Computer Networks

Transport Layer
Internet Transport
Protocols
two main protocols in the transport layer :

• connection-less protocol :
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• connection-oriented protocol :
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols : UDP
• connection-less (no setup /

release), unreliable, but …….

• is simple with minimum overheads
• described in RFC 768
• is basically IP with an added short header
• provides a method for applications

to send encapsulated datagrams

• transmits segments consisting of

an 8-byte header followed by

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payload
 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
UDP

of the user
datagram optional

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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
UDP
Port Protocol Description
Well-known Ports used by UDP
Echoes a received datagram back to the sender
7 Echo

9 Discard Discards any datagram that is received

11 Users Active users
13 Daytime Returns the date and the time
17 Quote Returns a quote of the day
19 Chargen Returns a string of characters
53 Nameserver Domain Name Service
67 Bootps Server port to download bootstrap information
68 Bootpc Client port to download bootstrap information
69 TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol
111 RPC Remote Procedure Call
123 NTP Network Time Protocol
161 SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
162 SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol (trap)
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
UDP UDP header

not computed, if computed=0,

set to 0 set to all 1s
of header + data

the two ports (SP & DP) identify end

points when a UDP packet arrives, its
payload is handed over to the process
attached to the destination port
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols : UDP
UDP (over IP) is used to add source
port and destination port to enable the
transport layer deliver segments to the
correct process
UDP does not participate in flow
control, error control or retransmission
…
the user
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process must handle these 230
 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols : UDP
Uses of UDP :
convenient transport layer protocol for
applications that provide flow and error control
simple request-response communication

RPC, RTP, RTCP, DNS, TFTP ( but not FTP )

route updating protocols like RIP

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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RPC Remote Procedure Call
(RPC)
“request-reply” like interactions
between two (remote) hosts on a
network can be handled similar to
procedure calls… easier to program and
more familiar calling procedure is
known as client called procedure is
known as server RPC makes a remote
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procedure call look almost like a local
 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RPC RPC
to call a remote procedure, client program
is bound with a library procedure called
client stub
similarly, the server is bound with
a procedure called server stub
packing the parameters into a message is
called marshalling
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RPC RPC

The stubs hide the fact that the procedure

call from the client to server is not local
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RPC RPC : steps in a making a call
1. Client calls the client stub - a local
procedure call; parameters are pushed
on to the stack
2. Client stub marshals the
parameters and makes a system
call to send message
3. Kernel sends the message from
client machine to server machine
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols : RPC
RPC : steps in a making a call
4. Kernel on server machine passes
the incoming packet to the server
stub
5. Server stub calls the server procedure
with the unmarshalled parameters
reply traces the same path in the
reverse
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RPC RPC : issues

1. Passing of pointers not possible

since client and server are in
different address spaces
2. Workaround can only handle
simple data structures
3. Use of global variables not possible
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols : RTP
RTP : Real-time Transport Protocol (RFC
1889)

designed to handle real-time

multimedia traffic on the Internet like :
Internet radio, Internet telephony, music-
on-demand, videoconferencing,
video-on- demand
sequencing, mixing RTP does not have a delivery
main contributions
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: timestamping,
mechanism
RTP must be used with UDP 238
 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTP RTP : position in the protocol
stack

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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols : RTP
RTP : position in the protocol stack
multimedia application streams are fed into
the RTP library, which is in user space

Position of RTP
in protocol stack
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTP RTP
library multiplexes the streams, encodes
them into RTP packets and stuffs them
into sockets
at the other end of socket in the OS
kernel, UDP packets are generated
and embedded in IP packets
IP packets are put in Ethernet frames
for transmission
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTP RTP
basic function : time-stamping, sequencing
and multiplexing several real-time data
streams onto a single stream of UDP
packets
UDP stream can be sent by unicasting
/ multicasting
a transport protocol implemented in
the application
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTP RTP
sequence number : each packet sent in an
RTP stream is given a number 1 higher
than its predecessor (first number chosen
randomly) to identify missing packets …..
which are interpolated at the
destination… because retransmission is
not practical payload may contain
multiple samples, encoded; header field is
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available to specify encoding type 244
 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTP RTP
time stamping :
first sample (random number) in each packet
relative time stamping
destination does buffering,
replaying reduces jitter
enables synchronization of multiple
streams (e.g. 1 video + 2 audio streams)
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTP RTP : header 3 x 32-bits

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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTP RTP
Ver : version field, 2
P bit : when set, indicates that packet
has been padded to a multiple of 4 bytes
X bit : when set, indicates that
an extension header is present
CC: (contributor count) field indicates
number of contributing sources (0 -
15) M bit : application-specific marker
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start of video frame , start of a word in an audio channel 247
bit
 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTP RTP
Payload type field : indicates algorithm
used - e.g. MP3, 8-bit PCM samples, etc
Sequence number : up counter of packets,
used to detect lost packets
Time stamp : …..
Synchronization source identifier :
indicates which stream the packet belongs to
used for muxing and demuxing
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTP RTP
Payload types :

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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols : RTP

RTP

Contributing source identifiers :

optional : used when mixers are
present in the audio
contains lists of streams being mixed

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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols : RTCP
Real-time Transport Control Protocol
handles feedback, synchronization,
user interface
used to provide feedback on jitter, delay,
bandwidth, congestion and other
network properties to sources
feedback info is used by encoding process
to provide adaptive data rate, quality
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 Computer Networks
Transport Layer
Internet Transport Protocols :
RTCP RTCP
payload type field : indicates to the
receiver the algorithm used --- helps
in varying the algorithm on demand
handles inter-stream sync : streams
using different clocks / granularities /
drift rates provides a way for naming
sources :
in ASCII text
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