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LANGUAGE PROGRAMS & POLICIES IN  Language Maintenance: Immigrant speakers
MULTLINGUAL SOCIETIES retain knowledge of the original language in the
host country into following generations
What Is Sociolinguistics?  Language Preservation
 Language Death
 It is the study of language and society
 Language Revival
 Can be dated to be about the middle of the 20 th
century Where Do Standards Came From?
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)  England
 France
 Father of modern linguistics
 Italy
 Saw language as a type of social behavior
 Spain
Socialinguistics & Traditional Dialectology  Netherlands
 Norway
 Concern with language variation  Germany
 Unacceptable to modern linguistics: Dialect  Finland
investigations were unrepresentative
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Principle of Modern Linguistics
 Sociolinguistics is study of the relationship between
 The prior definition of one’s area of investigation language and society. (Holmes 1995: 1)
 The impartial choice of informats  Sociolinguistics conveys social meaning
 The use of preferred methods of investigation
 The anonymous collection of data What Actually Linguistic Is?

Development of Sociolinguistics SOUND STRUCTURE MEANING

PHONETICS MORPHOLOGY SEMANTICS
William Labov (1966) pioneered investigation of the PHONOLOGY SYNTAX PRAGMATICS
English of New York City

 Structural systems of the present and changes in
languages in the past can be investigated in
relation to each other
 Language can be observed in progress in present-
day language varieties
 “Free variation” is determined by deliberate
choice of speakers
Features by Informats:
 Style shifting during interview
 Varying degree of attention – audio monitoring
 Degree of formality
Language Serves A Range Of Functions:
 To ask for
 To give people information
 To express indignation
 To express admiration and respect, etc.
THE RELATIOSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY
The influence is bi-directional; language and society may
influence each other.
METHODS

Types of Speech Communities Sociolinguistics investigates how people use language in

 Diglossia: Division between two languages or two
varieties of a language
 Minority Languages: Languages which are spoken
by small numbers of people within the borders of
a country which has another language spoken by
the majorty
 Language Split: Forcibly differentiated to
maximize differences between two countries
different environments. It attempts to link patterns of
language use to some kind of non-linguistic reality that is,
to things like class, gender, racial or ethnic identification,
gang affiliation, and other.
1. Variationist – produces statistical information based
on large amounts of observed data. This research
technique was highly elaborated by its pioneer
William Labov, as well as later by Peter Trudgill, Sali
Tagliamonte, and many others.
2. Social constructivist – highlights the importance of
language in understanding the society and social
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categories and thus promotes the study of language
attitudes, beliefs, judgments and reactions about the
language (e.g., the re-search conducted by Howard
Giles)
3. Ethnographic – stresses the importance of the
insider’s viewpoint and subjectivity, thus, quite often
relies on qualitative research techniques or a
combination of both qualitative and quantitative
(e.g., the research conducted by Monica Heller,
Barbara Johnstone, Kathryn Woolard and others).
WHAT IS SOCIOLINGUISTICS?
The study of the sociological aspects of language. The
discipline concerns itself with the part language plays in
maintaining the social roles in a community. (Encylopedia
Brittanica)
Exploring the relationship between language and society.
In particular, it examines why people use language
differently in different social situations, and aims to
explain how they convey social meaning and signal aspects
of our social and cultural identity through language
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS
 The early Spanish missionaries wrote their Latinate
artes (grammar and vocabularies) not because of
intrinsic interest in this group of Austronesians
languages but as aids to other missionaries,
especially of their own religious congregations, in
learning the languages for evangelizing purposes.
 Only in the 19th century, based on the earlier notes
of travelers and anthropoligsts and explorers who
compiled word lists, did an interest in the Philippine
language as members of a larger family.
 Following the tradition set up by the German
philologist and anthropologists of the 19th century,
Jose Rizal began a work of Tagalog grammar and
some anthropological notes on his beloved country.
It is likewise in Rizal, himself psychologically
dominant in Spanish, where the question of a
national language for the emerging nation Filipinas
became a concern in the extended dialogues found
in his pedagogical novels, the Noli and the Fili.
 On the island themselves, the first Filipino to
undertake a detailed dictionary of Tagalog was
Pedro Serrano Laktaw, who compiled previous word
lists of Spanish vocabularies before him and then
added his own entries. He published his
monumental called “Diccionario Tagalog-Hispano”
in 1914
 On the 20th century, the first department of
linguistics in the country was established by the
German teacher and general linguist Otto Scheerer.
LANGUAGE CHANGE
The phenomenon by which permanent alterations are
made in the features and the use of a language over time.
All natural languages change, and language change affects
all areas of language use.
Variations of Language Change
 Diachronic Variation: Diachronic linguistics refers to
the study of how a language evolves over a period of
time. Tracing the development of English from the
Old English period to the twentieth century is a
diachronic study.
 Synchronic Variation: A lot of new words are not
entirely new, in that they are not fresh combinations
of sounds for that particular language, they’re
combinations of sounds repurposed to have a
different meaning.
LIVING IN A MULTILINGUAL WORLD
 There are about 7,139 languages in the world.
 12 extinct languages Latin, Ancient Egyptian,
Galician-Portuguese, Sanskrit, Berber, Andalusian
Arabic, Osage, Anglo- Norman, Portuguese-based
Creole, Biblical Hebrew, Cornish, Breton.
BILINGUALISM
 Ability to speak two languages.
 The word originates from the Latin ‘bi’, meaning
‘having two’, and ‘lingua’, meaning tongue.
Facts About Bilingualism
 There are approximately 33 billion bilingual people
worldwide.
 Spanish is the most popular second language to
learn in the US.
 Indonesia is the largest bilingual country in the
world. Spanish Is the Second- Most Popular
Language Studied in the Philippines in 2020
Types of Bilingualism
 Compound Bilingual: Is an individual who learns
two languages in the same environment so that
he/she acquires one notion with two verbal
expressions.
 Coordinate Bilingual: Acquires the two languages
in different contexts
 Sub-coordinate Bilingual: Learn the secondary
language by filtering through the mother tongue.
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Advantages:
 Increase brain power.
 Increase awareness of other cultures.
 Make travel easier and more enjoyable.
 You can better raise your kids bilingual.
 Improve social life.
Disadvantages
 Being the Google translate of your friendship group.
 Sometimes our brain fails us and we forget how to
speak at all.
 You will always be better at one than the other.
 People ask a lot of questions.
 You start to forget your mother tongue.
Philippine Bilingual Education Policy (BEP)
The policy on Bilingual Education aims at the achievement
of competence in both Filipino and English at the national
level, through the teaching of both languages and their use
as media of instruction at all levels.
CODE SWITCHING
Code switching is when a speaker alternates between two
or more languages (or dialects or varieties of language) in
one conversation.
Types of Code Switching
 Inter-sentential Switching: In inter-sentential code
switching, the language switch is done at sentence
boundaries—words or phrases at the beginning or
end of a sentence. This type is seen most often in
fluent bilingual speakers.
 Intra-sentential Switching: In intra-sentential code
switching, the shift is done in the middle of a
sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations, or
pauses to indicate a shift. The speaker is usually
unaware of the shift.
 Extra-Sentential: This is the switching of either a
single word or a tag phrase (or both) from one
language to another. This type is common in intra-
sentential switches. It involves the insertion of a tag
from one language into an utterance in another
language.
Reasons for code switching   instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying
 To exclude others
 To compensate for a lack of competence
 To fit in a particular social group
MACRO & MICRO LINGUISTICS
Both fields of study of linguistics that focus on language
and its form and meaning and the changes that occur to
that form and meaning due to other factors.
Macro Linguistics
 The study of broad influences on language.
 Refers to how language and society interact,
specifically how social factors can influence the use
of language in the larger society.
 Macro Linguistics often compares languages across
counties or cultures, the change of language
overtime, or other large outside societal influences.
Questions That Macro Linguistics Might Seek To Answer
Include The Following:
 How does language evolve over time?
 How do young children store new vocabulary for
later retrieval?
 How does one's culture influence use of language?
 How can stroke patients be taught to create new
pathways for retrieval of language skills that they
have lost?
Macro Linguistics Include:
 Sociolinguistics: Studies the relations between
language and society: how social factors influence the
structure and use of language
 Pscyholinguistics: The study of language and mind:
the mental structures and processes which are
involved in the acquisition, comprehension and
production of language
 Neurolinguistics: The study of language processing
and language representation in the brain. It typically
studies the disturbances of language comprehension
and production caused by the damage of certain
areas of the brain.
 Discourse Analysis: Text linguistics is the study of the
relationship between language and the contexts in
which language is used. It deals with how sentences
in spoken and written language form larger
meaningful units
 Cognitive Linguistics: An approach to the analysis of
natural language that focuses on language as an
information.
 Applied Linguistics: Primarily concerned with the
application of linguistic theories, methods and
findings to the elucidation of language problems
which have arisen in other areas of experience.
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Micro Linguistics
 The study of how a language is a system with a
structured set of rules.
 Refers to how small changes in language evolved
and affect the sound and look of language
 Microlinguistics is often not interested in the
meaning of words as much as the way the word
sounds or is formed and is often represented at the
individual level.
Micro-Linguistics Might Seek Answers For Questions Like
These:
 How are past tense verbs typically formed in a
language?
 Do adjectives follow nouns, or do they precede them?
 How many different vowel sounds does a language
contain?
 How are consonant blends formed—or does the
language have any blends?
Micro Linguistics Includes:
 Phonetics: The scientific study of speech sounds. It
studies how speech sounds are articulated,
transmitted, and received.
 Phonology: The study of how speech sounds function
in a language, it studies the ways speech sounds are
organized. It can be seen as the functional phonetics
of a particular language.
 Morphology: The study of the formation of words. It
is a branch of linguistics which breaks words into
morphemes. It can be considered as the grammar of
words as syntax is the grammar of sentences
 Syntax: Deals with the combination of words into
phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of
sentence construction.
 Semantics: A branch of linguistics which is concerned
with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects.
Words have several types of meaning.
 Pragmatics: Can be defined as the study of language
in use. It deals with how speakers use language in
ways which cannot be predicted from linguistic
knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the
intended meaning of speakers.
TRENDS & ISSUES OF MULTILINGUALISM
In the modern world, multilingualism is a common
phenomenon. In fact, the number of bilingual or
multilingual individuals in the world is greater than the
number of monolingual individuals (Paulston and Tucker,
2003). This term, by broad definition, is the use of two or
more languages, either by an individual speaker or by a
community of speakers.
However, in order to shed further light on the problems
multilingualism might have at the societal level, we will
discuss a range of overlapping, yet important areas:
education, employment, and language policy.
Multilingualism & Education
Education is one of the most important areas of public life
where languages, either taught or as the medium of
communication, have an obvious impact. In multilingual
societies, the policy taken to language use in schools tends
to be that the language of the majority is used for teaching
(Romaine; 1994, 1995)
Issues:
 Reduce the minority-language speaker's ability in
his/her native language
 Learners tend to be ‘semi-lingualists’: meaning that
they do not become completely proficient in neither
the majority nor the minority languages, and hence
their overall ability to communicate would be
negatively affected
 Learners might not gain a ‘positive self-image’ as
having a sense of cultural identity requires valuing
one's own language.
Multilingualism & Employment
After leaving school and even before having any kind of
formal certificates, minority group members would have
to compete with the indigenous in the job market. Clearly,
then, minority group members are more likely to end up
“perpetuating the uncertain, low-status position their
parents occupy within the economic and social system in
the host country” (Hoffman, 1991: 312)
This suggests that multilingualism itself does not cause
inequality, but that inequality is created through the
policies of certain governments who chose to
underestimate (by whatever means) the value of the
inclusion of the minority languages through some policies
(Schiffman, 1996; Baker & Prys Jones, 1998).
However, even with giving them their rights, Romaine
(2009: 135) warns us that monolingual policies may
negatively affect the minority language speakers as they
would still feel ‘isolated’.
Multilingualism & Language Policy
Another way in which sociolinguists can analyze the effects
of linguistic diversity on social unity, is by looking at the
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effects of multilingualism at the language policy-making
level, with particular regard to the conflict between
different linguistic groups within a multilingual community.

There are four approaches to language planning and

policy, as identified by Cobarrubius (1983), cited in Ricento
(2006: 49): linguistic assimilation, linguistic pluralism,
vernacularization, and internationalism.

Many countries have often adopted the policy of ‘linguistic

assimilation’, under which minority language groups are
expected to speak the majority language, because of the
argument that this would create a sense of national unity
and hence protects the nation's identity.

With ‘constant’ demands for their linguistic rights,

minority groups may (if not can) have an impact on
language policy and planning in the nations they live in.