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    37 views23 pages

    Simple Curve

    Uploaded by

    Naheel Kottalath

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Curve Surveying I : Simple Circular Curves 1.1. GENERAL Curves are generally used on highways and railways where it is necessary to change the direction of motion. A curve may be circular, parabolic or spiral and is always tangential to the two straight directions. Circular curves are further divided into three classes : (i) simple, (ii) compound, and (iii) reverse (c) Reverse curve FIG. 1.1, CURVES. a) SURVEYING CES 1.1 (0) is the coe which consists of a single arc of a circle, tangential to both the straight lines fe ms na A compound curve (Fig. .1 (6)| consists of_two or more simple ee Occ aad join st con tangent points. A reverse cul MeCN) iGe\ one lWhich (coosists of two circular arce of Bone Sse all *having “ines entres to the different sides of the common tangents the ares thus bend in different directions with a common tangent at their junction, It is in intersection (P.1.) or vertex (V). 4, Point of curve (PC): tis the beginning of the curve whete the alignment changes from a tangem to a curve. S. Point of tangency (P.T.). It is end of the curve where the alignment changes from a curve to tangent. fo any point. The deflection angle to angle at P.C. between the back tangent and the is tte Sho ot, on curve, the ; Pin on ee LP aatent distance (7). Mis the distance between Pc. 4, Pl. to P.T.), , ” ee gets fatate, Bm te. mic coiy teers tom con, Long chord. \ is chord joining P.C. © P.7. SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVES 3 12. Mid ordinate (M). It is the ordinate from the mid-point of the long chord to the mid-point of the curve. 13. Normal chord (C). A chord between two successive regular stations on a curve. 14, Sub-chord (c). Sub-chord is any chord shorter than the normal chord. 18. Right-hand curve, If the curve deflects to the right of the direction of the progress of survey, it is called the right-hand curve. 16. Left-hand curve. If the curve deflects to the left of the direction of the progress of survey, if is called the left-hand curve. 1.3. DESIGNATION OF CURVE The sharpness of the curve is designated either by its radius or by its degree of curvature. The former system is adopted in Great Britain while the later system is used in America, Canada, India and some other countries. The degree of curvature has several slightly different definitions. According 10 the arc definition generally used in highway practice, the degree of the curve is defined as the central angle of the Hs curve that is subtended by owe an arc of 100 ft length. Es ee According to the chord defi- nition generally used in rail- way practice, the degree of the curve is defined as the central angle of the R curve that is subtended by its chord of 100 ft length. The relation between the radius (R) and degree \J of the curve (D) can easily by derived with reference ° rd to Fig. 1.3. (2) Arc definition (0) Chord definition Arc definition. From familiar proportion [Fig. 1.3 (@)), we have FIG. 1.3. DEGREE OF CURVE (FEET UNITS). 100:2xR=D* : 360° 360° 100 _ $729.578 Aas a ee) Thus, radius of 1° curve is 5729.578 ft. To the first approximation, we have Re ul @l Chord definition. From triangle POC (Fig. 1.3 (b)]. ee 0.1 @) SURVEYING 50 ceil aaee a; ..» (exact) sin;D When D is small. sin} D may be taken approximately equal to 4D radians. nt) , where D is in degrees Z * 180 50 x 360 5729.578 _ 5730 5 ete ye =p (PProx.) + zee on 20 Mm DasiS Nas Veen wow. 1.4. ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE CURVE (Fig. 1.2) (1) Length of the curve (J) : Length. l=T,CT:=RA where A is in radians = pees A wl) 180° where \ is in degrees. If the curve is designated by its degree of curvature, the length of the curve wil depend upon the criteria used for the definition of the degree of. the curve. i SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVES (a) Are definition : Length of arc = 100 ft Since any two central angles of the same circle are proportional to the corresponding intercepted arcs (or chords), we have Avy D~ 100 100 A or us 14 (a Bok [ my (b) Arc definition : Length of arc=20 m 1-08 metres _ lls On For the chord definition, / is the total length as if measured along the 100 ft chords of an inscribed polygon. Equations 1.4 (a) and (6) can be approximately used for chord definition when the chord begins and ends with a sub-chord (2) Tangent Length (7) Tangent length, T=TW= VIy= OT; an $= R tan > (Ls) @) Length of the long chord (L) L=Tify= 207; sins =2Rsin ba 1.6) (4) Apex distance or external distance (E) E=CV=VO-CO=Rsec>-R i A 4 =R| see 5-1 j= Rexsee > i (5) Mid-ordinate (M) M= CD =CO-DO=R- Roos > (1.8) The mid-ordinate of the curve is also known as the versed sine of the curve. 1.5. SETTING OUT SIMPLE CURVES The methods of setting out curves can be mainly divided into two heads depending upon instruments used : (1) Linear methods. \n the lincar methods, only a chain or tape is used. Lincar methods are used when (a) a high degree of accuracy is not required, (b) the curve is short. (2) Angular methods. In angular method, an instrument such as a theodolite is used with or without a chain (or tape). Before a curve is set out, it is essential to locate the Pry bones cian (PL, ei of the curve (P.C.) and point of tangency ( i a i angent. Before setting out the curve, the surveyor is always s vith Seat ua ce which the general alignment of ee is known in t 2 ie traverse. controlling the survey of that area. aad ‘ ie. a Certain poings both the tangents, the tangents can be staked on the groui a Ft # Measuy The tangents may then be set out by theodolite by trial and error so that Icy pass the marks as nearly as possible. The total deflection angle (A) can then be measured setting the theodolite on the P.I Location of tangent Points. After having located the length (7) can be calculated from equation 1.5, P.I. and measured A, the ie, A T=Run> The point 7; (Fig. 1.2) can be located by measuring back a distance VP, <7 the rear tangent. Similarly, the point 7, can be located by measuring a distance Vr2 = T on the the chainage of point 7, can be known by subtr the ‘tangent length from it. The length of the curve is then added fo the chai T, Ww get the chainage of T,. The ae tangent points must be located with &reater_precisi Interval. For the ease in calculations and settin, Pegs on 'S Out, it is essential that re at regular interval i eae ning two eeEitiBE (0 the end. Such i tne {NO Such adjacent pegs. ig known as full chord or normal chord. The chord is sth of the generall 100 ft in English units or 20 me that angle subtended yas a shor a the centre is equal to the degree nt Ne curve. The stations having the ‘chat in the multiples of chain lengths are town ‘g Sull station an Points will not be full stations the. tho images. wit) mipetamees the ti The distance between the poim 7. an ihe rds. Thus. j i All other imermediate +m links, the first chord length will be the remaining p, Beet Ts i chains (100 m) links. Similarly, if the chainage of Tr is ie * the last chord ree bates MBERA OF unit chord shouldbe 0 selec So ee eimrns the egihe ofthe chord: and’ me so Tf the yee ot greater than one-tenth of the radius. it will sive sufficiently Peing mm in 20 m. For more accurate result. the SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVES Linear methods of Setting Out Following are some of the linear methods for setting out simple circular curves”: (1) By ordinates or offsets from the long chord. (2) By successive bisection of arcs (3) By. offset from the tangents (4) By offsets from chords produced (or by deflection distances). Location of tangent points. If an angle measuring instrument is not available, the following procedure may be adopted for the location of tangent points (Fig. 1.4) (1) Produce two straights to meet at V (2) Select two inter-visible points E and G on the two straights, equidistant from V. VE and VG should be as long as possible (3) Join. EG, measure it and bisect it at F. Join VF and measure it. From similar triangles, VEF and VT,0 we have VI _ VE OT, EF VE yet VE vr =T= 7h. OM = FER Thus, the tangent poins 7, and T; can be located by measuring Vr, and VI; each equal to T along the straights. FIG. 1.4. LOCATION OF TANGENT POINTS. 1.6. BY ORDINATES FROM THE LONG CHORD : (Fig. 1.5) Let R= Radius of the curve. Oy = Mid-ordinate. 0, = Ordinate at distance x from the mid-point of the chord. T; and T; = Tangent points. ‘L= Length of the long chord actually measured on the ground. Bisect the long chord at point D. From triangle OT,D, Or} = TD? + DO* Or OoeR Ve (5) (1.9) In order to calculate the or dinate O, to any point E, draw the line EE, parallel to the long chord TT. Join EO to cut the long chord in G. Then 0, = EF = ED =E0-Do = Veo) ~ Ey (EO) ~ (EE,) - (co - CD) = VR =F -(R- 09 +(exact) on(1.10) To set out the curve, the long chord is divided into an even number of equal parts, Offsets calculated from equation 1.10 are then set out at each of these points, 2G «R= TF x Fr, 1% 2R =x (1 ~ x) SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVES 9 2. Join T\C and 7;C and bisect them at D, and D; respectively. At D; and D3, set out perpendicular A) offsets C:D= CD: = R{ 1 ~ cos 2) to get points C\ and C, on the curve 3. By the successive bisection of these chords, more points may be obtained FIG. 1.6. SUCCESSIVE BISECTION OF ARCS, 1.8. BY OFFSETS FROM THE TANGENTS If the deflection angle and the radius of curvature are both small, the curves can be set out by offsets from the tangent. The offsets from the tangents can be of two types: (Radial offsets (ii) Perpendicular offsets. () Radial Offsets (Fig. 1.7) Let 0, = Radial offset DE at any distance x along the tangent TD=x From triangle 7:DO, DO*= 7,07 + TD? or (DE + E0)' = 7,0? + TD? or (0; + RV =R +x 0.-VR 42 -R (exact) ..(1.12) In order to get an approximate expression for Ox, expand Rx. Thus, ant A ot Or = Ri + - [+o |-R A+ tei Neglecting the other terms except the first two, we get x O=R+H-R Ox = 5 ++ (approx.) eef.12 @)) ‘When the radius is large, the above approximate expression can o also be obtained as under : FIG. 1.7. SETTING OUT BY RADIAL OFFSETS. G@ Perpendicular Offsets Let DE = 0, =Offset_ perpendicular to the tangent g the tangent From which. 0,=R- VR -x (exact) ...(1.13) Oo Neglecting the other terms except the first role beurre ee two of the expansion PERPENDICULAR OFFSETS O.-R-R+2- R-R+ - = (1.13 noted that if the curve is set out by the approximate expression the curve will lie on a parabola and not on the arc of a cirélé ‘SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVES 4 1.9. BY DEFLECTION DISTANCES (OR OFFSETS FROM THE CHORDS PRODUCED) The method is very much use- ful for long curves and is generally used on highway curves when a theodolite is not available, Let T\A) = TA = initial sub-chord = A, B, D etc.= points on the curve AB = BD=C; etc. T\V= Rear Tangent 2 A\T,A = 6 = deflection angle of the first chord A\A = O; = first offset Now.are AA =O,=T\A.8 ...(i) Since 7\V is the tangent 0 mg 1.9. serTING OUT THE CURVE BY DEFLECTION the circle at 7, DISTANCES. ZT\OA = 22A,T\A = 25 TA=R.25 1. b=R =i) Substituting the value of 5 in (i), we get Arc AA=0,=T\A. OR 2R Taking arc T/A =chord T\A (very nearly), we get on 1.14 @) In order to obtain the value of the second offset O, for getting the point B on the curve, draw a tangent AB, to the curve at A to cut the rear tangent in A’, Join T,A and prolong it to a point B, such that AB,=AB~=C,= length of the second chord. Then 0, = B,B. ‘As from equation 1.14 (a), the offset B\B from the tangent AB, is given by 2 p= it) Again, 2 BAB, = Z A'AT, being opposite angles. Since 7,A’ and A’A are both tangents, they are equal in length. a be SURVEYING A’ AT, 2AAT, = 8 arc BB, = AB, .5=C;.5 Substituting the value of 8 from (ii), we get iv) arc B: B= BB, +B, B 2 GQ 11.14 (by) IR TR 2R C+ &) D:D is given by O:= Similarly, the third offset 0, = 10s Os= (+ G) ‘The last or mth offset is given by oF On = FR (Cn 1 + Ca) 14 (eo Generally, the first chord is a subchord, say of length ¢, and the intermediate are normal chords, Say of length C. In that case, the al bove formulae reduce to o-5 ae ci = Lees For n= aR C+) Ld (ay i c %= = ...0n-1=£ 2¢)- f° d 5 R R ~AL14 (ey) On= sRIC +e) # R vll.te @y where c’ is the last sub-chord. its T, and T; and find out their yp: (1) Locate the tangent points 7, d a . Henght (c) of the first sub-chord so that th, Ben earlier. Calculate the first Peg ig Pitlnea ( ark at Ti. spread the chain (or tape) atone , point 2 rE ee that 7A) == length of the firs subchorge "fing " e ith T; as centre and TA, as radius. swing the “aed fa Os Fe pit A ca AA = along TiA and pull it straight in «yi, re (4) Spread ee ages GA ardifie. couse na on B, such that the zero eee Poin re hain centred at AS radius. ~~ "mat length of the second offset, Fix the Poin 8 the chain Suc} fe, ono of ites a poist B such tat Bib = O:= SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVES ha (6) Spread the chain along AB and repeat the steps (4) and (5) till the point of tangency (T;) is reached. All intermediate offsets will be equal to & while the’ last offset will be equal to (C+) R The last point so fixed must coincide with the point of tangency (7;) fixed originally by measurements from the vertex. If the discrepancy (sometimes called as the closing error) is more, the curve should be re-set. If the error is less, it should be distributed to all the points by moving them sideways by an amount proportional to the square of their distance trom the point 7, . The method is mostly used in road surveys and is very satisfactory, specially when a theodolite isnot available. However, it has a great defect in that the error in fixing point is carried forward, INSTRUMENTAL METHODS The following are instrumental methods commonly used for setting out a circular curve (1) Rankine’s method of tangential (or deflection) angle. (2) Two theodolite method. (3) Tacheometric method. 1.10. RANKINE’S METHOD OF TANGENTIAL (OR DEFLECTION) ANGLES A deflection ‘angle to any point on the curve is the angle at P.C. between the back tangent and the chord from P.C. to that point. Rankine’s method is based on the principle that the deflection angle to any point on a circular curve is measured by one-half the angle subtended by the arc from P.C. fo that point. It is assumed that the length of the arc is approximately equal to its chord. Let us first derive expression for the tangential angles, Let T,V = Rear tangent T,= Point to curve (P.C.) 6), 62, 8;= The tangential angles or the angles which each of the successive chords 7\A, AB, BC etz. makes with the respective tangents to the curve at 7), A, B etc. ‘Total tangential angles or the deflection angles to the points A, B,C etc. Ci, C:,Cs= Lengths of the chords T\A, AB, B A\A = Tangent to the curve at A, From the property of a circle, ZVIA = 52T\0A = LT\OA = 2ZVMA = 28 Si, On, Ay 2T,0A_ 180' Ci mR 180° C Now o1 0A = 28, or

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