Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Development in Hong Kong
CIVL3320 Design of Reinforced Concrete
J S Kuang, PhD CEng FICE FIStructE FHKIE
Professor of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
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(1) Vernacular urban architecture –
in Canton (Guangzhou) and Hong Kong
2‐ to 3‐storey masonry or
reinforced concrete buildings
騎樓
(2) Indigenous architecture in the New Territories
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(3) Stone structures
Stone tower
Stepped Stone Structure at a particular
archaeological site of Jerusalem (1000‐
900 BC)
在耶路撒冷考古發現的公元前900‐
1000年之石材建築 4
Piazza San Pietro
Vatican City
(built in 1630s)
建於1630年代的梵諦岡聖保祿廣場
(4) Masonry structure
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(5) Buildings in Hong Kong
Old western‐style buildings
Governor’s House
(Upper Albert Rd, Hong Kong)
The old Legislative Council building
(Central, Hong Kong)
Central Police Station 7
(Hollywood Rd, Hong Kong)
Western Market in Sheung Wan
Modern high‐rise buildings
Victoria Harbour
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Reinforced concrete
Steel
RC & Steel
Composite
484 m 416 m 374 m 367 m 346 m 319 m 298 m
118 storeys 88 storeys 78 storeys 70 storeys 73 storeys 80 storeys 68 storeys
Completion Completion Completion Completion Completion Completion Completion
2010 2003 1992 1990 1998 2007 2008
Jardine House, Central
– the first tall building in Hong Kong
Floor plan
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Central Plaza, Wan Chai
– the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world during 1992‐97
Standard floor
Ground floor
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Central Plaza, Wan Chai
– the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world during 1992‐97
Standard floor
Ground floor
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HSBC Headquarters, Central
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Bank of China, Central
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Exchange Square, Admiralty
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Lippo Centre, Admiralty
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Two International Finance Centre (IFC II), Central
Height: 416 metres
Storeys: 88
Structural system: Reinforced concrete‐steel composite
Construction completed:2003
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ICC (International Commerce Centre), West Kowloon
Height: 484 metres
Storeys: 118
Material: Concrete‐steel composite
Construction began/completed: 2003/2010
The 7th completed tallest building in the world;
the tallest building in Hong Kong
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ICC (cont’d)
Construction of the floor system
1/F spanning from the core wall
to the mega columns
Main building as seen in Feb 2006 with
the jump form for the core wall and the
climb form for the mega columns
Concrete, steel and bricks are commonly used construction materials in Hong Kong
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ICC (cont’d)
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Tallest buildings in the world (as of 2016)
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Tallest buildings in the world (as of 2016) (cont’d)
7thth – CTF Finance Centre (Guangzhou, China)
Height: 530 m, 111 storeys; Construction began/completed: 2010/2016
8th – Taipei 101 (Taipei, Taiwan)
Height: 509 m, 101 storeys; Construction began/completed: 1999/2004
9th – Shanghai World Trade Center [上海環球金融中心] (Shanghai, China)
Height: 492 m, 101 storeys; Construction began/completed: 1997/2008
10th – International Commerce Centre (ICC) (Hong Kong)
Height: 484 m, 108 storeys; Construction began/completed: 2002/2010
11th – Petronas Tower 1 (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
Height: 452 m, 88 storeys; Construction began/completed: 1993/1996
12th – Petronas Tower 2 (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
Height: 452 m, 88 storeys; Construction began/completed: 1993/1996
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Seven representative tallest buildings in the world
Some tallest buildings in the world, from Dubai, Shanghai, Mecca, New York, Taipei to Hong Kong
Burj Khalifa
The tallest man‐made structure
Location: Dubai
Height: 828 m
Storeys: 163
Construction began/completed:
21 Sept 2004 / 1 Oct 2009
Open: 4 Jan 2010
Primary structural system:
reinforced concrete
333,000 m3 concrete
55,000 tons of steel bar
Architect and Structural Engineer: SOM
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Y-shaped floor plan is adopted in order to maximise
the outward views and inward natural light
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Construction of the
super‐structure
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(6) Other types of building structure
Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Wan Chai
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High‐rise government public housing in Hong Kong (公屋)
• The public housing in Hong Kong is developed by the government in
order to provide affordable housing for low‐income residents.
• The rents and prices, which are heavily subsidised by the government,
are very significantly lower than those of private residential.
• Shek Kip Mei Estate is the first public housing estate in Hong Kong,
developed in 1953.
• All the government public residential buildings are designed and
managed by the Hong Kong Housing Authority.
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Harmony type of public housing (和諧式公屋)
Harmony Type 2
Harmony Type 1
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Harmony type of public housing (和諧式公屋) (cont’d)
Harmony Type 3
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Harmony type of public housing (和諧式公屋) (cont’d)
Harmony Rural Type 2
New Harmony
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(7) Special structures designed by Hong Kong engineers
Beijing Olympic Projects
Bird Nest
(National Gymnasium)
Architects: Herzog & de Meuron
Structural engineer: Ove Arup 34
Beijing Olympic Projects (cont’d)
Water Cube
(National Swimming Centre)
Architect: PTW, Sydney
Structural engineer: Ove Arup
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CCTV Headquarters, Beijing
Architect:
OMA / Ole Scheeren and Rem Koolhaas
Structural engineer:
Ove Arup 36
Canton Tower, Guangzhou
A new skyscraper ‐ Canton Tower (610 m;
opened in 2010)
The Canton Tower is ranked as the highest TV
tower of the world, eclipsing Toronto's CN
Tower (553 m) by 57 m.
Architect:
Information Based Architecture/
Mark Hemel & Barbara Kuit
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Structural design/concept: Ove Arup
(8) HKUST – a group of reinforced concrete buildings
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