ME8691 Notes 006 2 Edubuzz360

www.edubuzz360.
com
Unit 2
GEOMETRIC MODELING
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sss.edubuzz360
www.edubuzz360.com
GEOMETRIC MODELING
The mathematical description of the geometry of an

object using a software is called as geometric modeling
There are three basic methods
Wire – Frame Modeling
Surface modeling
Solid modeling
www.edubuzz360.com
WIRE FRAME MODELING
This is one of the most popular and commonly used

method of geometric modeling.
In construction of wire frame model, the edges of an
object are presented as lines.
Wire frame model is used for following representations
2D Representation
Orthographic views representation
www.edubuzz360.com
2D Wire Frame Model 3D Wire Frame Model
The co-ordinate system is 2D co-ordinate 3D co-ordinate system is used for

system i.e. x and y co-ordinates only representing objects; x, y and z
coordinates are used
3 Dimensional wire frame system Both 2D and 3D wire frame
generation is difficult generation is possible
Hidden lines may not complicate the Difficult for the viewer to interpret the
figure figure unless the hidden lines are
removed
Curved surfaces are indicated by circles, Curved surfaces are represented by
arcs and ellipses spaced generators.
www.edubuzz360.com
HERMITE CURVE
www.edubuzz360.com
BEZIER CURVE
Bezier curve was developed by P. Bezier at French car company

“Renault Automobile Company”.
He used these curves to design automobile bodies.
It provides the reasonable design flexibility and avoids large
number of calculation.
𝑛
𝑃 𝑢 = 𝑃𝑖 𝐵𝑖,𝑛 𝑢 , 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1
𝑖=0
𝐵𝑖,𝑛 𝑢 is the Bernstein function are given by
𝐵𝑖,𝑛 𝑢 = 𝐶 𝑛, 𝑖 𝑢𝑖 (1 − 𝑢)𝑛−𝑖
𝑛!
Where, 𝐶 (𝑛, 𝑖) =
𝑖! 𝑛−1 !
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
Bezier Curve For Various Control points
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
Cont…,
www.edubuzz360.com
Characteristics of Bezier Curve

 A Bezier curve is defined on n+1 points 𝑃0 , … , 𝑃𝑛 and is represented
as a parametric polynomial curve of degree n.
 It always passes through the first and last control points.
 The Bezier curve is tangent to first and last segments of the
characteristics polygon.
 The curve generally follows the shape of characteristics polygon.
 The degree of polynomial defining the curve segments is one less
that the number defines the polygon points.
 Bezier curve exhibit a symmetry property.
 Each control point is weighted by its blending function for each u
value.
 The curve lies entirely within the convex hull formed by four
control points
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
B-SPLINE CURVE
It provide another effective method of generating curve defined

polygons.
These curves are widely used of approximation splines.
𝑛
𝑃 𝑢 = 𝑃𝑖 𝐵𝑖,𝑘 𝑢 , 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑖=0
www.edubuzz360.com
Characteristics of B-Spline Curve

 The local control of curve can be obtained by changing the position
of control point or using multiple control points by placing several
points at same location.
 A non-periodic B-spline curve passes through the first and last
control points and it is tangent to first and last segment of control
polygon.
 It allows us to vary the number of control points used to design a
curve without changing the degree of polynomial.
 The degree of curve increases, it is more difficult to control and
calculate accurately. Thus, a cubic B-spline curve is sufficient for
many application.
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
Cont…,
www.edubuzz360.com
RATIONAL CURVES
 A rational curve is defined by the algebraic ratio of two polynomials where as

non-rational curve is defined by one polynomial.
 The most widely used rational curves are non-uniform rational b-splines
(NURBS).
 A rational B – spline curve defined by
𝑛
𝑃 𝑢 = 𝑃𝑖 𝐵𝑖,𝑘 𝑢 , 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑖=0
 𝐵𝑖,𝑘 , 𝑢 are the rational B – spline Basis function are given by
𝑤𝑖 𝑅𝑖,𝑘 (𝑢)
𝐵𝑖,𝑘 𝑢 = 𝑛
𝑖=0 𝑤𝑖 𝑅𝑖,𝑘 𝑢
www.edubuzz360.com
SURFACE MODELING
The techniques of representation of objects (or)

components by surface is called surface modeling.
Objects can be clearly interpreted by the user.
Main draw back here is that, no data is available about
the interior of solid.
Application is modeling car bodies, ships, aerospace
structure, dies, etc.
www.edubuzz360.com
TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FOR SURFACE

MODELING
Surface patch
Coons patch
Bicubic patch
Hermite surfaces
Bezier surfaces
B-spline surfaces
www.edubuzz360.com
SURFACE PATCH
A surface patch is defined in terms of point data will

usually be based on a rectangular array data points.
In computer graphics, the parametric surface are
sometimes called patches, curved surfaces or just surface.
The building blocks of the surfaces are known as surface
patch
Generally u and v are two variables used for representing
a patch.
𝑃 𝑢, 𝑣 = [𝑥 𝑦 𝑧]𝑇 = [𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 ]𝑇
𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
www.edubuzz360.com
Cont…,
www.edubuzz360.com
COONS PATCH
A linear interpolation between four bounded curve is

used to generate a coons surface, which is also called
coons patch.
The coons formulations interpolate to an infinite
number of control points to generate the surface and
it is referred as a form of transfinite interpolation.
𝑃 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑃 𝑢, 0 1 − 𝑣 + 𝑃 𝑢, 1 𝑣 + {𝑃 0, 𝑣 1 − 𝑢 + 𝑃 1, 𝑣 𝑢}
www.edubuzz360.com
Cont…,
www.edubuzz360.com
BICUBIC SURFACE
Bicubic patch or surface is generated by four boundary curves

which are parametric Bicubic polynomials.
Bicubic parametric patches are defined over rectangular domain
in uv-space and the boundary curves of patch are themselves
cubic polynomial curves.
The following are the major types of parametric bi-cubic surfaces
used in CAD
 Hermite surface
 Bezier surface
 B-Spline surface
www.edubuzz360.com
HERMITE SURFACE
www.edubuzz360.com
BEZIER SURFACE
Bezier surface is an extension of the Bezier curve in two parametric

directions u and v.
An orderly set of data or control points is used to build a
topologically rectangular surface as shown in figure.
The surface equation can be written as
𝑛 𝑚
𝑃 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑃𝑖𝑗 𝐵𝑖,𝑛 𝑢 𝐵𝑗,𝑚 𝑣 , 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1, 0≤𝑣≤1

𝑖=0 𝑗=0
where, P(u,v) is any point on the surface

𝑃𝑖𝑗 are the control points
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
B-SPLINE SURFACE
 B-Spline surface is an extension of the B - Spline curve. A

rectangle set of data points creates the surface.
 A B-Spline surface can approximate or interpolate the vertices
of the polyhedron as shown in figure.
 B-Spline surface equation is defined by
𝑛 𝑚
𝑃 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑃𝑖𝑗 𝐵𝑖,𝑘 𝑢 𝐵𝑗,𝑙 𝑣 , 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 1

𝑖=0 𝑗=0
where,P(u,v) is any point on the surface

𝑃𝑖𝑗 are the control points
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
SOLID MODELING
Solid modeling is one of the most effective

geometric modeling method. In this approach,
models are displayed as solids to viewer, there by
eliminating any chance of misinterpretation.
The solid modeling is used to make the object more
realistic.
www.edubuzz360.com
SOLID MODELING TECHNIQUES
 Half – space Method

 Boundary representation Method
 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
 Analytical Solid Geometry (ASM)
 Primitive instancing
 Sweep representation
 Spatial portioning representation
www.edubuzz360.com
CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY (CSG)
 This method is also known as C-rep. In this method, solid

graphic primitives are employed for constructing the model.
 The solid primitives include cubes, spheres, cylinders,
rectangle blocks and pyramids.
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
CSG MODEL
 The constructive solid model uses building block approach

 The physical objects can be divided into set of elements and
combined in order to form an object.
www.edubuzz360.com
ADVANTAGES OF CSG
 This requires less storage space

 This method is advantageous in the initial creation of solid
models. Using Boolean operations, it is easy to construct solid
models precisely.
 Less skill is enough
 CSG is more user friendly
www.edubuzz360.com
DISADVANTAGES OF CSG
 This method involves more computational work for creating a

solid model
 For complicated solid geometry, in this method is not
appropriate
 The tree is not unique for the same part design
www.edubuzz360.com
Boundary representation Method
 Boundary representation is one of the most popular and widely

used schemes to create solid models of physical objects.
 In this method, front view, top view, bottom view, side view of
an object is sketched and connected by means of lines to create
a relationship.
www.edubuzz360.com
PRIMITIVES OF B-rep MODEL
 Edge
 Vertex
 Face
 Loop
 Genus or Handle
 Body
www.edubuzz360.com
www.edubuzz360.com
ADVANTAGES OF B-rep
 This method is very powerful for creating complex shapes

solid models.
 B-rep model can be easily converted into wire frame model
system.
 B-rep system stores an explicit definition of the model
boundaries.
 B-rep system is very much compatible with other systems.
www.edubuzz360.com
DISADVANTAGES OF B-rep
 This requires more storage space.

 This concept cannot be applied for tool path generation.

ME8691 Notes 006 2 Edubuzz360

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ME8691 Notes 006 2 Edubuzz360

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.edubuzz360.

The mathematical description of the geometry of an

WIRE FRAME MODELING

This is one of the most popular and commonly used

2D Wire Frame Model 3D Wire Frame Model

The co-ordinate system is 2D co-ordinate 3D co-ordinate system is used for

Bezier curve was developed by P. Bezier at French car company

Characteristics of Bezier Curve

It provide another effective method of generating curve defined

Characteristics of B-Spline Curve

 A rational curve is defined by the algebraic ratio of two polynomials where as

The techniques of representation of objects (or)

TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FOR SURFACE

A surface patch is defined in terms of point data will

𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥

A linear interpolation between four bounded curve is

Bicubic patch or surface is generated by four boundary curves

Bezier surface is an extension of the Bezier curve in two parametric

𝑃 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑃𝑖𝑗 𝐵𝑖,𝑛 𝑢 𝐵𝑗,𝑚 𝑣 , 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1, 0≤𝑣≤1

where, P(u,v) is any point on the surface

 B-Spline surface is an extension of the B - Spline curve. A

𝑃 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑃𝑖𝑗 𝐵𝑖,𝑘 𝑢 𝐵𝑗,𝑙 𝑣 , 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 1

where,P(u,v) is any point on the surface

Solid modeling is one of the most effective

SOLID MODELING TECHNIQUES

 Half – space Method

CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY (CSG)

 This method is also known as C-rep. In this method, solid

 The constructive solid model uses building block approach

 This requires less storage space

 This method involves more computational work for creating a

Boundary representation Method

 Boundary representation is one of the most popular and widely

PRIMITIVES OF B-rep MODEL

 This method is very powerful for creating complex shapes

 This requires more storage space.

You might also like