOTE THE DISSOLUTION OF CONSTITUENT THAT EXHIBITS THE
SLOWEST DISSOLUTION RATE (SILICATE IONS)
• HIGH CONCENTRATION OF K+ AND Na+ IONS PROMOTES THE SOLUBILITY

OF SILICATE AND ALUMINUM IONS (THE HIGHEST DISSOLUTION RATE),
THUS LEADING TO AN ACCELERATED SET
• HIGH CONCENTRATION OF Cl-, NO3-, OR SO42- PROMOTES THE

SOLUBILITY OF Ca2+, LEADING TO SHORTER SETTING TIMES
• K+, Na+, AND Cl- CAN BE INTRODUCED AS K2CO3, *CaCl2 OR *NaCl2

Lecture 05 68
34
ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES
(ASTM C 494 / AASHTO M 194, TYPE C)
• ACCELERATE THE RATE OF:

– Hydration (setting)
– Early-age strength gain
– Curing time
• CALCIUM CHLORIDE
ACCELERATORS: Maximum Chloride-Ion Content
– Increase drying shrinkage
– Potential reinforcement
corrosion
– Potential scaling
– Darken concrete
Lecture 05
69
MECHANISM OF RETARDING ADMIXTURES
• IMPEDE IONS THE DISSOLVING FROM THE CEMENT GRAIN

SURFACE
• IMPEDE THE DISSOLUTION OF CONSTITUENT THAT EXHIBITS THE

FASTEST DISSOLUTION RATE (ALUMINUM IONS)
• LOW CONCENTRATION OF K+ AND Na+ IONS REDUCE THE

SOLUBILITY OF Ca2+ IONS, THUS LEADING TO A SLOW SET
• LOW CONCENTRATION OF Cl-, NO3-, OR SO42- REDUCE THE

SOLUBILITY OF SILICATE AND ALUMINUM IONS, LEADING TO
LONGER SETTING TIMES
Lecture 05 70
35
RETARDING ADMIXTURES
(ASTM C 494 / AASHTO M 194, TYPE B)
• DELAY SETTING OR HARDENING RATE FOR:

– Hot-weather concreting for low heat of hydration
– Difficult placements
– Time for special finishing processes
Lecture 05
71
INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE

ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES
• AEA
– Increase workability
– Longer set time
– Improve resistance to F&T
– Decrease in strength (5% decrease for each 1% air added)
• WRA (LIGNINS, HYDROXYLATED CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, ETC)
– Increase workability
– Lower w/c
– Tend to retard set
Depending on type of WRAS
– Tend to accelerate set
Lecture 05 72
36
INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE
ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES (CONT’D)
• SUPERPLASTICIZERS
– Significantly lower w/c, thus resulting in higher strength
– Lead to severe bleeding & segregation in lean concrete or
low fines concrete
• ACCELERATORS (CHLORIDE BASED)
– Increase early strength development
– Increase drying shrinkage
– Increase corrosion potential
Lecture 05
73
OTHER CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
• SHRINKAGE-REDUCING ADMIXTURES
• ASR INHIBITORS
– Lithium Carbonate
• COLORING ADMIXTURES (PIGMENTS)
• CORROSION INHIBITORS
Lecture 05 74
37
OTHER CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
(CONT’D)
• HYDRATION CONTROLLERS
– Have the ability to stop and reactivate the hydration
process of concrete
– Consist of 2 parts:
• stabilizer: stops the hydration for up to 72 hours
• activator: reestablishes normal hydration and setting
– Useful in extending the use of ready-mixed concrete when
work at the jobsite is stopped for various reasons
– Useful when concrete is being hauled for a long time
Lecture 05
75
38

CEE 306 - Lecture 05 - Water - Admixture

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CEE 306 - Lecture 05 - Water - Admixture

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PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE:

WATER & ADMIXTURES

CHANG-SEON SHON, PH.D., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

• ANY POTABLE (DRINKABLE) WATER CAN BE USED

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR

ACI 318/318R LIMITS FOR CHLORIDE

Maximum water soluble chloride-ion

Chloride Limits for New Construction1

EFFECT OF TANNIC ACID ON THE

• WASTE WATER FROM READY-MIXED CONCRETE PLANTS IS A

• PRACTICES PREVENTED OR LIMITED BY ENVIRONMENTAL

• REASONS TO USE ADMIXTURES

WHAT IS MINERAL ADMIXTURE?

• ASTM C 618 / C 311

• IN GENERAL, MINERAL ADMIXTURES CONTAINING REACTIVE

ECOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE TO USE

• WITH PROPER QUALITY CONTROL, LARGE AMOUNTS OF MANY INDUSTRIAL

• WHEN CEMENT HYDRATES,

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (CH)

• REDUCE CH CONTENT IN CONCRETE BY POZZOLANIC REACTION

MECHANISMS OF ACTION TO IMPROVE

• INCREASE LONG TERM STRENGTH

TYPES OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MINERAL

Natural Class F fly ash

Class C fly ash

SILICA FUME (SF): ASTM C 1240

• BYPRODUCT OF PRODUCING SILICON METAL (S), FERROSILICON (FE-

PRODUCTION OF FLY ASH (FA)

• BY-PRODUCT OF COMBUSTION OF PULVERIZED COAL IN FURNACES OF

FLY ASH (FA): ASTM C 215

COMPARISON OF PARTICLE SIZE

EFFECT OF SCMS ON WORKABILITY

• FLY ASH & SLAG

– Silica fume containing concretes tend to be “sticky” and

• MINERAL ADMIXTURES REDUCES THE TEMPERATURE RISE

DURABILITY TO CHEMICAL ATTACK

• THE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE

• CONTACT WITH CALCIUM HYDROXIDE & SULFATE IONS

• GROWING ETTRINGITE & SWELLING DUE TO ADSORPTION OF

EFFECTS OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES

SUMMARY: ADVANTAGES OF MINERAL

• CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES CAN INFLUENCE MANY

TYPE OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES

• AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES • CORROSION INHIBITORS

• SURFACE-ACTIVE CHEMICALS (SURFACTANTS)

AIR ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES

• ENTRAIN SMALL AIR BUBBLES (100 ΜM ~ 1 MM) IN CONCRETE

Flocculation of cement grains

PREVENTING FREEZE & THAW

WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES

• SALTS AND DERIVATIVES OF LIGNOSULFONIC ACIDS,

INFLUENCE OF WATER REDUCING

• REDUCE MIXING WATER REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A CERTAIN

WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES &

• ASTM C 494 / AASHTO M 194

• REDUCE WATER CONTENT AT LEAST 5%-10%

Sodium lignosulfonate water reducing admixture

MID-RANGE WATER REDUCING

• REDUCE WATER CONTENT 10% TO 15%

• REDUCE WATER CONTENT 12% -30%+

SUMMARY OF WATER REDUCING

• K+, Na+, AND Cl- CAN BE INTRODUCED AS K2CO3, CaCl2 OR NaCl2