ONLINE CERTIFICATE COURSE ION I

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

WIPO TREATIES

1. PARIS ICONVENTION
The iParis iConvention iwas iadopted ito iprotect ithe iIndustrial iProperty. iBasically, iThe
iParis iConvention iapplies ito iindustrial iproperty iin ithe iwidest isense, iincluding ipatents,
itrademarks, iindustrial idesigns, iutility imodels, iservice imarks, itrade inames,
igeographical iindications iand ithe irepression iof iunfair icompetition. iThe iorigin iand
irecognition iof iIntellectual iProperty igoes iway iback ifrom ithe iyear i1883 iwhen ithe
iParis iConvention ifor iprotection iof iIP icame iinto iexistence. iThis iconvention iwas
isigned iby i140 istates iwhich iagreed ito iimplement iits iprovisions. iHowever, iIndia ihad
inot isigned ithis iconvention. iBy ithis iconvention, ithe iterm iof i‘industrial iproperty’ iwas
iused iin ithe ibroadest isense. iArticle i1(2) istates ithat i“the iprotection iof iindustrial
iproperty ihas ias iits iobjects ipatents, iutility imodels, iindustrial idesigns, itrade imarks,
iservice imarks, itrade inames, iindications iof isource ior iappellations iof iorigin iand
irepression iof iunfair icompetition”.
2. BERNE ICONVENTION

The iParis iConvention idid inot icover ithe iaspect iof icopyright ithen iafter ithat ia inoble
iconvention icame ithe iBerne iConvention iof i1886 iand iit iwas iin ifact ithe ifirst
iinternational iconvention icovering ithe ilaws iof iCopyright. iIndia iis ia imember iof ithis
iconvention ibesides i120 iother istates. iThe iBerne iConvention ifollowed iin ithe ifootsteps
iof ithe iPairs iConvention ifor iProtection iof iIndustrial iProperty iof i1883, iwhich iin ithe
isame iway ihad icreated ia iframework ifor iinternational iintegration iof ithe iother itypes
iof iIP ilike; ipatents, itrademarks, iindustrial idesign. i

Online Certificate Course ion Intellectual Property Rights 1

ejusticeindia.com i
Basically, iBerne iConvention ideals iwith ithe iprotection iof iworks iand ithe irights iof
itheir iauthors. iIt iprovides icreators isuch ias iauthors, imusicians, ipoets, ipainters ietc.
iwith ithe imeans ito icontrol ihow itheir iworks iare iused, iby iwhom, iand ion iwhat iterms.
iIt iis ibased ion ithree ibasic iprinciples iand icontains ia iseries iof iprovisions idetermining
ithe iminimum iprotection ito ibe igranted, ias iwell ias ispecial iprovisions iavailable ito
ideveloping icountries ithat iwant ito imake iuse iof ithem.

3. UNIVERSAL ICOPYRIGHT ICONVENTION I(UCC)

The iUCC icame iinto ieffect iin ithe iyear i1952. iThe iUCC, iadopted iin iGeneva, iis ione
iof ithe itwo iprincipal iinternational iconventions iprotecting icopyright; ithe iother ibeing,
ithe iBerne iconvention. iThe iUCC iwas ideveloped iby iUNESCO ias ian ialternative ito
iBerne iConvention ifor ithose istates iwhich idisagreed iwith iaspects iof ithe iBerne
iConvention, ibut istill iwished ito iparticipate iin isome iform iof imultilateral icopyright
iprotection. iSince ialmost iall icountries iare ieither imembers iof ithe iWorld iTrade
iOrganization, ithus ito iconform ito ithe iAgreement ion iTrade-Related iAspects iof
iIntellectual iProperty iRights iAgreements i(TRIPS), ithe iUCC ihas ilost iits isignificance. i

4. ROME ICONVENTION

The iRome iConvention icame iinto ieffect ion iOctober i26, i1961 iwherein ithe iContracting
iStates idesired ito iprotect ithe irights iof iperformers, iproducers iof iphonograms iand
ibroadcasting iorganizations iwithout iin iany imanner, iaffecting ithe irights iconferred ion
ithe iauthors iof ithe iliterary ior iartistic iwork. iThis iConvention iis iopen ito iStates iparty
ito ithe iBerne iConvention ifor ithe iProtection iof iLiterary iand iArtistic iWorks ior ito ithe
iUniversal iCopyright iConvention. iInstruments iof iratification ior iaccession imust ibe
ideposited iwith ithe iSecretary-General iof ithe iUnited iNations. iThe istates imay imake
ireservations iwith iregard ito ithe iapplication iof icertain iprovisions. iWIPO iis iresponsible
ifor ithe iadministration iof ithe iRome iConvention ijointly iwith ithe iInternational iLabour
iOrganization i(ILO) iand ithe iUnited iNations iEducational, iScientific iand iCultural
iOrganization i(UNESCO).

Online Certificate Course ion Intellectual Property Rights 2

ejusticeindia.com i
 5. WORLD ITRADE IORGANIZATION I(WTO)

WTO ireplaced ithe iGeneral iAgreement ifor iTraffic iand iTrade i(GATT) iin ithe iyear
i1995. iGATT ihad icome iinto ieffect iin ithe iyear i1947 iwhich iregulated ithe
iinternational itrade. iHowever, iover ithe iyears ithe ineed ifor ireplacement iof iGATT iwas
ifelt iand iWTO iwas iintroduced. iThe iWTO iis ia iglobal iinternational iorganization
iwhich iintends ito isupervise iand iliberalize iinternational itrade iamongst imember iStates.
iThe iorganization ideals iwith iregulation iof itrade ibetween iparticipating icountries iby
iproviding iframework ifor inegotiating iand iformalizing itrade iagreements iand ia idispute
iresolution iprocess iaimed iat ienforcing iparticipant’s iadherence ito iWTO iagreements,
iwhich iare isigned iby irepresentatives iof imember igovernments iand iratified iby itheir
iparliaments. iThe igoal iof iWTO iis ito iensure ithat itrade iflows ias ismoothly, ipredictably
iand ifreely ias ipossible.

6. TRADE IRELATED IASPECTS IOF IINTELLECTUAL IPROPERTY IRIGHTS

I(TRIPS)

The iAgreement ion iTRIPS iis ibased ion iand ihas iadopted ithe iprovisions iof iParis
iConvention. iIt iis iand iinternational iagreement iadministered iby ithe iWTO. iIn ifact
iTRIPS iis ione iof ithe imost iuseful iand ieffective iglobal iagreement iof iWTO. iIt
iprovides iminimum istandards ifor imany iforms iof iIP iregulation ias iapplied ito inationals
iof iother iWTO imembers. iTRIPS irequires iWTO imember ito iprovide icopyright irights,
icovering icontent iproducers iincluding iperformers, iproducers iof isound irecordings iand
ibroadcasting iorganization; igeographical iindications, iindustrial idesigns; iintegrated
icircuit ilayout idesigns; ipatents; inew iplant ivarieties; itrade imarks; iand iconfidential
iinformation. i

There iare ithree imain ifeatures iof iTRIPS iAgreement: i

I. Standards i– iIn irespect iof ieach iof ithe imain iareas iof iIP icovered iby ithe iTRIPS
iAgreement, ithe iAgreement isets iout ithe iminimum istandards iof iprotection ito ibe
iprovided iby ieach iMember. iEach iof ithe imain ielements iof iprotection iis idefined,
inamely ithe isubject imatter ito ibe iprotected, ithe irights ito ibe iconferred iand
ipermissible iexceptions ito ithose irights, iand ithe iminimum iduration iof iprotection.
iThe iAgreement isets ithese istandards iby ifirst, irequiring i, ithat ithe isubstantive

Online Certificate Course ion Intellectual Property Rights 3

ejusticeindia.com i
 iobligations iof ithe imain iConventions iof ithe iWIPO, iParis iConvention iand i ithe
iBerne iConventions iin itheir imost irecent iversions. i

II. Enforcement i– iThe isecond imain iset iof iprovisions ideals iwith idomestic
iprocedures iand iremedies ifor ithe ienforcement iof iIPR. iThe iAgreement ilays idown
icertain igeneral iprinciples iapplicable ito iall iIPR ienforcement iprocedures. i

III. Dispute isettlement i– iThe iAgreement imakes idisputes ibetween iWTO iMembers iin
irespect iof ithe iTRIPS iobligations isubject ito ithe iWTO’s idispute isettlement
iprocedure.

7. WORLD IINTELLECTUAL IPROPERTY IORGANIZATION I(WIPO)

The iWIPO iis ian iinternational iforum ifor iIntellectual iProperty iservices,policy,
iinformation iand icooperation. iThe ibasic iaim iof iWIPO iis ito iprovide i“the iprotection
iof iIP ithroughout ithe iworld”. iWIPO iis iformally icreated iby ithe iconvention
iestablishing ithe iWIPO, iwhich ientered iinto iforce ion iApril i26, i1970. iWIPO ibecame ia
ispecialized iagency iof ithe iUN iin i1974. iWIPO icurrently ihas i187 imember istates iand
iis iheadquartered iat iGeneva. iThe iAgreement ibetween ithe iUN iand ithe iWITO iis
inoted iin iArticle i1. i

The iAgreement imarked ia itransition ifor iWIPO ifrom iprotection iof iIP, ito ione ithat
iinvolved ithe imore icomplex itask iof ipromoting itechnology itransfer iand ieconomic
idevelopment. iWIPO ihas iestablished iWIPOnet, iglobal iinformation inetwork. iThe
iproject iseeks ito ilink i300 iIP ioffices iin iWIPO imember istates. iIn iaddition ito
iproviding ia imeans iof isecure icommunication iamong iall iconcerned iparties. iWIPOnet
iis ia ifoundation ifor iWIPO’s iIP iservices.

Online Certificate Course ion Intellectual Property Rights 4

ejusticeindia.com i