E O U I L I B R I U M

777
of Solubility Product
Calculation 109. Calculate the solubilities silver chromate, barium
of and
The solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt chromate, ferric hydroxide, lead chloride
mercurous iodide at 298 K from their solubility
b e calculated from its solubility at a given the
marature. Let us illustrate this with some examples. product constants. Determine the molarities of
individual ions. K, (Ag,CrO) = 1.1 x 10-12, Kap
(BaCrO) = 1.2 x 10-10, K,, FelOH) = 1.0x 10-
sOLVED EXAMPLES 1.6 x 105, K, (Hg,l,) = 4.5 x 10-29
Example 92.. Kap PbCl2 =
The solubility ofsilverchloride (AgCl) in water at Answers to Practice Problems
25°C is 1.06 x 10- mol L-, Calculate the 10-12
solubility product of AgCl at this temperature. O 104.4.14x10-1 0 105. 2.048 x

10-10
Solution: The solubility equilibrium of AgCl is: O 106. 108 5 0 107. 1.9 x

O 108. 1.194 x 10-11

AgCls) Agtlag)+ Claq) 10-10 M, 1.59
One mole of AgCl in solution gives 1 mole of Ag* ions O 109.6.5 x 10-5 M, 1.09 x10-5 M, 1.38 x x

and 1 mole of Cl ions. Since the solubility of AgCI is 10-2 M, 8.18 x 10- M.
1.06x 10- mol L-, it will give 1.06 x 10 mol L-l of Hints&Solutions on page 783
Ag ions and 1.06 x 10- mol Llof Clions. Therefore,
[Ag') 1.06 x 10-6 mol L-1, [CI-
= 1.06 x 10-5 mol L-1
(Importance of Solubility Product
s p = [Ag*ICI] The concept of solubility product is very useful
Now, in explaining many phenomena. It is commonly used
= (1.06 x 10-5) x (1.06 x 10-5) in predicting the solubility and precipitation of
= 1.12 x 10-10
compounds in analytical chemistry.
Exanmple 93. i Caleulation of solubility. Knowing the
The solubility of SrFa in water is 1.2 x 10g LH solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt like AgCI,
Calculate the solubility product ofthe salt at room
temperature (molecular mass of SrF2 = 125.6). BaSO4, Ag,CrO4, Mg (OH)2, Pbl2, etc., the solubility
of the salt can be calculated.
Solution: The solubility equilibrium is: For example, consider a salt like zirconium
SrFas)= Sr*(aq) + 2F (aq) phosphate, Zrg(PO,)4. It dissociates as:
Solubility of SrF2 = 1.2x 10-2 g L-l

x 10-2 Zrg(PO4 3Z*+4 PO3

Molar solubility of SrF,= 12125.6 9.55 x 10-5 mol L1 If s is the solubility of the salt, then from the
According to above equation, one mole of SrF2 produces stoichiometry of the compound,
one mole of Srz* ions and two moles of F ions. Therefore,
1Zr4]=3s and [PO]= 4s
(S2+] = 9.55 x 10-5 mol L-1
[F] = 2x 9.55 x
10-5 =19.1 x 10-5 molL-1 So that
Kp = [Sr2*] [F-]2
= (9.55 x 10-5) x (19.1 x 10-52
K=(Z** [PO-
(3s) (4s) = 6912 s7
= 3.48 x 10-12
1/7

or solubility s=6912
In general, for a salt like A, B, which ionises as:
O 104. A saturated solution of calcium fluoride (CaF2) in
water on analysis was found to contain at 298 K is A, B, xAPt (aq) +y B¥-laq)
1.7x 1 0 g per 100 cm3, Calculate the solubility (where apt = yg)
product.
Ifs is solubility of the salt, then according to
105.The solubility of silver chromate Ag,CrO, is
stoichiometry of the compound.
8.0x 10-5 mol L-. Calculate the solubility product.
[AP+]=xs and [B¢]= ys
106.Complete the statment. If solubility of Ala (SO,)3 is
x, its solubility product will
be... Kp [AP F (B-Y
= (xs* (ys
107. Caleulate the solubility product of AgCl if the
solubility of the salt in saturated solution at 298 K
is 0.00198 g L
O 108. The solubility of magnesium hydroxide [MgOH),]
Or
s*=Ky
at 300° C is 8.35 x 10 g L, Find out its Kg (K
 MODERN's

778 Solution:
SOLVED EXAMPLES
AgCN

(OExample 94. Suppose the solubility of AgC

silver bromide is LAg] =x,
The solubility product of Kp = [Ag
3.3 x 10-3, Calculate its solubility.
Solution: The solubility equilibrium is:
* = (K,
AgBris) Agtlaq)+ Brlaq) or
Thus, Kp = [Ag] [Br]
7.7

Let the solubility of AgBr be s mol L, then s moles of Ni(OF)2

AgBr dissolved will give moles of Agt and s moles of Br
s. Let solubility of Ni(OH), is y
ions. That is [Ni2+] = ,[C
LAg] = s, [Brr] = s
Ksp = [Ni
Ksp [Ag*] [Br]=S XS
or 3.3 x 10-1 =

Or y33x10-13 =33 x 10-14

v33 x 10 = 5.74 x
10-7 mol L-l
Example 95-
Calculate the solubility of PbCl if its solubility
(0.5
product is 1.0 x 10-5 at 298 K. y 7.93
Solution: The solubility equilibrium is: or
soluble than
PbCl) Pb2aq) + 2C1(ag)2 Ni(OH), is more

is s moles per litre.

of
Example 98
Suppose the solubility PbCl,
Then the concentrations of various species at The solubility product
8x 1 0 at 298 K. Ifthe salt
equilibrium are saturated solution, calculat-
[Pb2*] = s, [CI]=2s
Now, p[Pb*] [CI-1? salt (in gram/litre).
1.0x 10 =(s) x (2s)2 Solution: The solubility equil
1.0 x 106 = 4s3
PbBr)
s3L0x 10 Suppose the solubility of PbB
4 Then the concentrations o

Or
s 6.3 x 10 mol L-1 equilibrium are:
Thus, solubility of PbCl2 = 6.3 x 10 mol L (Pb2+] = s, [Br] = 2s
Now, Ksp= [Pb2*][Br7
Example 96
Calculate the solubility of AX, in pure water 8x 10-5 = (s) x (2s)2
assuming that neither type of ion reacts with water. 8x 10-5 = 4s3
The solubility product of AXg Kp 1.1 x 10-S
10-s = 2
N.C.E.R. 3 =8 x
Solution; The solubility equilibrium is 8 = (2.0x 10-5)1/3,

2A3 + 3X2- This is the solubility of PbBr if

Ag Solubility of PbBr2 if it
Suppose the solubility AgXg is s mol L-,
of then
concentration of various species at equilibrium are: 2.714 x 10
[A3] 2s, [X]=3s 100
Kp [A3? [x2-j3 2.192 x 10
(28) x (3s)3 Mol. wt. of PbBr2 = 207 +2 x 80
= 108s5 Solubility of PbBr = 2.192 x 10
108 s = 1.1 x 10-23
OExample99.
1.1x10-23 The solubility product of
1.01x 10-25 1.5x 10-10, Calculate its solub
108
aqueous solution.
s 1x 10 mol L- Solution: NaCl dissociates com
Example 97- NaCl
The K, value of two sparingly solublesalts Ni(OH), Concentration of Cl- ion in 0.01
and AgCN are 2.0 x 10-1 and 6.0 x 10-17
[CI=
respectively. Which salt is more soluble ?
 EQUILIBRIUM

Let solubility of AgCl in 0.01 M NaCl be x mol L-1, 1.4 x 10-5 = 4s3
then
AgClls) Ag laq) + Cl(aq) of s= X10
[Ag] = x mol L=, Ciaq) = * mol L-l 4
Total [CI = 0.01+x = 0.01 M
(x is very small)
s= 14x1053
4
Now, Ksp [AgtIC] 1.52 x 10-2 mol L-1
* x 0.01 = 0.01x
Solubility in gL-l =1.52 x 10-2 x 312
0.01x = 1.5 x 10HO
= 4.74 g L1
L.5x 10-10 [Ag] = 2s = 2 x 1.52x 10-2
or =

0.01
-=
1.5 x 10 mol L-l, 3.04 x 10- mol L-l
Example 100.
SO2-]= s = 1.52 x 10-2 mol L-l
Calculate the solubility of AgC, Fe(OH), Ag,SO (iv) For Hg,Br2; K = 5.6 x 10-23
and HgBr2 from their
solubility products.
Ksp (AgC) = 1.8 x 10-10, Kn [Fe(OH),] =
HgBr2 Hs+2Br
If solubility is s, then
1.0 x 10, K, lAgS0 J 1.4 x 10, K = [Hg*] = 8, Br" = 2s
(HgBr = 5.6'x 10-23, Also calculate the Kp (s) (2s)2
solubilities of salts in gL-l and molarities of the 5.6 x 10-23 = 4s3
ions.
N.C.E.R. Or 4s3 = 5.6x 10-23
Solution:) AgCl (s) Ag* (aq) +
Cl (aq)
sp1.8x 10-10 -5.6x10
Let solubility be s moles per litre. Then the
concentration of various species at equilibrium are = 2.41 x 10 mol L-1
.

[Agt] = s, [CI]=s Solubilityin g L- =2.41 x 108 x 360.4

Kp = [AgI[CH=s xs 8.68 x
10- gL
Hg2]= 2.41 x 10-8, [Br
1.8x 10-10 = s2
2 x 2.41x 10-8
S = (1.8 x 10-10 = 1.34 x 10- mol L-l
= 4.82 x 10-8 M
Solubility in gL= 1.34 x 10-5 x 143.5
Example 101.
= 1.92 x 10 gL1
The solubility product of Ag,CrO4 and AgBr are
Ag] = s = 1.34 x 10-5 mol L-1 1.1x 10 and 5.0 x 10 respectively. Calculate
[C] = s = 1.34 x 10- mol L-i the ratio of the molarities of their saturated2
(i') For Fe(OH) :K = 1.0 x 1038 solutions.
Fe (OH)a F * + 30H Solution:For Ag,Cro K, = 1.1 x 10-12
If solubility is s, then Ifs is the solubility
[Fe ] = s, [OH]= 3s AgCrO 2Ag*+ CrO2
[Fe3+] [OH-13 [Agt) = 2s, CrO=s
Ksp =

1.0 x 10-38 = s x (3s) = 27s4 Kyp (29) (s) 4s3 =

27s 1.0 x 10-38

10x 10-8 4s3 Kps=
27

10x 10-38 4 S 11x10-12 6.50 x 10 mol L-l

or 4
27
For AgBr, K = 5.0 x 10-13
1.39 x 10-10 mol L1 If s is the solubility,
Solubility in g L = 1.39 x 100 x 106.5 LAg] = s, [Br]=s
1.48 x 10- g L-l ( s ) x (s) = s2
Fes+) = s = 1.39 x 10-10 mol L-
OH= 3s = 3 x 1.39 x 10-10 ap
s = (5.0 x 10-13) = 7.07 x 10-7 mol L-1
4.17 x 10-10 mol L-1 Ratio of the molarities of the saturated solutions
ii) For AgSO :Kgp = 14 x 10- 6.50x10-5 9L.9 times.
2Ag*+ SO
=

AgSO 7.07x10-7
If soubility is s, then O Example 102.-
[Ag') 2s, [SO]= s Calculate the solubility of barium sulphate in
Kp = [Ag*1 [SO 0.05 M barium chloride solution. Ks, of BaSO4
1.4 x 105 = (2s)* (s) 1.1 x 10-10, N.C.E.R.T