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UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
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SYALLABUS
Product cycle, Design process, Sequential and concurrent engineering
Computer aided design – CAD system architecture, Computer graphics
co-ordinate systems- 2D and 3D transformations – homogeneous coordinates
Line drawing -Clipping- viewing transformation
Brief introduction to CAD and CAM – Manufacturing Planning
Manufacturing control- Introduction to CAD/CAM –CAD/CAM concepts
Types of production - Manufacturing models and Metrics
Mathematical models of Production Performance
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Product cycle
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DESIGN PROCESS
Design is an activity that needs to be well organized and should take into
account all influences that are likely to be responsible for the success of the
product under development.
The following models are considered in design purpose
Shigley
Pahl and Beitz
Ohsuga
Earle
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Shigley design Process
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Ohsuga design Process
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SEQUENCIAL ENGINEERING
Three major phases of conventional manufacturing process are design,
process planning and manufacturing.
All these phases are sequentially carried out.
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CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
It is the methodology of restructuring the product development activity in
a manufacturing organization using cross functional team approach.
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CAD PROCESS
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APPLICATION OF CAD
Mechanical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical and electronics engineering
Textile industry
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ADVANTAGES OF CAD
Easy editing
High quality
Compact storage
3D Drawing
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Interactive CG
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ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
The object drawings can be denoted by its geometric model in three
dimensions. i.e. X, Y, Z coordinates.
Accurate drawings can be made.
Sectional drawings can be easily created.
Modification of geometric model of objects is easy.
It is easy storage and retrieval of drawings.
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
Paint programs
Design programs
Presentation graphics software
Animation software
CAD software
Desktop publishing
Education and training
Image processing
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CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS
In general, there are two types of co-ordinate system
1. Cartesian – Linear distances X,Y and Z
2. Polar – Angles such as θ, α, φ
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2D & 3D
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(GEOMETRIC)TRANSFORMATION
A geometric transformation is an operation that modifies
its shape, size, position, orientation etc. with respect to its
current configuration operating on the vertices.
Some of the important transformations are
Translation
Scaling
Rotation
Reflection
Shear
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2D & 3D TRASLATION
2D FORMULA 3D FORMULA
x x t x , y y t y
x x t x
P , P , T
y y t y
P P.T
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2D & 3D SCALING
2D FORMULA 3D FORMULA
x x s x , y y s y
x s x 0 x
y 0 s y y
P S P
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2D & 3D ROTATION
2D FORMULA 3D FORMULA
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CONCATENATION OR COMBINED
TRANSFORMATION
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HOMOGENEOUS TRANSFORMATION
The three dimensional representation of two
dimensional plane is called as homogeneous
representation and the transformation using
homogeneous representation is called
homogeneous transformation.
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HOMOGENEOUS TRANSFORMATION
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LINE DRAWING
Straight line segments are used a great deal in computer generated
pictures. The following criteria have been stipulated for line drawing
displays:
i. Lines should appear straight
ii.Lines should terminate accurately
iii.Lines should have constant density
iv.Line density should be independent of length and angle
v. Line should be drawn rapidly
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DDA ALGORITHM
A popular method uses an algorithm known as “Digital Differential
Analyzer” which generates lines from their differential equations.
For a line segment joining two points P1 and P2, a parametric
representation is given by
P(u) =P1+(P2-P1)u
In terms of x(u) and y(u)
x(u) = x1 + (x2-x1)u
y(u) = y1 + (y2-y1)u
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CLIPPING
If any part of the geometry is not inside the window, it is made invisible by
the graphic software is called clipping.
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VIEWING TRANSFORMATIONS
Displaying an image of a picture involves in mapping the co-ordinates of the
picture into the appropriate coordinates on the device where the image is to
be displayed.
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