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UNIT -III
CAD STANDARDS
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Content
• Standards for computer graphics
• Graphical Kernel System (GKS)
• Standards for exchange image
• Open Graphics Library (open GL)
• Data exchange standards
• IGES, STEP, CALS, etc
• Communication standards
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Types of translators
i) Direct Translators
It entails translating the modeling
data directly from one native
format to another. It require a
knowledge of both native
formats
Direct translator convert data
directly in one step.
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Types of translators
i) Indirect Translators
It converts the modeling
data directly from one native format
to neutral format that all CAD/Cam
system can interpret and
understand.
Each translation system has
its own pair of translator to translate
data to and from the neutral format
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www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
• Database is a collection of data at a single location to be used by
various people for different applications.
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OBJECTIVES OF DATABASE
• It provides security
• It shares the data among users
• It incorporates the changes quickly and effectively
• It improves accuracy and integrity of data
• It reduces the cost of storage and retrieval of data
• It reduces or eliminates the redundant data
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
CLASSIFICATION OF CAD
STANDARDS
• Graphic and computing standards
• Data exchange standards
• Communication standards
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
Representation of levels in graphics standards
Features of GKS
• It is an independent device. So it can work with all types of input and
output devices.
• All text and annotation can be prepared and stored natural languages.
• Graphic functions are defined for both 2D and 3D.
• It includes all types of display elements.
• GKS supports picture data into two routines.
• GKS defines an international coordinate system called normalized
device coordinates.
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
Features of PHIGS
• It has very high interactivity
• It has a real time modification of graphical data
• Data input is in hierarchical structure
• It supports geometric animation
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www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
Features of OpenGL
• Based on IRIS GL (Integrated raster imaging system graphics
library)
• Low level
• Fine grained control
• Modal
• Frame Buffer
• Not programmable
• Geometry and images
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Advantages of OpenGL
• Industry standard
• Stable
• Reliable and portable
• Evolving
• Scalable
• Easy to use
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www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
Error handling
• While importing IGES file, error handling is very important
• There are two major error sources when processing IGES files
Program errors in the processors
Misinterpretation of the IGES standard itself.
• The way an IGES processor report error is – the processor should
report the entity type, number of unprocessed entries, reason for un-
processing and other relevant database information of these
unprocessed entities.
• IGES should also report any invalid or missing data encountered in
reading IGES files especially those that were edited.
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STEP
• STEP ( standard for Exchange of Product Data) is an exchange for
product data in support of industrial automation
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https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
CALS
• Continuous Acquisition and Life cycle support is CALS.
• CALS was originally called Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistics
Support.
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COMMUNICATION STANDARDS
• Data exchange depends not only on the compatibility of the
applications data formats between the communicating systems.
• LAN (Local area networks)
• WAN (Wide area networks)
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LAN
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WAN
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