Learning Module 5 - Global Governance

CRT LEARNING MODULE
Course Code GE107
Course Title The Contemporary World
Units 3
Module Title Market Integration
Date Developed:
GE107 Sept 16, 2020 Document No.
The Contemporary World Date Revised:
Module 5: Sept 20, 2020 Issued by:
Global Governance Developed by: Page 1
CRT
Aira May F. Clemente
College for Research & Technology of Cabanatuan
HOW TO USE THIS DIGITIZED LEARNING MODULE?
Welcome to the module in The Contemporary World. This will serve as your
essential tool to understand further the lesson.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities and evaluation in

order to complete each learning outcomes of each module. You may do self-checking
after all the learners completed the learning module. If you have questions, don’t
hesitate to ask your instructor for assistance.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required learning competency in
this subject. This will be the source of information for you to acquire your strengths and
limitations in particular lessons independently and at your own pace, with minimum
supervision of help from your instructor.
 Talk to your online facilitator and agree on how you will both organize the Training
of this unit. Read each through the module carefully. It is divided into sections,
which cover all the skills and knowledge you need to successfully complete this
module.
 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section. Read
Modules and complete self-check. Suggested references are included to supplement
the materials provided in this module.
 Most probably your facilitator will be your supervisor or manager. Your online
facilitator will support and correct you.
 Your online facilitator will tell you about the important things you need consider
when you are completing activities and it is important that you listen and take notes.
 You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job.
Make sure you practice new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will
improve both your speed and memory and also your confidence.
 Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their guidance.
 Kindly the self-check questions at the LMS (EDMODO) to test your own progress.
 When you are ready, ask your online facilitator to watch you online via Zoom or
Google Meet to perform the activities outlined in this module.
 Ask your online facilitator work through the activities: ask for written feedback on
your progress. Your online facilitator keeps feedback/pre-assessment reports for this
reason. When you have successfully completed each element, ask the facilitator to
mark on the reports that you are ready for assessment.
 When you have completed this module, and feel confident that you have sufficient
practice, your online facilitator will arrange an appointment with registered assessor’s
to assess you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your competency
Achievement Record.
Date Developed:
CRT
GE107 – The Contemporary World
Contents of this Learning Module
No. Module Title Topic Code
5. Global Lesson 1: Module 5.1

Governance Global Governance
Lesson 2: Module 5.2

Global Governance and
the United Nations
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MODULE CONTENT
MODULE TITLE: Global Governance
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the
multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social
sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technological, and other
transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course
provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and
sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it
seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility. This
course includes mandatory topics on population education in the context of
population and demography.
NUMBER OF HOURS:
54
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course the students should be able to:
1. Define and Explain the Global Governance
2. Evaluate the Global Governance and United Nations
3. Write a reflection about the importance of Global Governance and United
Nations
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MODULE 5.1: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
The journey of a nation towards development is not a

smooth one. In advancing itself from one level to another
problems in technological, economic, cultural and institutional
transformation will arise. These problems in the different
sectors of the country must be addressed. The state is the
frontline of these undertakings. Crises in domestic governance
cannot be avoided because the hard truth is "the government
is imperfect." These imperfections may come from the
management of different institutions or conflicts between the
citizens and the representatives of the states. When crises
cannot be resolved within the state, global governance may
help. Global governance can play a facilitative and constraining
role, but it scarcely plays a determinant and predominant role.
The authority and the capacity for the latter is vested almost
exclusively in domestic public authorities (Weiss and Thakur,
2010).
An example of a facilitative and constraining role is the

European Union's stand on President Duterte's war against
drugs. It constantly reminds the President that human rights
violations are happening in the implementation of his "drug
free society" campaign. With the entire Philippine nation as his
witness, President Duterte did not heed this call of the
European Union. Hestill continue his "OplanTokhang" because
he believes that it is for the best interest of the country. The
President's defiance in following the international human rights
standards may affect trading relations with other state-
members of the European Union. Being a member of the
United Nations and
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several regional integration groups, the Philippines is part of
the intertwining web of global governance. But what is global
governance? Weiss and Thakur (2010) defined global
governance as the sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions
that define, constitute and mediate relations among citizens,
society, markets and the state in the international arena - the
wielders and objects of international public power. As
mentioned earlier, there is a need for global governance when
the state can no longer resolve the crises and problems
internally without the mediation of international actors.
THE UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations is an international organization founded in

1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The
mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the
purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter. The
main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security
Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship
Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN
Secretariat.
The Role of the United Nations
The United Nations as an International Organizations have

several roles to perform in the international scene.
1. Maintain International Peace and Security. The United

Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of
the Second World War, with one central mission: the
maintenance of international peace and security. The UN does
this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict
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make peace;
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peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to
hold and flourish. These activities often overlap and should
reinforce one another, to be effective. The UN Security Council
has the primary responsibility for international peace and
security. The General Assembly and the Secretary-General play
major, important, and complementary roles, along with other
UN offices and bodies.
2. Protect Human Rights. The term "human rights” was

mentioned seven times in the UN's founding Charter, making
the promotion and protection of human rights key purpose and
guiding principle of the Organization. In 1948, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights brought human rights into the
realm of international law. Since then, the Organization has
diligently protected human rights through legal instruments and
on-the-ground activities.
3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid. One of the purposes of the United

Nations, as stated in its Charter, is "to achieve international co-
operation in solving international problems of an economic,
social, cultural, or humanitarian character." The UN first did this
in the aftermath of the Second World War on the devastated
continent of Europe, which it helped to rebuild. The
Organization is now relied upon by the international community
to coordinate humanitarian relief operations due to natural and
man-made disasters in areas beyond the relief capacity of
national authorities alone.
4. Promote Sustainable Development. From the start in 1945,
one of the main priorities of the United Nations was to achieve
international co-operation in solving international problems of
an
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economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character and in
promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion." Improving people's well-being continues
to be one of the main focuses of the UN. The global
understanding of development has changed over the years,
and countries cow have agreed that sustainable development
that promotes prosperity and economic opportunity, greater
social well-being, and protection of the environment offers the
best path forward for improving the lives of people everywhere.
5. Uphold International Law. The UN Charter, in its Preamble,

set an objective: "to establish conditions under which justice
and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other
sources of international law can be maintained". Ever since, the
development of, and respect for international law has been a
key part of the work of the Organization. This work is carried
out in many ways- by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties -
and by the Security Council, which can approve peacekeeping
missions, impose sanctions, or authorize the use of force when
there is a threat to international peace and security, if it deems
this necessary These powers are given to it by the UN Charter,
which is considered an international treaty. As such, it is an
instrument of international law, and UN Member States are
bound by it. The UN Charter codifies the major principles of
international relations, from sovereign equality of States to the
prohibition of the use of force in international relations.
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MODULE 5.2: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND THE UNITED
NATIONS
Globalization promotes development in all aspects of

human life church through interdependence and integration.
But it is without flaws. Globalization also creates governance
gaps" that are evident in the business and human rights
situation the world faces at present. Weiss and Thakur (2010)
discussed the five gaps in global governance and how the
United Nations aim to fill in the gaps.
FIVE GAPS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
1. Knowledge Gaps
When a phenomenon happens, more often than not, there

are little information on the origin, causes, the gravity of the
phenomenon and the solutions that may be applied Too little
empirical data and theoretical explanations are existing if none
at all. The United Nations can provide a platform wherein such
phenomenon may be discussed, studied, and confronted so
that new knowledge can be placed in the limelight, improved,
and later on disseminated worldwide. An example of this
phenomenon is climate change Before UN confronts the
problems and effects of climate change, no one seems to
notice or mind what is happening to the environment, or in
reality no one knows anything about the grave effects of
climate change in our present time. If states recognize that
there is a problem and agree on its approximate dimensions,
steps can be take to solve them. While In a few cases, the UN
has generate new knowledge, more often, it has provided an
arena where existing
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information can be collated and collected, a host of
interpretations can be vetted and differing interpretations of
competing data can be debated. Depending on the strength of
political coalitions and entrenched ideologies, there may be
more or less room for an increase in knowledge to make a
difference in terms of policy recommendations (Weiss and
Thakur,2010. On November 8, 2013, super typhoon Yolanda
(Haiyan), one of the strongest typhoons recorded in history hit
the Philippines. The abnormal strength of the typhoon was
brought about by climate change. With this experience, the
Philippines should start doing some research in order to
prevent such an occurrence. The root cause of the problem
must be aced so that measures may be implemented through
environmental policies.
2. Normative Gaps
A norm can be defined statistically to mean the pattern of

behavior that is most common or usual that is a widely
prevalent pattern of behavior. Alternatively, it can be defined
ethically to mean a pattern of behavior that should be followed
in accordance with a given value system--the moral code of a
society, a generally accepted standard of proper behavior
(Weiss and Thakur, 2010). Collective norms, on the other hand,
are shared patterns of behavior. As to when and how norms
became global, no one knows. No theory research, or any data
are available to explain how "international norms" Became
international. In trying to understand the Development of
norms, Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink postulate a
three- stage life cycle of norms:
a. new norm emerges and a norm entrepreneur advocates it;
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b. enough actors agree on an emerging norm to create tipping
point, or norm cascade;
c. actors internalize the new norm so that it becomes taken for

granted and norm conforming behavior becomes routine,
requiring no further justification.
The United Nations provides an organizational platform for

advocacy in the first stage as well as the preferred forum for
cascade in the second and for seeking affirmation,
reaffirmation, and hopefully compliance in the third and final.
As a Universal Organization, the United Nations serves as

a forum for seeking normative consensus on how to deal with
global problems in the best possible way. Within the United
Nations universal norms and approaches are emerging for
policies on environmental protection, avoidance of mass
hysteria, combating terrorism and protection of human rights
among many others. Actors play a vital role in establishing a
universal norm. The civic society, non governmental
organizations or com mitted citizens can be the main source in
filling up normative gaps thus, the Third UN, who can affect
change when they work with and through the two United
Nations (First UN-member states; Second UN-secretariats).
3. Policy Gaps
Weiss and Thakur (2010) defined policy as an interlinked

set of governing principles and goals and the agreed programs
of action to implement those principles and achieve those
goals.
Analyzing policy gaps entails two challenges:
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First: Who are the actors and the relevant policymakers? Who
made and implemented international policy?
Second: What are the types of actors who play an ever

expanding role in the various sectors of the nation?
A policy necessarily entails both agency and purposive

action. Although state actors are policymakers, they usually
distinguish public policy from foreign policy, implying a
boundary based separation between domestic and external
activities. The United Nations, as much as it is an international
Organization cannot foreign policy because they are not
engaged in boundary activities. On the domestic front, the
representatives and the senate may be able to do so. However,
our policies are somewhat influenced by the international
organizations that we are part of.
To put things in balance, the policymakers at the UN are

actually the world body's principal political organs, the Security
Council and the General Assembly. But these are
intergovernmental forums. That is, the people making the
decisions in the form of adopting resolutions that set out new
governing principles, articulate goals, and authorize programs
of action to achieve those goals do so as delegates of national
governments from the UN's member states. Based on these
considerations, some General Assembly resolutions are the
equivalent of policy declarations in that they articulate broad
principles and goals and call for programs of action to achieve
these goals. A second set of "UN policy" documents might be
goals, plans of action, and desirable codes of conduct
embedded in international treaties and conventions. Good
examples include
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the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The United
Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) is the
leading global environmental authority that sets the global
environmental agenda,
promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental

dimension of sustainable development within the United
Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for the
global environment (environment. org). one of its program is
the promotion of biodiversity.
4. Institutional Gaps
Policies created, whether international or national, must

be housed in an institution that has resources and autonomy.
This gap is evident in the United Nations system because even
powerful global institutions dike the security Council the World
Bank and the International Monetary Fund often lack
appropriate resources or authority or even both. One of the
most obvious explanations, for institutional gap is that
resources allocated are not proportionate to the problem. This
is applicable to the problems of most countries all over the
world. Some of these problems are improving the welfare of
women and children, human rights protection, and the
proliferation of HIV-AIDS.
The source of ideas about filling institutional gaps is still

more likely to be governments and IGOs than non-state actors.
However, the absence of international political will mean that
many of these organizations are only partially constructed or
remain largely on drawing boards with only a small prototype
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to
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address gargantuan threats (Weiss and Thakur, 2010).
International institutions are important because their existence
is to deal primarily on specific problems without any lace of
politics. Programs of these international institutions are handed
down to member states. Take for example the protection of
children's welfare. This program is under the United Nations
Children's Fund (UNICEF). Funds are allocated by the state to
support this program. The Department of Social Welfare and
Development is the one implementing the protection of welfare
of children. Without the watchful eye of the civil society and
the advocacy of certain groups, some programs may have slow
delivery or they may not be delivered at all.
5. Compliance Gaps
The fifth and final gap is the compliance gap. Compliance

measures must include mechanisms to identify defections and
defectors from agreed upon norms and commitments in the
realm of international governance as well as incentives that
reward cooperation and disincentives that punish defection,
including the use of force to bring those who have not
complied back into line. Approach in analyzing compliance gaps
has three facets: implementation, monitoring, and enforcement
(Weiss and Thakur, 2010). The United Nations may not have
full sanction when a member state is unwilling to implement
the agreement on international policies. China, for example,
cannot be stopped or having nuclear weapons although there is
an international policy on the acquisition of nuclear technology
and material.
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There is no clear cut definition as to who has the
authority, responsibility and the capacity to ensure that
agreements entered into by member states are being honoured
and enforced in their countries. With the exception of the
Security Council, UN bodies can only make "recommendations."
Hence, publicity of information about noncompliance mixed
with the use of the bully pulpit has been a central dynamic in
efforts to secure compliance. One of the main tactics used in
the face of these constraints has been to embarrass those who
do not comply. This tactic is used when UN secretariats or
NGOs generate and publicize information and data about non-
compliance.
One of the most difficult and challenging in filling up

global governance gap is compliance gap. The role of
international organizations will come in very helpful. The World
Trade Organization and the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade help in monitoring member states who comply in
enforcing trade agreements.
For any concerns about this subject, you may leave your message to the
following:
FB: Aira Clemente (For School Purposes)

www.facebook.com/aira.clemente.714
Gmail: airaclemente@crt.edu.ph
Mobile No.: 09067458500
Consultation hours: Mondays to Fridays/ 8:00 am – 4:59 pm
Date Developed:
CRT

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CRT LEARNING MODULE

Course Code GE107

Course Title The Contemporary World

HOW TO USE THIS DIGITIZED LEARNING MODULE?

You are required to go through a series of learning activities and evaluation in

Contents of this Learning Module

No. Module Title Topic Code

5. Global Lesson 1: Module 5.1

Lesson 2: Module 5.2

MODULE TITLE: Global Governance

The journey of a nation towards development is not a

An example of a facilitative and constraining role is the

THE UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations is an international organization founded in

The Role of the United Nations

The United Nations as an International Organizations have

1. Maintain International Peace and Security. The United

2. Protect Human Rights. The term "human rights” was

3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid. One of the purposes of the United

5. Uphold International Law. The UN Charter, in its Preamble,

Globalization promotes development in all aspects of

FIVE GAPS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

When a phenomenon happens, more often than not, there

A norm can be defined statistically to mean the pattern of

a. new norm emerges and a norm entrepreneur advocates it;

c. actors internalize the new norm so that it becomes taken for

The United Nations provides an organizational platform for

As a Universal Organization, the United Nations serves as

Weiss and Thakur (2010) defined policy as an interlinked

Analyzing policy gaps entails two challenges:

Second: What are the types of actors who play an ever

A policy necessarily entails both agency and purposive

To put things in balance, the policymakers at the UN are

promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental

Policies created, whether international or national, must

The source of ideas about filling institutional gaps is still

The fifth and final gap is the compliance gap. Compliance

One of the most difficult and challenging in filling up

FB: Aira Clemente (For School Purposes)

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