Anatomy and

Physiology of
REPRODUCTION
 FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Table of contents

Female Sexual Female External

01 Anatomy 02 Genitalia

Female Internal Puberty

03 Genitalia 04
 01
Female
Sexual
Anatomy
 Female Sexual
Anatomy
- designed for production and fertilization
of ovum, as well as carrying and delivering
an infant off-spring.
Female External
Genitalia
● Mons veneris - pads of fatty tissue between pubic bone and skin
● Labia majora - outer lips surrounding all other structures.
● Prepuce - Clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris);
● Clitoris - Glans (head), shaft and crura (root), the clitoris is
particularly sensitive to stimulation;
● Labia minora - inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweat
and oil glands, extensive blood vessels and nerve endings are
located;
● Vestibule - area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which
is highly sensitive with extensive blood vessels and nerve endings;
● Urethral opening - end of tube connecting to bladder and used for
urination;
● Vaginal opening - also called introitus
● Perineum - area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus;
distance is less in females than males.
● Hymen - is a tough but elastic semicircle of tissue that covers the
opening to the vagina during childhood
 Female
Internal
Genitalia
● OVARIES
- are grayish-white and appear pitted with minute indentations on the surface,
and are the size and shape of almonds.
- located close to and on both sides of the uterus in the lower abdomen
- function is to produce, mature, and discharge ova. Also produce estrogen and
progesterone and initiate and regulate menstrual cycle.

● FALLOPIAN TUBES
- are smooth, hollow tunnels that arise from each upper corner of the uterine
body and extend outward and backward until each opens at its distal end, next to
an ovary.
- approximately 10 cm long in a mature woman.
- it conveys the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus and provides a place for
fertilization of the ovum by sperm.
● CERVIX
- small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix leading to
interior of uterus;
● UTERUS
- a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located in the lower pelvis, posterior to
the bladder and anterior to the rectum.
- womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried.
● VAGINA
- collabsible canalextending from vaginal opening back and upward into
body to cervix and uterus. During arousal, it is engored with blood. This aids
its expansion and triggers the release of lubricants from vaginal mucosa
 PUBERTY
—is the stage of life at which secondary sex
changes begin
MENSTRUATION

● menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in females

● MENARCHE is the first menstrual period in girls
● Menstruation pertains to the sloughing off of the uterine lining if conception
has not occurred.
● It may last within two to six days which follows a cycle, menstruation begins
about 14 days after ovulation (plus or minus one to two days).
3 PHASES OF MENSTRUATION
● MENSTRUAL PHASE. This occurs if the ovum is not fertilized
and does not implant itself into the uterine lining. The continued
high levels of estrogen and progesterone causes the pituitary to stop
releasing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing
hormone (LH).
● PROLIFERATIVE PHASE. It occurs when the hypothalamus
stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH that stimulates the
ovaries to produce estrogen and causes ova to mature in the ovarian
follicles.
● SECRETORY PHASE. It occurs when the pituitary gland releases
LH that causes the ovary to release a mature ovum and causes the
remaining portion of the follicle to develop into the corpus luteum,
which produces progesterone.
PUBERTAL CHANGES FOR
GIRLS
● Growth spurt
● Increase in the transverse
diameter of the pelvis
● Breast development
● Growth of pubic hair
● Onset of menstruation
● Growth of axillary hair
● Vaginal secretions
THE BIOLOGICAL MALE

JIECKY ABAIS BSN

MALE SEXUAL ANATOMY
• is designed for the production and delivery of sperm for fertilization of the female’s ovum.
Puberty signals the final development of primary and accessory organs that support
reproduction.

A. The male external genitalia consist of the

following structures:
1. PREPUCE
• foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male
circumcision.

2. PENIS GLANS
• (head), shaft and root. The glans is particularly
sensitive to stimulation.
• Running the length of the penis is the urethra
surrounded by the spongy body and two cylindrical
chambers known as the cavernous bodies.
• During arousal these becomes engorged with
blood resulting in erection
3. CORONA
• rim of glans where it arises from the shaft;
4. FRENULUM
• thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on
underside of penis; •
5. SCROTUM
• sac that encloses the two compartments housing the
testes;
6. URETHRAL OPENING

• found on head of penis this is the end of tube

connected to bladder and used for urination. It is also
the tube to which internal structures deliver semen
by which male ejaculates; and
7. PERINEUM
• area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus,
distance is greater in males than females.
B. The male internal reproductive organs:

1. TESTES
• produce androgen particularly large quantities of
testosterone which greatly influence male
development and drive sexual motivation;
• also produce sperm cells in virtually unlimited quantity
over the entire course of the lifespan;
2. VAS DEFERENS
• travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm
3. SEMINAL VESICLES
• two glands that produce alkaline fluid rich in
fructose sugar, comprising some 70% of semen volume.
Alkaline nature may stimulate sperm to start self-
propulsion and sugar may provide sperm nutrients.
• Duct carry fluid and connect with vas deferens
forming ejaculatory ducts;
4. EJACULATROY DUCT
• connect vas deferens to urethra
5. PROSTATE GLAND
• gland producing alkaline secretion that account for
about 30% of semen volume. Alkaline nature may
help counteract otherwise acidic environment of
urethra and vagina making them more hospitable
for sperm. Fluid passes through a series of ducts
along wall of urethra; and
6. URETHRA
• tube within penis that carries sperm and semen the
rest of the way to the opening of the penis.
 MALE HORMONES

• The testosterone is the major male hormone produced mainly by the testes, but there are other
glands called the adrenal glands that also produce some testosterone. In case a man has lost
his testes, these glands would continue to produce testosterone to support male physical
appearance.
More Male Characteristics:

• Generally taller and greater proportion of body weight composed of water;

• Proportionately larger heart and lungs, presumably to handle greater blood fluid volume;

• Exposure to greater level of testosterone resulting in heavier body and facial hair, but also
increased frequency and degree of baldness; and

• Single X chromosome resulting in sex-linked conditions such as color blindness and hemophilia.
• Testosterone is responsible for the growth and development of a boy during adolescence and for
the development of sperm and secondary sexual characteristics.

Male secondary sexual characteristics that emerge after puberty:

• No monthly cycle;

• Elongation of vocal cords (lower);

• Broader shoulders; and

• Deeper chest cavity

The Process of
Reproduction

Reporter: Lagamon, Louejoy U.

 PUBERTY
Girls VS. Boys
>Puberty begins 2 years “behind”
>Puberty begins at 8-13 years of age
compare to girls.
>Physical changes:
• Growth spurt >Physical changes:
• Face, underarm, and pubic hair
• Breast
• Voice changes (Adam’s apple)
• hips and buttocks
• Increase in weight
• Pubic and underarm hair
• Increase in height
>Menstruation
>Production of sperm
 Onset of Menstrual Cycle

- Major landmark of puberty

- The Monthly ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation
in the absence of pregnancy.
- Last around 28 days (average), some 21 0r as long 40.
- Ovulation happen about 10-16 days before the start of
the next period.
- It starts from the first day of a period until the day
before the next period starts.
- Menstrual flow: 2-7 days (average)
How does pregnancy occur?
 Pregnancy
* Pregnancy officially starts when a fertilized egg
implants in the lining of the uterus, it happens 2-3 weeks after sexual
intercourse.
1st : After the releases of the sperms into the vagina canal it swims
through the female’s cervix, into the womb and finally into the
fallopian tubes and meets the ovum.
2nd : Fertilization takes place when a sperm successfully penetrates
the ovum and eventually, becomes an embryo.
The embryo then attaches to the inner lining of the uterus
(endothelium).
3rd : A fetus develops within 5-7 days from a ball of cells floating in
the uterus, which officially begins pregnancy.
*After 8 weeks, the embryo is officially referred to as a fetus.
Process of Pregnancy
01
Egg Maturation

Ovulation
02

Fertilization
03

04
Implantation
 Pregnancy

- Normally lasts 37-42

weeks (nine months old)
- It is measured from the
first day of the last period.
- Pregnancy is discussed in
terms of trimesters, since
each trimester is very
different from the rest.
What can be done to prevent teenage pregnancy?
 What can be done to prevent
teenage pregnancy?

*Early parenting reduces the likelihood

that a young woman will complete high
school and pursues the necessary post-
secondary education needed to complete
in today’s economy.
*Equipping the youth with the knowledge
and skills.
Sexual and Health
Hygiene
Introduction

 Puberty causes all kinds of changes in the

adolescent's body. These bodily changes are
normal part of developing into an adult. There are
instances when these changes can be a source of
anxiety do they growing teen. Does anyone not
worry about smelly breath and under arms? This
further puts personal hygiene and healthy habits
being important life skills for the teen.
Abstraction
Oily Hair
 The hormones that create acne are the same ones that can make you feel like you
are suddenly styling your hair with a comb dipped in motor oil. Each strand of
hair has its own sebaceous (oil) gland which keeps the hair shiny and waterproof.

 Do not scrub or rub too hard - this does not get rid of oil any better and can irritate
your scalp or damage your hair. After you have rinsed, you can follow up with a
conditioner if you like; again, one for oily hair might work best.
Definition of terms

 Health – a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.\
 Hygiene – refers to behaviors that can improve cleanliness and lead to good
health, such as frequent hand-washing and etc.
 Sexual health-refers to a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-
being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction
or infirmity.
 Reproductive health – refers to the state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Sweat and body odor

 Deodorants get rid of the odorless sweat by covering it up, and antiperspirant
actually stop more drying up perspiration.

 Body hair-Body hair in new places is something you can count on - again, and
they are hormones in action. You may want to start shaping some places where
body hair grows, but whether you do is up to you.

 Dental Hygiene-Brushing and flossing properly, along with regular dental

checkups, can help prevent tooth decay and gum disease. To prevent cavities, you
need to remove plaque, transparent layer of bacteria that coats the teeth.
Here are some tips and how to brush properly calling:

 Hold your brush at a 45-degree angle against your gumline. Gently brush from where the
two and gum meet to the chewing surface. Brushing too hard can cause receding gums.
 Use the same method to brush all outside and inside surfaces of teeth.
 To clean the chewing surfaces of your teeth, use short sweeping strokes, tipping the
bristles into the pits and crevices.
 To clean the inside surface of your top and bottom front teeth and gums, hold the brush
almost vertical. With back and forth motions, bring the front part of the brush over the
teeth and gums.
 Using a forward-sweeping motion, gently brush your tongue and the roof of your mouth
to remove the decay-causing bacteria that exist in these places.
 The main reason for going to the dentist regularly – every six months – is prevention. The
goal is to prevent tooth decay, gum disease, and other disorders that put the health of your
teeth and mouth at risk.
Healthcare Check for the Female:

 The best time for a self-breast exam is

about a week after the last day of your
menstrual period, when your breasts are
not tender and swollen. This should be
done at the same time each month when
you no longer have your menstrual
period.
Keeping the external female genitalia
clean:
 Use soap and water to wash the external genitalia and your underarms every day, especially during
menstruation.
 Use either a disposable pad made of cotton, which has a nylon base, or a clean piece of cotton cloth
to absorb blood during menstruation.
 Properly dispose of the pad after each use, or wash and dry the piece of cloth used as menstrual pad
before reuse.
 Wash only the external genitalia. Do not try to clean the inside part of the vagina.
 While washing, wash starting from the vagina towards the anus. Do not wash from the anus
 towards the vagina. This will allow germs to enter the inner genitalia easily and cause infection.
 Be aware of abnormal fluids from your vagina. Do not confuse this with normal vaginal fluids.
 If you see changes in the vagina fluid – a change in color or odor, please visit a health professional.
Healthcare Check for the Male:
Keeping the external male genitalia clean:

 Wash the external genitalia at least daily with soap and water, as you wash the rest
of the body.
 Boys who are not circumcised needs to pull back the foreskin and gently wash
underneath it with clean water.
 Be aware of any abnormal fluids coming from your penis. Do not confuse this
with the presence of normal fluids.
 If you see any abnormal fluid or wound, please visit a health professional.
Risky Behaviors of Adolescents
Definition of Terms:

o Risk

o Risk-taking
Definition of Terms:

 Risk – the probability that a hazard in the environment can actually

negatively affect the individual.

 Risk-taking – a behavior of doing something regardless of potential

loss.
 Introduction

Majority of the youth mature successfully through adolescence without apparent long-
term problems. All adolescents should be considered at risk due to the prevalence of risk
behaviors, the inherent development needs of adolescents, and the various risk factors for
their initiation and maintenance.
 ABSTRACTION

 Risk-taking is a normal part of adolescent development. Risk-taking is defined as

participation in potentially health-compromising activities with little understanding of, or
in spite of an understanding of, the possible negative consequences.
 Adolescents experiment with new behaviors as they explore their emerging identity and independence.
The concept of risk has been established as a characteristic that exposes adolescents to threats to their
health and well-being. Young people may be exposed to similar risks but respond differently.
 Guidance of family is also important as the adolescent develops into a mature adult. Family Arrangement,
based on 2006 McCann Erickson study, has noted that 53% of adolescents live with both parents.
 Data on non-sexual behaviors where adolescents engaging in vices, such as smoking and
alcohol drinking, show that the adolescent is the fourth highest in the country who are
currently smoking (20.7%).

 Sex and Media have been identified as key influences among adolescents engaging in high
risk behaviors, as shown in studies in NCR and CALABARZON.
Identified Sexual risks that were found among the
growing Filipino adolescents are as
follows:

 One in the three has sexual experience. They also engage in sex at younger ages; first sex
for boys: 17.6 years old while first sex for girls: 18.1 years old. One in 50 had sex before
age 15 while one in four had sex before age 18.
 1.2% have paid for sex and 1.3% have received payment for sex, this is how low but above
the national average level; 6.7% have engaged in casual sex; 4.1% mostly males have fu**
buddy (FUBU) experience; 6.3% have males having sex with males (MSM) experience.
2.9% of married youth (including those in live-in) have engaged in extramarital sex.
 Giving birth at younger ages has also been evident in the Filipino youth. Such that there is
a marked increase in teenage fertility in the past decade, 7.1% aged 15-19 are already
mothers.

 While prevalence of sexuality transmitted infections like HIV and AIDS are increasing in
the youth, as of 2013, 86.7% have heard of HIV and AIDS with poor understanding being
the highest in the country noting that three in four think that they would not get AIDS.
Filipino Adolescent
 23.5% of young people had premarital sex YAFS3
 22.3% of maternal deaths were women (24 years old )PHS 2003
 2% of STI’s are in 13-17 years old age group
 2% of HIV/AIDS are 10-19 years old ( Philippine AIDS registry
2004)
 4.5% of students have drugs ( GHSH 2007)
 6.2% of young adults are currently drugs user 9YAFS3)
 15.5% Of adolescent are underweight and 3.6 of adolescent are
overweight (ENRL2003)
 Cause of death among 10-24 year olds; assault, transport accidents, and
drowning (PHS2003)
 15.8% of students drink alcohol
 17% of students drank so much that they were really drank. (GSHS 2007)
 17.1% Of young people smoke- YSFS3
 9.7% of students aged 13-15 year old are smoking cigarettes-GSHS2007
 17.% Of youth are felt lonely, 4.5% of youth have no close friends and
16.6% of youth considered suicide- GSHS 2007
 Trouble sign among teens:
Sexual promiscuity
Regular use of drugs and alcohol
Repeated violation of the law or school regulations.
Running away more than once in the three months
Skipping school more than once in three months.
Aggressive outburst/impulsiveness.
Dark drawing or writing.
Deterioration in hygiene.
 oppositional behavior
Refusal to work/ non- compliance
Chronic lateness, falling asleep in class
Changes in physical appearance and excessive
daydreaming.
 Harmful Practices
Culture and tradition play a significant role in shaping the way young
people and adolescents behave and lead their lives. However, young
people have become victims of some harmful traditional practices,
which affect their human and reproductive rights. These practices differ
from place to place but primarily affect women.
Harmful Practices

1. MARIJUANA 6.HEROINE
2. MAIRUNGI 7.AMPHETAMINES
3. ALCOHOL 8.ECTASY
4. CIGARETTES 9.INHALANTS AND
5. COCAINE
SOLVENTS
 MARIJUANA
Marijuana is a plant grown and used worldwide. Usually people smoke the leaves
and the stem can be made into tea, or even cookies. They effects vary. You can stay
under the influence for about two or three hours.
 MAIRUNGI
Mairungi is the common name for a stimulant leaf that is chewed in much of East
Africa. Chewing Marungi can help someone feel more awake, confident, and energetic and
can also reduce hunger.
 ALCOHOL
Alcohol is the most common drug and is used worldwide. Because it is legal, often
kept in home and comes in extremely cheap local brews, alcohol is extremely easy
to find and consume.
 CIGARETTES
Many young people start smoking tobacco products for different reasons including influence of friends,
seductive advertisements, and older role models like siblings or celebrities, to mention a few. Young people finds
smoking a “cool” thing to do, but they become addicted to one of the most addictive and dangerous substances,
Nicotine, which is an active ingredient in tobacco.
 COCAINE
Cocaine is prepared from coca leaves which are greenish-yellow leaves of different
size and appearance. Cocaine is often called the “champagne of drugs” because of
its high cost. It makes one feel like his/her body is going very fast.
 HEROIN
E
Heroin is a drug obtained from morphine and comes from the opium poppy plant. Heroin is a
drug that slows down the user’s body and mind. It is very strong painkiller and can be one of
the most dangerous things to mix with other drugs.
 AMPHETAMINES

Amphetamines are stimulus that affects a person’s system by speeding up the activity of
the brain and giving energy. Ice is a strong type of amphetamine and is very similar to
crack . Amphetamine are man-made drugs and relatively easy to make.
 ECSTAS
Y
Ectasy belongs to the same group of chemical as the above category that is stimulants, and
is most often used in the form of tablets at rave parties. Ectasy is a drug that speeds up the
users system by increasing his/her physical and emotional energy.
 INHALANTS AND SOLVENTS

Inhalants and solvents are chemicals that can be inhaled, such as glue, gasoline, aerosol sprays, lighter fluid,
etc. These are not drugs as such and are, in fact, legally available from a large number of shops. However, they
are abused widely by the poorer sections of society, particularly street youth.
 Tips to avoid Drugs:
o You do not need to take drugs to be liked by other people.
o You do not need to take drugs to feel brave or courageous.
o You do not need drugs to cope with sorrow or disappointments.
o You have, inside you, the strength and inner resources to deal with any situation and
many problem.

Whatever problem you are facing, there are people available to help you.
You can talk to a friend, a teacher, a parent, or a trusted person at your church or mosque.
 Summary

The developing adolescent is very vulnerable to high risk-taking behaviors

that can harm their growth and pose a threat to their future. Warning signs of a
troubled teen should be recognized and managed early on to prevent
devastating effects on the growing adolescent.
Thank You!