IEM Penang Repair

Technical Presentation on Durable Preventive
Maintenance for IEM North

5th. August 2016
Steven Ng
Sika Kimia Sdn Bhd
CONCRETE HAS TO WITHSTAND HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
Advanced Engineered Concrete Repair/ Template February 2016
AND OFTEN CONCRETE NEEDS REPAIRING!
5 Key Stages in Concrete Repair

Future maintenance
Step 3
Select repair process
Assessment of the structure
Options and
objectives of
repair
Diagnose cause of deterioration
The Condition Survey
Identify the cause

Determine the effect
What is the consequence?
Part 1 - The Visual Inspection

Environmental influences
Service influences
Visual damages
Looking for the obvious
Part 2 - Structural
Examination
1. Mechanical Properties
i. Surface Hardness Testing
ii.Windsor Probe
iii.Cylindrical Core Testing
iv.Surface Tensile Strength
v.Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test
2. Physical Properties
3. Chemical Properties
Stage 2 Structural
Examination
1. Mechanical Properties
2. Physical Properties
vi.
Concrete Cover Survey
vii. Permeability Test

viii. Gas Diffusion Test
ix.
3. Chemical Properties
Sorptivity Test
Stage 2 Structural
Examination
1. Mechanical Testing
2. Physical Testing
3. Chemical Testing
x. Carbonation Testing
xi.Chloride Content Testing
xii.Petrography Test
xiii.Corrosion Survey (Half Cell Potential)
xiv.Corrosion survey (Linear polarisation)
INVESTGATION SUMMARY
Investigation should be the basis of all concrete repair work
Cost of investigation is not proportional to value of the structure

Investigations are mainly undertaken when damage is obvious
Can be used when damaged is not noticeable (monitoring)

Testing program are not standardised
Meaningful conclusions used to prepare safe strategy when decision making
10

Future maintenance

Options and
objectives of repair
1. CAUSES OF CONCRETE DAMAGE

EXPOSURES
ROOT CAUSES
CORROSION
CARBONATION
CHLORIDE ATTACK
Exposures on Reinforced Concrete

Cl-
CO2
NOx
H2O
SOx
Concrete Defects and Damage

Mechanical damage
Mechanical Impact
Overloading
Movements (Settlement)
Explosion/Fire
Vibration
Chemical damage
Alkali Silica Reaction
Sulphates, Salts
Acids, Soft water
Biological (Acids)
Physical damage
Freeze-Thaw Action
Thermal Movements
Erosion/Abrasion
Shrinkage
Reinforcement Corrosion
Chemical attack
- Carbonation
- Acids
Corrosive
contaminants
- Chlorides
Stray
electrical
current
16
Protection of Steel in
Concrete
Alkaline environment protects reinforcing steel from corrosion
Concrete pH 12.5 - 13.5

Reinforcing steel
Passive iron oxides with max.
layer thickness ~10 (1.0 nm)
17
Conditions for Corrosion of

Steel in Concrete
Stage 1
Breakdown of the protective layer
By carbonation
By chlorides
Stage 2
Electrochemical process requires
Electrolyte (moist concrete matrix)
Anode
Cathode
18
Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

Concrete (pH = 12.5-13.5).
Steel is protected.
Initiation stage
Destroying passive layer..
Carbon dioxide/chlorides enter.
pH reduces.
Steel unaffected
Propagation Stage
Steel Corrosion..
Moisture and oxygen
causes corrosion of steel
19
Result of Steel Corrosion in Concrete

Volume of corrosion product is approx. 2,5 times bigger than black
steel delaminating load spalling!
20
Corrosion Process
1. Electrical current flows
between the Anode and
Cathode
corrosion = Redox reaction

Fe + O2 + H2O Fe2+ + 2 OH-
2. Iron (Fe) oxidised into Iron

Hydroxide Fe(OH)2
3. Results in increase in metal
volume
Oxidation
Fe + 2 OH-
Fe(OH)2 + 2e-
Reduction
O2 + H2O + 2e-
2 OH-
21
Influences of Steel Corrosion

in Concrete
Concrete cover of reinforcement
Concrete quality
Service conditions e.g. chloride exposure
Humidity (50-70%),
Splashing water
22
Influence of concrete quality

30
CARBONATION DEPTH IN mm
150 kg OPC /m3

25
20
250 kg OPC /m3
15
350 kg OPC /m3
10
450 kg OPC /m3
5
30
AGE IN YEAR
Concrete Damage and Defects

Carbonation
- carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
reacting with Calcium Hydroxide in
the concrete pore liquid
- CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
- alkalinity is reduced
- steel passive layer is broken down
Corrosion due to Carbonation Process

Concrete
Spalling
Corroded
Rebars
Low
Concrete
Cover
Reduction of rebar: approx. 2/100 to 2/10 mm per year
Concrete Damage and Defects
Chlorides
- chlorides accelerate corrosion
- at about 0.5 % content they
break down the passive oxide
Chloride Ingress
Chlorides attack is dependant on: Amount of chloride
Concrete permeability
Degree of moisture present
When they reach reinforcement: Destroy passivity around steel
Cause steel corrosion
Concrete cracks and delaminates
27
Corrosion due to Chloride

Pinhole corrosion
(localised)
De-icing salt (chlorides)
28
Conditions for Pinhole-Corrosion Caused by

Chlorides
Electrolyte: pore solution
Requirements for pin-hole corrosion:

Small surface of Anode ; large surface of Cathode
Concentration of chlorides
Acceleration (catalyst) of reaction. Acid ambience.
Fast, local reduction of cross-section
Corrosion of Rebars due to Chloride
Reduction of rebar: approx. 1 to 10 mm per year!!
Corrosion induced by carbonation:

Reduction of rebar: approx. 2/100 to 2/10 mm per year
SUMMARY OF STEEL CORROSION

DIRECT INFLUENCES
Carbonation
Chlorides
Chemical Attack
IN-DIRECT INFLUENCES
Design
Concrete
Application
Conditions
PRINCIPLE OF CONCRETE REPAIR

Removing or reducing one corrosion
ingredient is often sufficient to adequately
delay the onset of steel corrosion
Root Cause
Oxygen
30
Moisture
Note: often the aggressive elements are transported in

the water
Leaching
Dissolvable calcium hydroxide

transported in water which can
pass through concrete
Free - Sulphate Attack
Sulphate solutions which react

with calcium hydroxide and
calcium aluminates, (C3A)
33
Alkali Aggregate Reaction

(AAR)
Certain natural aggregates
react chemically with alkalis
present in Portland cement
34
AAR Damage
Unrestrained crazing
cracking
Restrained cracking
mainly in direction of
main reinforcement bars
Types of Defect in Concrete Structures
Delamination
Cracks
Honeycombing
Spalling
Low cover /
poor concrete
Causes of Deterioration
Problem
Cause
Leakage
Defect
Settlement
Construction:
Spacer positioning
Water/cement ratio
Concrete curing
Honeycombing
Wear
Spalling
Design:
Exposure conditions
Cover of reinforcement
Movement/settlement
Materials:
Chloride accelerators
ASR prone aggregates
Marine aggregates
Damage
Overloading
Chemical spill
Earthquake
Fire
Cracking
Delamination
Deterioration
Corrosion
Erosion
Poor maintenance

Future maintenance
Step 3
Options and objectives of repair
Owner Options
Do nothing
Downgrade structure
Reduce further damage

Repair and restore
Part reconstruction
Demolition
39
Considerations
Costs
Design life
Performance requirements
Temporary works
Construction
Future maintenance
2. STANDARDS & TEST METHODS

EUROPEAN
NORTH AMERICAN
STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS

Europe: EN 1504
The EN 1504 consist of 10 main parts (EN
1504-1 to EN 1504-10) which covers
about 65 standards for test methods for
atmospherically exposed, buried and
submerged concrete structures.
41
EN 1504
Products And Systems For The Protection

And Repair Of Reinforced Concrete
42
Definitions
Requirements
Quality Control
Evaluation Of Conformity
EN 1504 - BACKGROUND
International all EU countries since 2009
Most comprehensive repair specification in the world
Covers:
Material specifications and quality
Repair and maintenance principles
Site investigation
Refurbishment strategies
Site application
43
IN-SCOPE
EN 1504 is about
Environment and mechanical attack
Corroding reinforcement
Preventive maintenance
Most of the repair and refurbishment projects Sika are involved in
44
OUT-SCOPE
EN 1504 is not about
Fire damaged structures
Modification due to change of use

Aesthetic improvements such as floor screeds, renders and plasters
Post tensioned structures
45
DEFINED PROJECT PHASES
Information about the structure
Process of assessment
Maintenance strategy
Design of repair work

Repair work
Acceptance of the works
46
THE 10 PARTS
Part
Content
Part 1
Definitions
Part 2
Surface protection systems
Part 3
Concrete repair with mortars
Part 4
Structural bonding
Part 5
Concrete injection
Part 6
Products and systems for grouting anchor reinforcement
Part 7
Reinforcement corrosion protection
Part 8
Quality control and evaluation of conformity
Part 9
General principles for use of products and system
Part 10
Site application of products and systems and quality control of

the works
47
EN 1504-9 - PRINCIPLES
Different types of damage and the root causes existed for many years
The correct repair and protection methods have also been established
This knowledge summarized by 11 Principles in Part 9
Systematic approach to repair
Principles 1 to 6 relate to defects in the concrete

Principles 7 to 11 relate to damage due to reinforcement corrosion
48
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS
49
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS
Example Product Data Sheet
50
REPAIR AND PROTECTION BROCHURE

Version 3
February 2016
New Corporate Identity
Updated products
51
FEATURES EN 1504-3
TABLE 1
For all intended uses and for
certain intended use
52
TABLE 3 EN 1504-3
a The value of 0,8 MPa is not required where cohesive
failure occurs in the repair material. If cohesive failure
occurs a minimum
tensile strength of 0,5 MPa is required.
b Not required for Repair Method 3.3.
c Not required if thermal cycling is undertaken.
d Mean value with no single value less than 75 % of the
minimum requirement.
e Maximum permissible average crack width 0,05 mm
with no crack 0,1 mm and no delamination.
f For durability.
g Not suitable for protection against carbonation unless

the repair system includes a surface protection system
with proven
protection against carbonation (see EN 1504-2).
h Choice of method depends on the exposure conditions.
When a product satisfies Part 1 it is deemed to satisfy Part
2 and Part 4.
53
DURATION EUROPEAN TEST METHODS

Test Method
Approximate Total Test Duration
Compressive Strength
During 28 days up to 91 days
Chloride Ion Content
~0.5 day
Adhesive Bond
After 28 days
Restrained Shrinkage Expansion
During 28 days up to 91 days
Carbonation Resistance
~3 months
Elastic Modulus
After 28 days
Thermal Compatibility
~5.5 weeks (freeze-thaw)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
After 28 days
Capillary Absorption
~1.5 weeks
According to test methods Table3 EN 1504-3

54
NORTH AMERICAN GUIDELINE

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
ACI 546.3R-14
Guide to Materials Selection for
Concrete Repair
55
EUROPEAN AND ACI COMPARISON

Performance Characteristic
Compressive / Flexural Strength
ASTM Test Method
No requirement EN 1504-3
Chloride Ion Content
Adhesive Bond
Restrained Shrinkage Expansion / Length change
Carbonation Resistance
Elastic Modulus
Freeze Thaw
No European test method*
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion / Thermal Expansion
Skid / Abrasion Resistance
Capillary Absorption
Certain uses (anchoring)
Rapid chloride permeability
No European test method*
Alkali aggregate reaction
Sulphate resistance
No requirement EN 1504-3*
Tensile strength
Slant shear bond
Scaling resistance
Creep
56
European Test Method
NORTH AMERICAN APPROACH TO DURABILITY
57
Service Conditions
Related Characteristics
Standard Test Method
Climate: Temperature
fluctuations
Ambient Moisture
Thermal
expansion/contraction
Freezing and thawing
resistance
Freeze-Thaw ASTM C666 Proc A &B
Exposure: Applied
salts/salt water,
Aggressive chemicals
Chloride permeability
Scaling resistance
Chemical resistance
Chloride Perm. ASTM C1202

Scaling Resistance ASTM C672
Loads: Traffic, wind,

earthquake
Abrasion resistance
Creep/shrinkage
Strength
Modulus of elasticity
Abrasion ASTM C 944

Creep ASTM C 512
Shrinkage - ASTM C 157
Elasticity - ASTM C 469
Strength - ASTM C39
RAPID CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY

DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE
ASTM 1202
Concrete core
Coated epoxy
Vacuum saturated with water
Remove & expose one end to Sodium

Chloride (NaCl) the other end Sodium
Hydroxide (NaOH)
Apply 60 V potential
Measurements every 30 minutes for 6
hours
58
RATING SYSTEM
As chlorides penetrate deeper pore solution

becomes more conductive and current
readings increase
Area under graph of time vs. current gives
charge passed, Coulomb
Does not measure depth or rate of chloride
penetration
59
3. PRODUCT RANGE
NAMING
POSITIONING
EN 1504-3
STRENGTH CLASS
PRODUCT POSITIONING
R4
R3
R4
R3
R2
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
61
NORMAL USE RANGE

Cost effective
Long lasting
Easy application
With added value
PERFORMANCE ENHANCED
Polymer modified
Multi functional
Longer durability
Innovative
PRODUCT OVERVIEW
62
PRODUCT
SUMMARY
Sika MonoTop-910 N
1C PCC cement slurry, applied by hand or spray as a coating; carbon dioxide

and water vapour diffusion resistant, EN1504-7; 25kg & 2x5kg bags
SikaTop Armatec-110
EpoCem
3C epoxy modified cement - EpoCem technology; A+B liquid and dry powder C
component. Long open time even at high temperatures. Passes EN1504-7.
Hand or spay applied.
Sika MonoTop-412 NFG
1C PCC thixotropic repair mortar, BEII; corrosion inhibitor; 6-50mm layers; A1

fire rating; low rapid chloride permeability (ASTM)
Sika MonoTop-412 N
1C CC; 6-50mm layers
Sika MonoTop-352 NFG
1C PCC; lightweight mortar; corrosion inhibitor 4-75 mm layers; low rapid

chloride permeability (ASTM)
Sika MonoTop-352 N
1C CC;lightweight mortar; 4-75 mm layers
Sika MonoTop-211 RFG
1C PCC; fast setting; corrosion inhibitor; 4-60mm layer; low rapid chloride
permeability (ASTM)
Sika MonoTop-723 N
1C; R3 to EN1504:3; A1 fire rating : French sulphate and sea water resistance
NF P 18837
Sikagard-720 EpoCem
R4 to EN1504:3; EpoCem technology; TMB, chemical resistant
REPAIR MORTAR REQUIREMENTS

Harmonised naming, same performances
63
Product Profile
Classification performance for positioning e.g. EN 1504-3
No cracking and low shrinkage
High layer thickness

Very dense, very low permeability
Excellent sag flow behaviour
Hand and machine (wet spray) applied
12 months shelf life
Generally > 40 minutes pot life (unless rapid setting)
Production control to maintain quality
4. THE REPAIR PROCESS

KEY STAGES
AT THE DENTIST
Repairing concrete is very much like going
to the dentist
65
KEY STAGES AT THE DENTIST

Examine
Teeth
Future
Maintenance
Remove,
repair,
nothing?
66
Further
Investigation
e.g. X-Ray
Discuss
Options

Future maintenance
Step 3
Crack Injection Method
Repair Material Sikadur 52MY

Low viscosity Epoxy Crack Injection Resin
Two Components
Low viscosity
Fine cracks as small as 0.2mm in
width
Dormant cracks (no movement)
Non-flammable
Shrinkage free
High early and ultimate strengths
Can be applied on horizontal,
vertical and overhead structures
Good adhesive strength on
concrete substrate
Fast curing
Repair Material - Sikadur 31 CF Normal

Epoxy adhesive for high mechanical strength
Two component thixotropic

epoxy adhesive
Solvent free
Shrinkage free hardening
Excellent bond strength
Can be applied on dry &

damp surface
Good workability
Easy to mix and apply
Material Selection Guideline

Concrete Repair
Wear
Honeycomb
(Surface)
<cover
Honeycomb
(Deep)
>cover
Spalling
Cavities
Large Scale Repair
Static Cracks
Overloading
Slope protection
Filling Gaps
Low tensile
strength
Low compressive
strength
Delamination
Hand Patch Repair
Sika MonoTop System

(Sika MonoTop R/615SD)
Pressure Grouting
Letter Box Grouting
Sika Microcrete 2000
Sikagrout 215
Guniting
Epoxy Injection Method
Structural
Strengthening
Sikacrete Gunite 103
Sikadur 52MY
Sika CarboDur
SikaWrap
Select Appropriate Repair Techniques

Repair Techniques
Letter Box
Technique
Dry Pack Technique
Pre-placed Aggregate
Form
and
Pump
Shotcrete
Patch
Repair
Concrete Repair and Protection Application Steps

Remove damaged concrete and
prepare exposed steel
Protect exposed reinforcement
Replace damaged concrete
Concrete Repair and Protection Application Steps

Protect against the development
of latent damage
Level the profile and fill surface pores
Seal and coat the surface to prevent

the ingress of aggressive influences
STEP 1. Protecting Exposed Reinforcement

SikaTop-110 EpoCem
- Protects reinforcement in highly alkaline
cementitious environments
- Can be applied on damp surfaces
- Increases barrier to chlorides and carbonation
- Steel reinforcement primer and bonding bridge
- Fully complies with load transfer requirements
Sika Friazinc-R MY
- One component anti-corrosive, zinc rich steel reinforcement primer
STEP 2. Replacing Damaged Concrete
STEP 2. Replacing Damaged Concrete

Sika Microcrete 2000 (25-150mm)
Dual shrinkage compensated,

cementitious formwork repair
Good flow properties
Very dense and durable with RCP

Test < 1000 Coulomb
Impact and vibration resistant
Suitable for repair to marine

structures
Easy to mix and apply
For deep grouting work (>cover)
Sika Monotop 412 MY System
Polymer modified cementitious

hand placed or by trowel
Apply bonding primer, Sika

Monotop 610 MY before apply
Monotop 412 MY wet on wet
Fast and easy to apply in layers

up to 20mm thick
Contains fibres to prevent micro

cracking
Suitable for surface repair work

(<cover)
Soffit of Slab Repair:

1) Sikacrete Gunit 103 (Dry Spray Method )
2) Sika Monotop 412 MY (Wet Spray Method)
At Fire Damaged Telekom Building at Kota Kinabalu
Sikacrete Gunit 103
Ready to use 1-Part Gunite Mortar with High

Compressive Strength of 70 N/mm2
Suitable for dry-spray applications to large areas.
Good adhesion to concrete substrates
Can be trowelled after application.
Formwork not required
Sikacrete Gunit 103
New Sika MonoTop System
the next generation

of repair systems
400 series
300 series
200 series
85
Market Requirements?
Choice normal or slow setting mortars
Polymer or non-polymer modified
Structural or non-structural application
Rapid setting mortars
Lightweight mortars
Pourable Mortars
86
Added Value For the Owner

Cost efficient
Long durability
Guarantee available
87
Added Value - For the Designer

Easy product selection
High carbonation resistance
Low chloride permeability
High compressive strengths
E-Modulus similar to concrete
High layer thickness, low
shrinkage
88
Formulation Improvements
Latest cement technology
New additives
Optimised grading
Dense mortar structure

Improved workability
New shrinkage technology
Sika MonoTop 412 Under Dynamic Load
Oscillation of repair during application:

Reduced bond strength
Destroys mortar cohesion
Strength reduction
Sika MonoTop - 412 : Next Generation

R4 class according EN 1504-3
Fire classification: A1 (acc. EN 1504-3)
1-component system
Hand and machine (wet spray) applied
Excellent workability
Extremely low shrinkage high layer thickness
Contains silica fume Very dense, very low
Permeability
Contains synthetic fibres good sag flow behaviour

Sulphate resistant
Testing Dynamic Loading
German Standard ZTV-SIB, TL BE-PCC

No visible cracks > 0.10 mm
Pull-off after 28 day > 1.5 N/mm2
Example System:
SikaTop Armatec -110 EpoCem +
Sika MonoTop-412 N /-NFG
92
Concrete Repair to Spalling Concrete Slab

Project : Komtar Building , Penang
9,000 bags Wet Spray Mortar , Sika Monotop-412 MY

Wet Sprayed Sika Monotop-412 MY on Wire Mesh to rebuild
80 mm thk. Using Putzmeiser Srew Pump S5
93
Concrete Repair to Spalling Concrete Slab

Project : Komtar Building , Penang
Fast application , no formwork , minimum
rebound
Finish can be easily troweled to smooth finish
STEP 3. Protection Against Latent Damage

Sika Ferrogard 903+FD
- Penetrates via liquid and

vapour diffusion
- Film forming inhibitor
- Inhibitor acts on both anodic
and cathodic sites
- Contains a Fugitive Dye
STEP 4. Reprofiling and Leveling the Surface
STEP 4. Reprofiling and Leveling the Surface

Sika Monotop 620 MY
Polymer modified cementitious pore sealer/

fairing coat
Application by trowel or spray
Fast and easy to apply for uniform substrate

of 1.5 mm to 5 mm thk per coat
Used as a superior finishing for concrete and

repair patches
Used to fill surface defects to ensure

continuous protective coating
Sikagard-720 EpoCem
- Unique epoxy cement technology
- Integral curing ability
- Ideal for leveling and reprofiling after application of Sika FerroGard- 903+
STEP 5. Sealing and Coating to Prevent the

Ingress of Aggressive Influences
STEP 5 : Sealing and Coating to Prevent

the Ingress of Aggressive Influences
Sikagard-700S / 705 L
- Hydrophobic impregnators
- Prevent water and chloride ingress
- Breathable
Sikagard-670W MY
- Effectively halt carbonation
- Breathable
- Prevents water and chloride ingress
- Excellent colour retention
Protective Coating
Sikagard 670W MY AT YAHYA PETRA BRIDGE , KELANTAN
(COMPLETION ON JUNE , 2002)
Sealing and Coating to Prevent the Ingress of

Aggressive Influences
Underwater/Tidal Zone Epoxy Coatings,
Sikagard-61 TZ
- Epoxy coating designed to provide corrosion
resistance and abrasion
protection in
marine environment
- Corrosion protection for steel and concrete
structures in offshore marine
- Excellent adhesion to damp surfaces
- Capable of curing underwater
- Apply by roller or brush or spray
KEY PROJECT MANAGEMENT
CHIMNEYS AND COOLING
WASTE WATER
TOWERS
TREATMENT PLANTS
BRIDGES
101
REFERENCES
102
103

Future maintenance
Step 3
Future Maintenance Strategy

Detailed records
Monitoring
Inspection instructions
Responsibilities
Local requirements
IF YOU NEED A DENTIST FOR CONCRETE REPAIR,

ASK A SIKA SPECIALIST
THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING

IEM Penang Repair

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IEM Penang Repair

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Technical Presentation on Durable Preventive

Maintenance for IEM North

CONCRETE HAS TO WITHSTAND HARSH ENVIRONMENTS

Advanced Engineered Concrete Repair/ Template February 2016

AND OFTEN CONCRETE NEEDS REPAIRING!

Advanced Engineered Concrete Repair/ Template February 2016

5 Key Stages in Concrete Repair

Select repair process

Assessment of the structure

Diagnose cause of deterioration

The Condition Survey

Identify the cause

What is the consequence?

Part 1 - The Visual Inspection

v.Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test

Concrete Cover Survey

vii. Permeability Test

Investigation should be the basis of all concrete repair work

Cost of investigation is not proportional to value of the structure

Can be used when damaged is not noticeable (monitoring)

Meaningful conclusions used to prepare safe strategy when decision making

Advanced Engineered Concrete Repair/ Template February 2016

5 Key Stages in Concrete Repair

Assessment of the structure

Select repair process

1. CAUSES OF CONCRETE DAMAGE

Exposures on Reinforced Concrete

Concrete Defects and Damage

Concrete pH 12.5 - 13.5

Conditions for Corrosion of

Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

Result of Steel Corrosion in Concrete

corrosion = Redox reaction

2. Iron (Fe) oxidised into Iron

Influences of Steel Corrosion

Concrete cover of reinforcement

Service conditions e.g. chloride exposure

Influence of concrete quality

150 kg OPC /m3

Concrete Damage and Defects

Corrosion due to Carbonation Process

Reduction of rebar: approx. 2/100 to 2/10 mm per year

Concrete Damage and Defects

Corrosion due to Chloride

De-icing salt (chlorides)

Conditions for Pinhole-Corrosion Caused by

Electrolyte: pore solution

Requirements for pin-hole corrosion:

Corrosion of Rebars due to Chloride

Reduction of rebar: approx. 1 to 10 mm per year!!

Corrosion induced by carbonation:

SUMMARY OF STEEL CORROSION

PRINCIPLE OF CONCRETE REPAIR

Advanced Engineered Concrete Repair/ Template February 2016

Note: often the aggressive elements are transported in

Dissolvable calcium hydroxide

Free - Sulphate Attack

Sulphate solutions which react

Alkali Aggregate Reaction

Types of Defect in Concrete Structures

5 Key Stages in Concrete Repair

Select repair process

Assessment of the structure

Options and objectives of repair