reporters copy.

ABSTRACTION

• GONADS
A REPRODUCTIVE GLAND (SUCH AS AN OVARY OR TESTIS) THAT PRODUCES GAMETES.

• FEMALE GONADS
THE OVARIES, ARE A PAIR OF REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS. THEY ARE LOCATED IN THE PELVIS, ONE ON EACH SIDE OF THE
UTERUS, AND THEY HAVE TWO FUNCTIONS: THEY PRODUCE EGGS AND FEMALE HORMONES.

• MALE GONADS
THE MALE GONADS ARE THE TESTES THESE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ORGANS ARE NECESSARY FOR SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION AS THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MALE GAMETES

EARLY STAGE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• EMBRYONIC
AFTER CONCEPTION, YOUR BABY BEGINS A PERIOD OF DRAMATIC CHANGE KNOWN AS THE EMBRYONIC STAGE. THIS STAGE
RUNS FROM THE 5TH THROUGH THE 10TH WEEK OF PREGNANCY. DURING THIS STAGE, THE BABY IS CALLED AN EMBRYO.
THERE ARE NUMEROUS CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING THE EMBRYONIC STAGE

THE FORMATION OF MALE AND FEMALE STRUCTURES DEPENDS ON THE TESTOSTERONE

• FEMALE
COMBINED WITH ESTROGEN, THE FEMALE SEX HORMONE, TESTOSTERONE HELPS WITH THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE, AND
REPAIR OF A WOMAN'S REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES, BONE MASS, AND HUMAN BEHAVIORS. AN IMBALANCE OF TESTOSTERONE
IN THE FEMALE BODY CAn HAVE DAMAGING EFFECTS ON A WOMAN'S HEALTH AND SEX DRIVE

• MALE
TESTOSTERONE IS A SEX HORMONE THAT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE BODY. IN MEN, IT'S THOUGHT TO REGULATE
SEX DRIVE (LIBIDO), BONE MASS, FAT DISTRIBUTION, MUSCLE MASS AND STRENGTH, AND THE PRODUCTION OF RED
BLOOD CELLS AND SPERM. A SMALL AMOUNT OF CIRCULATING TESTOSTERONE IS CONVERTED TO ESTRADIOL, A FORM OF
ESTROGEN
MALE AND FEMALE DUCTS SYSTEM AND EXTERNAL GENITALIA

• FEMALE
THE INTERNAL GENITALIA INCLUDE A THREE-PART SYSTEM OF DUCTS: THE UTERINE TUBES, THE UTERUS, AND THE
VAGINA. THIS SYSTEM OF DUCTS CONNECTS TO THE OVARIES, THE PRIMARY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. THE OVARIES
PRODUCE EGG CELLS AND RELEASE THEM FOR FERTILIZATION.

THE VULVA IS THE GLOBAL TERM THAT DESCRIBES ALL OF THE STRUCTURES THAT MAKE THE FEMALE EXTERNAL
GENITALIA. THE COMPONENTS OF THE VULVA ARE THE MONS PUBIS, LABIA MAJORA, LABIA MINORA, CLITORIS,
VESTIBULAR BULBS, VULVA VESTIBULE, BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS, SKENE'S GLANDS, URETHRA, AND VAGINAL OPENING

• MALE

3 PARTS OF THE MALE DUCT SYSTEM INTERNAL ORGANS INCLUDE THE VAS DEFERENS, PROSTATE AND URETHRA. THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SEXUAL FUNCTION, AS WELL AS URINATION

IN A MALE EMBRYO, ANDROGENS SECRETED BY THE TESTES CAUSE THE PHALLUS TO ELONGATE INTO THE PENIS AND THE
UROGENITAL FOLDS TO FUSE AND FORM THE SPONGY URETHRA

INTERVENTION IN NORMAL PATTERN OF SEX HORMONE PRODUCTION RESULTS

STRANGE ABNORMALITIES
DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT, AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA, CONGENITAL ADRENAL
HYPERPLASIA, UROGENITAL ANOMALIES

• PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES
A CONDITION IN WHICH THE INDIVIDUAL HAS A SINGLE CHROMOSOMAL AND GONADAL SEX BUT COMBINES FEATURES OF
BOTH SEXES IN THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA,CAUSING DOUBT AS TO THE TRUE SEX

• FEMALE
A FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITE IS AN INDIVIDUAL WITH OVARIES BUT WHOSE EXTERNAL GENITALIA HAVE A MALE
APPEARANCE. THIS DISORDER OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT USUALLY RESULTS FROM HORMONAL DISTURBANCES.

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM?

CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH), MOSTLY 21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY, IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE.
MATERNAL ANDROGEN EXCESS DUE TO MATERNAL OVARIAN TUMOR OR DRUG INTAKE ALSO CAUSES FEMALE
PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.

• MALE
MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM. MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES ARE GENETIC MALES (45,XY) WHO DEVELOP FEMALE
CONFIGURATIONS AND IDENTITIES. THESE INDIVIDUALS HAVE TESTES, BUT THEIR GENITAL DUCTS AND EXTERNAL
GENITALIA ARE FEMALE.
WHAT CAUSES MATE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM?

MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES ARE PERSONS WITH A Y-CHROMOSOME WHOSE EXTERNAL GENITALIA FAIL TO DEVELOP
AS EXPECTED FOR NORMAL MALES. CAUSES OF MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM INCLUDE CYTOGENETIC
ABNORMALITIES, TERATOGENIC CAUSES, DEFECTS IN TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS, AND DEFECTS IN ANDROGEN
ACTION.

• HERMAPRODITES
A PERSON OR ANIMAL HAVING BOTH MALE AND FEMALE SEX ORGANS OR OTHER SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS, EITHER
ABNORMALLY OR (IN THE CASE OF SOME ORGANISMS) AS THE NATURAL CONDITION

AN ORGANISM THAT DOES NOT HAVE SEPARATE SEXES INSTEAD BOTH THE MALE AND FEMALE SEX ORGANS ARE PRESENT
WITHIN A SINGLE ORGANISM ARE CALLED HERMAPHRODITES. EXAMPLES- TUNICATES, FEW SNAILS, EARTHWORMS ETC.
ARE HERMAPHRODITES.

• PUBERTY
THE TIME OF LIFE WHEN A CHILD EXPERIENCES PHYSICAL AND HORMONAL CHANGES THAT MARK A TRANSITION INTO
ADULTHOOD. THE CHILD DEVELOPS SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BECOMES ABLE TO HAVE CHILDREN.

STAGES OF PUBERTY
PUBERTY IN FEMALES

ONE OF THE FIRST SIGNS OF PUBERTY IN FEMALES TENDS TO BE A BREAST BUD, A SMALL AMOUNT OF FIRM TISSUE UNDER
THE NIPPLE. PERIODS TYPICALLY BEGIN AROUND 2 YEARS AFTER BREAST DEVELOPMENT AT THE AGE OF ABOUT 12.5, ON
AVERAGE. ALONG WITH PERIODS, PEOPLE MAY EXPERIENCE SYMPTOMS OF PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, KNOWN AS PMS.
EMOTIONS MAY FLUCTUATE MORE AROUND THE TIME OF A PERIOD, DUE T NATURAL VARIATIONS IN HORMONE LEVELS
DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE.

OTHER SIGNS OF PUBERTY INCLUDE THE START OF VAGINAL DISCHARGE, BODY ODOR, AND HAIR GROWING IN THE PUBIC
AREA, UNDER THE ARMS, AND ON THE LEGS.OFTEN, THE HIPS WIDEN, THE WAIST BECOMES PROPORTIONALLY SMALLER,
AND EXTRA FAT DEVELOPS AROUND THE STOMACH AND BUTTOCKS. BUT ALL BODIES DEVELOP DIFFERENTLY DURING THIS
TIME, AND THERE IS NO "NORMAL." EACH PERSON DBAECKV TOE ALGOENPDAS THEIR UNIQUE SIZE AND SHAPE.

PUBERTY IN MALES

.IN MALES, THE EARLIEST SIGNS OF PUBERTY ARE THE GROWTH OF THE TESTICLES, THEN THE PENIS. THE SKIN THAT
SURROUNDS THE TESTICLES, CALLED THE SCROTUM, BECOMES THINNER AND REDDER.BODY HAIR BEGINS TO GROW,
TYPICALLY ON THE FACE, CHEST, ARMPITS, BACK, AND PUBIC AREA. SOME PEOPLE START SHAVING, AND THIS CAN CAUSE A
RASH, ESPECIALLY ON SENSITIVE SKIN. USING SHAVING FOAM OR GEL CAN HELP, AND USING AN ELECTRIC RAZOR CAN
REDUCE THE RISK OF CUTS.MEANWHILE, THE VOICE STARTS TO GET LOWER AND DEEPER AS THE VOICE BOX, OR LARYNX,
GROWS. A PERSON'S VOICE MAY CRACK SOMETIMES. THIS IS NORMAL AND GOES AWAY OVER TIME. THE ADAM'S APPLE,
WHICH IS THE VISIBLE BUMP IN THE THROAT, MAY GET BIGGER.SOME MALES ALSO EXPERIENCE SWELLING AROUND THEIR
NIPPLES DURING PUBERTY. THIS USUALLY GOES AWAY. IN AROUND HALF OF MALES, IT CAN LAST A FEW MONTHS OR A FEW
YEARS.THE CHEST AND SHOULDERS TEND TO BECOME BROADER, AND MOST PEOPLE HAVE GROWTH SPURTS. THE TOTAL
AMOUNT OF BODY FAT TYPICALLY STARTS TO DROP AS MUSCLE DEVELOPS.