GROUP 1

REPORT
 INTRODUCTION

This chapter explores the various physical and emotional

changes that humans undergo from childhood to adulthood,
emphasizing the gradual progression of these changes at
different rates and ages. It particularly focuses on the adolescent
stage, marked by significant physical and behavioral
transformations. Additionally, it highlights that despite
differences in appearance, both men and women share similar
origins of sexual organs, with ovaries in females and testes in
males, which produce germ cells and sex hormones.
CONSTITUTES SEX
• SEX TYPICALLY COMPRISES THE BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS THAT DISTINGUISH INDIVIDUALS AS MALE
OR FEMALE. THESE CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDE GENETIC
SEX (CHROMOSOMES), ANATOMICAL SEX (REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS), HORMONAL SEX (SEX HORMONES), SECONDARY
SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS (DEVELOPED DURING PUBERTY),
AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION (ABILITY TO REPRODUCE).
HOWEVER, IT'S IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE THAT SEX CAN BE
MORE COMPLEX, WITH SOME INDIVIDUALS HAVING
VARIATIONS IN THESE CHARACTERISTICS, KNOWN AS
INTERSEX. ADDITIONALLY, SEX IS DISTINCT FROM GENDER
IDENTITY, WHICH REFERS TO AN INDIVIDUAL'S INTERNAL
SENSE OF BEING MALE, FEMALE, A BLEND OF BOTH, OR
NEITHER, AND MAY NOT ALWAYS ALIGN WITH THEIR
BIOLOGICAL SEX.
THE BIOLOGICAL
FEMALE
 ANATOMY
• the study of body structure in relation to body parts.

FEMALE SEXUAL ANATOMY

• is designed for the production and fertilization of ovum, as
well as carrying and delivering infant offspring.

Puberty
• signals the final development of primary and accessory
organs that support reproduction.
 FEMALE
EXTERNAL
GENITALIA
The female external genitalia consists of the following:

VULVA
• all the external genital structures taken together,

MONS VENERIS
• pads of fatty tissue between pubic bone and skin;

LABIA MAJORA
• outer lips surrounding all the other structures.

PREPUCE
• clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitorisk

CLITORIS
• glans (head), shaft, and crura (root), the clitoris is
particularly sensitive to stimulation;

LABIA MINORA
• inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweat and oil
glands. extensive blood vessels, and nerve endings are
located
VESTIBULE
area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which is
highly sensitive with extensive blood vessels and nerve endings

URETHRAL OPENING
end of tube connecting to bladder and used for urination

VAGINAL OPENING
also called introitus; and perineum - area of skin separating the
genitalia from the anus; distance is less in females than males.
The female internal reproductive structures consist of the
following as described and shown below:

VAGINA-COLLAPSIBLE CANAL
• extending from vaginal opening back and upward into body to
cervix and uterus. During arousal, it is engorged with blood. This
aids its expansion and triggers the release of lubricants from
vaginal mucosa;

CERVIX
• small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in
cervix leading to interior of uterus;

UTERUS
• womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried:

FALLOPIAN TUBES
• carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where fertilization
occurs.

OVARIES
• produce estrogen and progesterone
• The menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in
females.

MENARCHE
• first occurrence of menstruation.

• The overall cycle is governed by the hypothalamus as it

monitors hormone levels in the bloodstream.It involves
changes in the endometrium in response to the fluctuating
blood levels of ovarian hormones. There are three phases
Menstrual
Phase
• The Menstrual Phase is the first stage of the menstrual cycle.

• It typically occurs from Day 1 to Day 5 of a woman's menstrual

cycle.

• During this phase, the inner lining of the uterus, known as the
endometrium, is shed and expelled from the body through the
vagina.

• This shedding of the endometrial tissue results in menstrual

bleeding, commonly referred to as a woman's period.

• Menstrual bleeding is typically accompanied by cramps, which

are caused by uterine contractions to expel the tissue.

• Hormone levels, particularly estrogen and progesterone, are low

during this phase.

• The Menstrual Phase marks the beginning of a new menstrual

cycle and is an essential part of the female reproductive system
PROLIFERATIVE
PHASE
• The Proliferative Phase is the second stage of the menstrual
cycle, following the Menstrual Phase.
​
• It typically occurs from around Day 5 to Day 14 of a woman's
menstrual cycle, although this can vary.
​
• During this phase, the endometrial lining of the uterus, which
was shed during menstruation, begins to regenerate and
thicken.
​
• Rising levels of estrogen, a female sex hormone, stimulate the
growth and proliferation of the endometrial tissue.
​
• The cervical mucus becomes clearer, thinner, and more
conducive to the passage of sperm, facilitating fertility.
​
• Ovulation, the release of a mature egg from the ovary, usually
occurs at the end of the Proliferative Phase.

• This phase prepares the uterus for potential implantation of a

fertilized egg
Secretory
Phase
• The Secretory Phase is the third stage of the menstrual cycle,
occurring after the Proliferative Phase.

• I​ t typically spans from around Day 15 to Day 28 of the menstrual

cycle.
​
• During this phase, the uterine lining, known as the endometrium,
continues to thicken in response to rising levels of the hormone
progesterone.
​
• Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a structure formed
from the follicle that released the egg during ovulation.
​
• The thickened endometrium becomes rich with blood vessels and
glands, preparing it to nourish and support a potential embryo if
fertilization occurs.

• I​ f fertilization does not take place, hormone levels drop, leading to

the shedding of the thickened endometrial lining in the next
Menstrual Phase.
​
• The Secretory Phase is characterized by a receptive environment
for a fertilized egg, and it plays a crucial role in the female
reproductive cycle.
Secondary sexual
characteristics in
females
 Secondary sexual characteristics in
females are physical traits that typically
develop during puberty and are associated
with the maturation of the female
reproductive system. These characteristics
are driven by hormonal changes, primarily
the increase in estrogen and progesterone.
Here are some of the key secondary sexual
characteristics in females:
• BREAST DEVELOPMENT-The growth of breasts is one of the
most noticeable secondary sexual characteristics in females.
Estrogen promotes the development of breast tissue, leading
to an increase in size and the appearance of mammary glands.

• B
​ ODY HAIR-While females have body hair even before puberty,
the growth becomes more prominent during adolescence due
to hormonal changes. This includes the development of pubic
hair and, in some cases, increased growth of hair on the legs
and arms

• WIDENING OF HIPS- The female pelvis gradually widens during

puberty, which is an essential adaptation for childbirth. This
widening of the hips is influenced by hormonal changes,
particularly estrogen.

• S
​ KIN CHANGES-Hormonal fluctuations can lead to changes in
skin texture and oil production. Some females may experience
changes in skin conditions, such as increased acne during
puberty.
​ ENSTRUATION - The onset of menstruation, or the monthly
M
menstrual cycle, is a significant secondary sexual characteristic.
It marks the ability to conceive and bear children. This process
is regulated by hormonal changes, with estrogen and
progesterone playing key roles.

​ OICE CHANGES - While not as pronounced as in males, females

V
may experience slight voice changes during puberty. The vocal
cords may thicken slightly, leading to a subtle lowering of pitch.

EMOTIONAL CHANGES - Hormonal fluctuations during puberty

can also influence emotional and psychological changes. Mood
swings and emotional sensitivity are common during this period.
MALE EXTERNAL
GENITALIA
THE BIOLOGICAL
MALE
 The male sexual anatomy is designed
for the production and delivery of
sperm for fertilization of the female's
ovum. Puberty signals the final
development of primary and accessory
organs that support reproduction.
The male external genitalia consist of the following structures:

PREPUCE-foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male circumcision;

PENIS-GLANS (HEAD), SHAFT, AND ROOT-The glans is particularly sensitive

to stimulation. Running the length of the penis is the urethra surrounded by
the spongy body and two cylindrical chambers known as the cavernous
bodies. During arousal, these become engorged with blood, resulting in
erection;

CORONA- rim of glans where it arises from shaft:

​
FRENULUM-thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on underside of
penis;

SCROTUM- sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes

​ RETHRAL OPENING -found on head of penis this is the end of tube

U
connected to bladder and used for urination. It is also tube to which internal
structures deliver semen by which male ejaculate

PERINEUM -area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus, distance is
greater in males than females.
 THE MALE
INTERNAL
REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
• TESTES - often referred to as the testicles, are the male gonads
responsible for producing sperm and the male sex hormone,
testosterone. They are housed in the scrotum, an external
pouch, to maintain a slightly lower temperature conducive to
sperm production.

• SEMINAL VESICLES - are paired glands that secrete a fluid rich in

fructose, prostaglandins, and other substances. This seminal
fluid provides nutrients and energy for sperm and helps to
nourish and activate them.

• VAS DEFERENS - is a muscular tube that transports sperm from

the testes to the urethra during ejaculation. It plays a crucial
role in the passage of sperm through the male reproductive
system.

• EJACULATORY DUCTS - are short tubes formed by the union of

the vas deferens and the ducts of the seminal vesicles. They
pass through the prostate gland and empty into the urethra.
Ejaculatory ducts play a role in transporting sperm and seminal
fluid to be ejaculated during sexual climax.
PROSTATE - is a walnut-sized gland located just below the
bladder. It produces a milky, alkaline fluid that combines with
sperm and seminal vesicle fluid to form semen. The prostatic
fluid helps protect and nourish sperm and plays a role in
controlling the flow of urine and semen through the urethra.

URETHRA- is a duct that serves a dual function in males,

carrying both urine from the bladder and semen from the
reproductive system. It runs through the penis and is
responsible for the expulsion of semen during ejaculation.
MALE HORMONES

TESTOSTERONE
• the primary male sex hormone produced primarily in the testes of males
and, to a lesser extent, in the ovaries of females and the adrenal glands
of both sexes.

• It plays a central role in the development of male secondary sexual

characteristics, such as facial hair growth, deepening of the voice, and
muscle mass development.

• Testosterone is crucial for sperm production (spermatogenesis) and

influences libido and overall sexual function in males.

ADRENAL GLANDS
• ​They are responsible for producing a variety of hormones, including
cortisol (a stress hormone), aldosterone (which regulates salt and water
balance), and small amounts of androgens, including testosterone and
dehydroepiandrosterone
​
• The adrenal glands play a vital role in the body's response to stress,
metabolism, and maintaining overall hormonal balance.

• These glands are essential for various bodily functions and are part of
the endocrine system, which regulates hormones and their effects
throughout the body.
Male secondary
sexual
characteristics
 Male secondary sexual
characteristics are physical traits
that typically develop during puberty
and distinguish males from females.
These characteristics are driven by
the influence of male sex hormones,
primarily testosterone. Some common
male secondary sexual
characteristics include:
FACIAL AND BODY HAIR - Males typically develop thicker and
coarser facial hair (beard and mustache) as well as body hair on
the chest, back, and limbs.

DEEPER VOICE - During puberty, the male larynx (voice box)

enlarges, resulting in a deeper voice.

ADAMS APPLE - The prominent Adam's apple, or laryngeal

prominence, becomes more pronounced in males due to the
growth of the larynx.

INCREASED MUSCLE MASS - Males tend to develop greater

muscle mass and strength compared to females.

BROADENING OF SHOULDERS - The growth of the shoulders

contributes to a broader upper body appearance.

FACIAL STRUCTURE - Facial bones may become more prominent,

and the jawline can become more defined.

.
• Adrenal and Apocrine Glands - These glands, responsible
for body odor and sweat, become more active during
puberty.

• Genital Development - The male genitalia, including the

penis and testes, enlarge and mature during puberty.

• No Breast Development - Unlike females, males do not

develop breast tissue or experience breast growth during
puberty.

• Increased Libido - Puberty also brings about an increase in

sexual desire or libido.

These secondary sexual characteristics develop as a result of

the surge in testosterone production that occurs during male
puberty. It's important to note that the timing and extent of
these changes can vary among individuals, and some
individuals may experience medical conditions or hormonal
imbalances that affect the development of these
characteristics
 Reproductive
roles and
responsibilities
Reproductive roles and responsibilities refer
to the societal expectations and obligations
associated with reproduction and family life.
These roles and responsibilities can vary
across cultures and societies, but some
common aspects include:
Reproductive Roles:
PARENTAL ROLES
• Individuals, typically in heterosexual couples, may take on the
roles of mothers and fathers. These roles involve providing
care, support, and guidance to children.

CAREGIVER ROLES
• Beyond biological parents, extended family members, such as
grandparents, aunts, and uncles, may also play important
caregiving roles in raising children.

PROVIDER ROLES
• Often, there is an expectation that one or both parents will
serve as providers, ensuring financial stability and meeting the
family's material needs.

NURTURING ROLES
• Mothers, in particular, are often associated with nurturing and
emotional support for children, although this role is not
exclusive to mothers.
Reproductive Responsibilities:
CONTRACEPTION AND FAMILY PLANNING
Responsible family planning involves making informed choices
about when and how to have children. This may include using
contraception to prevent unwanted pregnancies or seeking fertility
treatments when trying to conceive.

CHILD REARING
Both parents typically share the responsibility of raising children,
including providing for their physical, emotional, and educational
needs.

EDUCATION AND SOCIALIZATION

Parents are responsible for instilling values, teaching skills, and
socializing children into their culture and society.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT
Providing for the financial needs of the family, including education,
healthcare, and basic living expenses, is a shared responsibility.
THANKYOU.