Tyba Project Group1

(Miranda, n.d.
-d)
KNOW THE GOENKAR: A STUDY OF GOAN
PERSONALITY
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts/ Science

in
Psychology
by
Neha Pai Dukle

Rucha Kare
Urvi Umarye
Nikita Narvekar
Yamini Patil
Under the supervision of
Dr. Sobita Kirtani
PARVATIBAI CHOWGULE COLLEGE OF ARTS &

SCIENCE
(AUTONOMOUS)
June 21
II
DECLARATION BY CANDIDATES
We declare that this project report titled “Know the Goenkar: A study of Goan
personality” has been prepared by us and to the best of our knowledge, it has not
previously formed the basis for the award of any diploma or degree by any other
University.
Roll No. Name Signature
AU180181 Neha Pai Dukle
AU180001 Rucha Kare
AU180130 Urvi Umarye
AU180012 Nikita Narvekar
AU180201 Yamini Patil

III
CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISOR
This is to certify that the project report titled “Know the Goenkar: A study of Goan
personality” is a record of work done by the candidate themselves under my guidance
during the period of study and that to the best of my knowledge, it has not previously
formed the basis of the award of any degree or diploma of any other University.
________________
Dr. Sobita Kirtani
Project Supervisor
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to our Assistant Professor Dr. Sobita Kirtani for her support and
guidance during the whole span of this project. We would also like to thank Assistant
Professor Tanya Keni for rendering help in the factor analysis. We express our gratitude
towards all our interviewees: Mr. Damodar Mauzo, Mr. Uday Bhembre, Mr. Anant
Agni, Mr. Subhash Jan, Ms. Anwesha Singhbal, Mrs. Jayanti Naik, Mrs. Naman
Dhavaskar, Mr. Sachin Moraes,Mr. Anton Peidad Moraes and Mrs. Maria Couto and
Dr. Sushila Sawant Mendes for their valuable time and information. We appreciate and
thank all the participants for their participation in the study. Finally, we would like to
express our gratitude towards the team members for their efforts and hard work in
completing the project.

V
Contents
Declaration by Student……………………………………………………..….…..…… II
Certificate……………………………………………………………….……....….......III
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………...…....……....……IV
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………..............……V
Table of Illustrations.....................................................................................................VIII
Abstract…………………………………………………………………...............……IX
Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………....…......……1
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….....……....…1
1.1.1 Approaches to Studying Personality................................................1
1.1.2 The Five Factor Model……………………………………...……..2
1.1.3 Universality of the Five Factor Model………………….…………2
1.1.4 Influence of Culture on Personality………………………………..3
1.1.5 Uniqueness of Goan Culture………………………………....……3
1.1.5.1 Goan Personality ..............................................................4
1.1.5.2 Female Personality............................................................5
1.1.6 Rationale of the Research…………………………….……………5
1.2 Aim………………………………………………………………….……….5
1.2.1 Research Question……………………………....…………………5
1.3 Objectives…………………………………………………....………………5
1.4 Method……………………………………………………........……………6
1.4.1 Research Design………………………………...............…………6
1.4.2 Sample of the Study…………………………….………………….6
1.4.3 Instruments used for Data Collection……………...………………6
1.4.3.1 Big Five Inventory (BFI)..................................................6

VI
1.4.3.2 Interviews of Experts……………………...…………….7
1.4.4 Method of Data Collection………………………………...………7
1.4.5 Statistical Analysis…………………………...……………………7
1.4.6 Scope of Present study……………………...……………………..8
Chapter 2: Conceptual Framework……………………………………....………………9
2.1 Theories of Personality……......……………………………………………..9
2.1.1 Earliest Approaches to Personality………………………...………9
2.1.2 Psychoanalytic and Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality…......…9
2.1.3 Type Theories of Personality ...……………………………..…....11
2.1.4 Trait Theories of Personality…………………………......………12
2.1.5 Humanistic Approach to studying Personality………….......……13
2.1.6 Behavioural and Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality….......13
2.2 The Goan Culture……………………………………………..........………14
2.3 The Big Five Personality……………………………………...........………16
2.3.1 Extraversion………………………………………....…….…...…17
2.3.2 Openness to experience………………………………………..…18
2.3.3 Conscientiousness……………………………………….......……19
2.3.4 Agreeableness……………………………………...……......……20
2.3.5 Neuroticism……………………………………............…………21
Chapter 3: Literature Review…………………………………………..........…………23
3.1 Comparative Studies Examining Universality of Five Factor Model.……..23
3.2 Comparative Studies of FFM Employing Big Five Personality Inventory...26
3.3 Comparative studies Focusing on Gender Pertaining to Personality…....... 29
3.4 Comparative Studies on Asian Indigenous Personality measures................ 30
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion……………………………………………......……34

VII
4.1 Goan Personality Structure…………………………………..........………..35
4.2 Analysis of Goan Personality Structure……………………...…..……..….37
4.3 Gender Differences………………………………………...............…….…40
4.4 Analysis of Gender Differences in Personality Structure....……………..…45
Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusion………………………………..…………..…..…47
5.1 Summary………………………………………………........………....……48
5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………......…………...……48
5.3 Limitations of the Study……………………………….........………..….…49
5.4 Suggestions for future research…………………………................….……49
References…………………………………………………………..........……...…..…50
Appendix……………………………………………………………..……...................X
Appendix A…………………………………………………......……....…...…X
Appendix B…………………………………………………………...…...…XII
Appendix C…………………………………………………...…………...…XIV
Appendix D…………………………………………………............….......…XV
Appendix E…………………………………………………………….…...XVIII
VIII
Table of Illustrations
Figure 4.1 Scree Plot indicating Goan Personality Structure………………............…..34
Table 4.1 Goan Personality Structure…………………………………….......……..….35
Table 4.2 Factor loadings of female sample from Goan population……..…..….......…40
Table 4.3 Factor loadings of male sample from Goan population ……………......…...42
IX
Abstract
The development of personality depends largely on culture. Since the BFI was
developed in the western cultures, its validity in the Asian cultures remains unexplored.
This research aims to study if the FFM can explain the personality of Goan adults and
the differences in personality observed across genders using an exploratory research
design . The study was conducted on 359 Goan adults through purposive sampling
method. The Big 5 inventory was administered in Konkani (official language of Goa)
and English via Google forms. After conducting factor analysis on the received data,
two major results were found. 4 instead of 5 factors emerged in the entire Goan
population; wherein factors except for Neuroticism split and merged to form different
combinations. While 5 factors emerged in both gender sub-populations, they were not
as the proponents of the big 5 model have put across. To conclude, the Big five model is
not sufficient to explain the entire Goan personality.

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
(Miranda,1966)
1
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
‘What is personality?’ ‘What is culture?’ These questions seem to have easy
answers till one actually tries to define them both. The effort to link personality traits
with dimensions of culture dates back to the 18th century. Philosophers like Hume
(England), Montesquieu (France), and Kant (Germany) dealt with questions of “national
character” (Hofstede & McCrae, 2004), after which, in the 1920s and 30s, this idea of
personality and culture began to develop.
1.1.1 Approaches to Studying Personality
The word ‘personality’ stems from the Latin word ‘persona’, which means a
theatrical mask. Personality is studied using different approaches and across different
aspects of an individual. Sigmund Freud tried to explain the development of personality
through its stages (such as oral, anal, phallic and so on) whereas, Carl Jung, Alfred
Adler and Erik Erikson deviated slightly from the Freudian approach and explained
personality through Collective Unconscious, Individual Psychology and established
life-span psychosocial theory, respectively. On the other hand, William Sheldon,
Friedman and Rosenman were type theorists who assigned categories to people
according to their body types, along with Carl Jung who classified individuals as
introverts and extroverts.
Furthermore, Allport defined personality as the dynamic organisation of the
psychophysical system that determines an individual’s unique adjustment to the
environment (Beckmann & Wood, 2017). Similarly, Raymond Cattle and McCrae
&Costa proposed trait theories of 16 personality factors and the five-factor model,
respectively. McCrae and Costa define personality as relatively stable emotional,
cognitive, behavioural and motivational differences among subjects (Baumert et al.,

2
2017; McCrae & Costa, 2008). Findings of Humanistic and behaviourist theories have
had an influence on the study of personality. However, no concrete personality theories
have emerged.
1.1.2 The Five Factor Model
Based on pioneering work of Cattell’s theories, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
came up with the Five Factor Model. Cattell’s work aided them, by making available a
shorter list of variables, for the development of the Big Five (John & Srivastava, 1999).
These five factors were discovered through factor analysis. They are: Neuroticism,
Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. The big five is an
empirically based phenomenon of personality and not necessarily a theory. It is to be
noted that many aspects of personality may not be subsumed within the Big Five. As
such a ‘personality trait’ in personality psychology is considered to be narrower than the
term used in daily language (Srivastava, n.d.).
1.1.3 Universality of the Five Factor Model
The Five Factor Model (FFM) is considered as a biologically based human
universal that transcends language and cultural differences, according to McCrae and
Costa (Schultz & Schultz, 2001). However, it is possible that while examining these
traits as universal, we may fail to understand how these traits are incorporated into
different cultures. Cross cultural studies in 50 societies across 6 continents are seen to
support the existence and universality of the Five Factor Model (Goldberg, 1981).
Goldberg (1981) makes the case that the Big Five may be universal, because each of the
factors has important survival qualities in all cultures.
The universality of this model is seen with respect to sex differences as well
which seem to be consistent. A research across 55 countries, Eastern as well as Western,
found that women reported the highest levels of neuroticism, extraversion,

3
agreeableness and conscientiousness traits than men. But the majority of these cross-
cultural studies have been conducted on urban people who are educated, industrial, rich
and democratic. The illiterate and indigenous society is yet to be tested (Gurven et al.,
2013). Hence, one should be cautious while generalizing this model.
1.1.4 Influence of Culture on personality
Personality is formed as a result of genes as well as environmental factors.
Culture is seen to play a major role when shaping personality. It is that influence of
experience, on a particular territory, that was considered important enough to be passed
down to future generations (Hogan & Bond, 2009). Triandis (1989) argued that people
in individualist cultures, sample with high probability elements of the personal self;
whereas people from collectivist cultures tend to sample mostly the elements of the
collective self.
It is said that the similarities in cultural groups are likely to be greater than the
differences, as humans are considered as one species and their personalities are said to
have genetic roots. Personality traits as being trans-cultural were revealed after the
research programme of McCrae and Costa (McCrae, 2002). They argued about the
emergence of the same personality structures in a wide variety of cultures. However, it
was put forth that even though Big Five structure has been strongly supported, cross
cultural generalizations are still not to be taken for granted (McCrae, 2002).
1.1.5 Uniqueness of Goan culture
Goa lies on the western coastline of India. For a long time, Goa was not a part of
India as it was invaded by the Portuguese and ruled over for a lengthy period of time.
However today, Goa is a much celebrated and valued state of India with its unique
culture and traditions as well as its warm and hospitable personality. Goa has a unique
4
set of imageries, traditions and ideas constructed as a result of multiple invasions with a
blend of Portuguese colonialism and Indian nationalism.
Since the Portuguese invaded Goa, they had to succumb to the wants of the
Goan population time and again and had to give concessions to Goans for economic
trade activities. As such, multiculturalism and pluralism still prevailed in most of the
towns and trade centres of Goa.
Under the Portuguese regime Goa was considered to be a part of Portugal,
however Goans strongly wanted to maintain their national identity. This Indianness is
represented in the art, writings and media representations of the Goans. They are
overzealous of their composite culture which is seen as fascinating not only by Indians
but people worldwide (Malekandathil & Dias, 2008). The Goan lifestyle, because of
Western influence, is much more modernised and progressive as compared to the rest of
the country. However, when it comes to traditional farming activities, cultural clothes
or even festivals, Goans adhere to traditional practices as well.
Due to the Portuguese impositions many Goan Hindus were converted to
Catholics. As such one can see religious hybrids within Goan families (Souza, 2009).
Since Christianity had adapted to appeal to the local population, the distinction between
the two religious groups is hardly visible.
1.1.5.1 Goan Personality. The multicultural influences on Goan personality can be
explained as ‘a culture that is undeniably Indian, but unmistakably Goan’ (Souza,
2009). Goans are considered to have a hospitable attitude and are known for their
peculiar dressing styles and their peculiar food habits. A common epithet given by our
own people as well as outsiders to the Goan personality is being ‘susegad’ (joie de vivre
attitude) (Souza, 2009). ‘Susegad’ is often thought of as being lazy, but rather it is the
calm, serene nature of the Goans that carries this tag. Goan men and women alike are
5
also seen to be very progressive in their thinking and readily accept the new changes in
society. Ultimately, Goans are seen to be happy-go-lucky people with a warm and
welcoming nature.
1.1.5.2 Female Personality. A striking feature of the Goan culture is the feminine space
it has. Women in the Goan society are in a much better position than elsewhere in India.
From early years they have had the right to education, career, property as well as other
rights (Mendonça, 2008). In the Goan ‘ghor’ or house, feminine space that was
generated is a marker for modernisation in society (Pandit, 2008). The women were
seen to be holders of authority in the Goan house, irrespective of their identification
otherwise.
1.1.6 Rationale of the Research
Many studies conducted to check the universality of the Big 5 model have
shown varied results. While all the 5 factors emerge in some western cultures, three to
seven factors may emerge in other cultures. The rationale behind choosing this project
is because the BFI is used in Goa despite of its universality being questioned by many
researchers when validating it across cultures. Since personality tests developed in one
culture and language often tend to be insensitive to the cultural differences, they tend to
produce distorted results (Triandis & Suh, 2002). The Goan culture is unique and
multicultural. As such it stands out from the rest of the country. The research is
conducted to study if the Goan personality can be explained by the Big Five Model.
1.2 Aim. To study if Goan personality can be explained by the Big Five Model.
1.2.1 Research Question. Can the Goan personality be explained using the Big Five
model of personality?
1.3 Objectives
● To study if all Five factors emerge in the adult Goan population.

6
● To study the difference in personality factors seen across genders.
1.4 Method
1.4.1 Research Design
This study used an exploratory research design. Exploratory research design
refers to the method of collecting primary data to clarify the exact nature of the problem
to be solved, considering that additional research about the existing model is taken into
consideration. In this study, primary data was collected by administering the Big Five
Inventory and the secondary data was selected based on the preferences of the research.
The function of such a research is often to create a hypothesis instead of testing one and
to explore the problem instead of deriving a conclusion. This research topic is new and
hence exploratory research design is used which will aid in in-depth study of the same.
1.4.2 Sample of the Study
A purposive sampling method was used. Data was collected from a total of 197
young adults and 162 middle adults. The total data collected was from 359 Goans living
in Goa. Among these were 198 females and 161 males.
1.4.3 Instruments used for data collection
1.4.3.1 Big Five Inventory (BFI). The Five Factor Model is named so as it
proposes that the personality of a human being can be measured along five major
dimensions. These dimensions are distinct and independent from each other. This model
is also called OCEAN or CANOE which are the acronyms of each of the five traits.
This model describes people in terms of traits. It includes the following traits:
Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness and Openness to
Experience. Although these personality traits cannot predict one’s behaviour,
differences in these factors can help one reason out why a person reacts, behaves and
sees things differently than others in the same situation.

7
Reliability. The reliability of Big Five Inventory ranges from 0.79 to 0.88 (Hee,
2014).
Validity. The Big Five Inventory shows high convergent validity (Hee, 2014).
Scoring. The Big Five Personality inventory is scored on a five point likert scale
with Strongly Agree as 5 and Strongly Disagree as 1. There are positive items and
negative items corresponding to each factor. Some items are reverse scored with
Strongly Agree as 1 and Strongly Disagree as 5. Lastly, total scores of every individual
were calculated for each factor.
Translated version of Big Five Inventory (English to Konkani) used by Dr.
Sobita Kirtani in her dissertation was administered for data collection (Kirtani, 2018).
1.4.3.2 Interviews of Experts. Since the study was based in Goa, Goan culture
needed to be understood well for the data to be analysed. For this reason, along with
literature about authentic Goan personality and culture, interviews of some experts were
also conducted. The interviews were taken from well-read individuals who know about
the Goan identity.
1.4.4 Method of Data collection
Informed consent was taken from all the participants for the study. The proposed
research intends to study the cultural influence on personality of adults and as such, the
data collected was from the age group of 18-65 years. Only Goans living in Goa were
included in this study whereas Goans living outside Goa and non-Goans living in Goa
were excluded. The sample was contacted over the telephone and the Google form was
sent to the participants via e-mail and Whatsapp.
1.4.5 Statistical Analysis
Factor Analysis is a way to shrink a large data set to a smaller data set which is
more understandable. It helps to extract maximum common variance from all the
8
variables and clubs them together assigning a common score. Exploratory factor
analysis method was used.
1.4.6 Scope of Present study
The Five Factor personality model is one of the most popular personality models
used today. It has five factors, namely: openness to experience, conscientiousness,
extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. There have been a number of studies done
in different cultures to explore whether all five factors emerge across cultures;
variations are seen in that, some factors don’t emerge at all or new factors are seen to
emerge. The purpose of our study is to explore whether the same factors as seen in the
original theory emerge in the Goan population and to note down variations if any.
Chapter 2
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
(Miranda, n.d.-b)
9
Chapter 2: Conceptual Framework
2.1 Theories of Personality
The term personality originates from ‘persona’, a Latin word which refers to a
theatrical mask. Personality is defined as a dynamic and organised set of characteristics
possessed by an individual that influence his/her various thoughts, motivations and
behaviours (Schultz & Schultz, 2016).
2.1.1 Earliest Approaches to Personality
The early explanations of personality were given by philosophers like Plato and
Aristotle. Plato considered the soul to be the seat of personality. According to him, the
major forces guiding human behaviour are reason, emotion and appetite (Ellis, et.al.,
2008). Aristotle called the seat of personality as the ‘psyche’. He believed the psyche to
be a product of biological processes which included faculties (nutritive, perceptual and
intellectual) placed in order of importance (Ellis, et.al., 2008). However, these were
philosophical concepts for which no scientific evidence could be provided. One of the
first theories of personality originating from India was the theory ‘Charak- Samhita’ by
Charak and Sushruta. They recognised 7 types of personalities into which people are
classified based on the level of ‘Doshas’ in their body. They also identified the three
Doshas- ‘Vata’, ‘Pitta’ and ‘Kapha’ and the ‘Trigunas’ namely ‘Sattva’, ‘Rajas’ and
‘Tamas’ (Mohanty, 2017).
2.1.2 Psychoanalytic and Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality
Freud (1923) defined personality using psychoanalysis. He argued that there are
three key components of the human psyche- id, ego and superego. While these are
considered to be the structural components of personality, Freud gave 5 psychosexual
stages of personality development namely: Oral stage, Anal stage, Phallic stage,
10
Latency stage and Genital stage (McLeod, 2019). An individual should course through
these stages in a developmental order by means of libidinal energy (Rykman, 2013).
Deviating from Freud’s theories of personality, Carl Jung developed a theory of
personality based on ‘type’ and said that people fall into categories such as
introversion/extraversion. He referred to the total personality of an individual as the
‘psyche’ which works on the principle of opposites between the conscious and
unconscious urges (Rykman, 2013). Jung proposed that there are 2 personality types
which are formed because of unique ways in which individuals adopt different attitudes
towards life: extraversion and introversion (Rykman, 2013). The extraverted type
prefers outer world interaction and the introverted type are those who prefer to be on
their own.
Adler (1870-1937) was opposed to the idea proposed by Freud and claimed that
individual personality is a product of both internal and external factors. Every child
deals with a feeling of inferiority when they begin to experience the world and then
behave in a certain way because they want to transcend their inferiority and become
superior. Many who experience feelings of inferiority and are unable to cope with them
develop an inferiority complex (Hoffman, 2020). Birth order, according to Adler, had a
major and predictable effect on a child's personality and feelings of inferiority.
(Hoffman, 2020). However, one of the major drawbacks of his theory is that it cannot
be quantified/ measured or evaluated and it also could be generalised to every
individual, hence it was highly criticised.
Karen Horney challenged Freud’s biased masculine view of personality by
proposing the concept of ‘Womb Envy’ experienced by men, to counter the concept of
‘Penis Envy’ experienced by women, as proposed by Freud. She also outlined 3 basic
11
neurotic needs, namely power, prestige and affection which when not resolved leads to
neurosis (Cherry, 2019).
2.1.3 Type Theories of Personality
Type theories classify personalities of people in types, i.e. class of individuals
that share some common characteristics (Hall, et.al, 1978). Friedman classified
personality as ‘Type-A’ and ‘Type-B’ depending on the body type and what health risk
it carries (McLeod, 2017a). Kretschmer classified personalities into 4 types based on the
individual's body type associated with certain mental disorders, namely; Pyknic type,
Asthenic type, Athletic type and Dysplastic (Sharma, n.d.). As for Sheldon, he classified
personality types by associating body type with human temperament. As such, he found
three body types; Endomorphic, Mesomorphic and Ectomorphic. It is to be noted that
he did not classify people as having just one of these body types, but rather analysed
individuals on these body types and gave them a somatotype. (Patel & Kacker, 2012).
The life span approach to personality was given by Erik Erikson. He believed
that personality development occurs in stages throughout the lifespan due to social
interaction. Personality is shaped as a result of how an individual resolves conflict.
Healthy conflict resolution gives rise to healthy personality development. Erikson
proposed 8 psycho-social stages of personality development. The first 4 stages of
development are very similar to Freud’s Oral, Anal, Phallic and Latency stages
(Rykman, 2013). The major difference between the two was that Erikson focused more
on social experiences and Freud more on sexual energy. The 8 stages include: trust vs.
mistrust (birth-1 year); autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2-3 years); initiative vs. guilt (4-
5 years); industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years); identity vs. role confusion (13-19 years);
intimacy vs. isolation (20-24 years); generativity vs. stagnation (25-64 years) and ego
integrity vs. despair (65-death) (Susman, 2020) .

12
2.1.4 Trait Theories of Personality
In the trait approach to personality, Gordon Allport (1897–1967) and his
colleagues discovered 4,500 personality-descriptive adjectives to characterise
measurable and relatively permanent personality characteristics/ traits. These traits were
further organized into a hierarchy of three levels, namely; 'Cardinal' traits having the
master control, ‘Central' traits being the general characteristics and 'Secondary' traits as
imperceptive and inconsistent characteristics (Kelland, 2020b).
Then Raymond Cattell (1965) conducted a survey and found 16 personality
factors common to all people. He made a distinction between source traits (underlying
aspects of behaviour) and surface traits (easily visible on the outside). Later he also
produced a personality test called the 16 PF to measure his personality traits (McLeod,
2017a).
Based on Cattell’s work, McCrae and Costa proposed the Five Factor Model
(FFM) of personality which gives a set of 5 trait dimensions namely: Extraversion,
Openness to experience, Agreeableness, Neuroticism and Conscientiousness. The scale
used to measure these traits within an individual is called the Big 5. These traits develop
across the life span as a result of various biological and environmental influences. This
model is one of the most popular models to measure personality across cultures. (Soto,
et.al., 2015).
Eysenck defined personality as a more-or-less stable and enduring organisation
of a person's character, intellect, temperament and physique that determines the
individual's unique adjustment to the environment (Rykman, 2013). His explanation of
personality thus revolved around traits which when clustered together form types. Three
second-order traits emerged in this study, namely; Introversion/Extroversion;

13
Neuroticism/Stability and Psychoticism/Normality He traced all these aspects of
personality to a biological cause (Allport, 1937).
2.1.5 Humanistic Approach to studying Personality
The humanistic perspective of personality emphasises on an individual's inner
drive towards self-actualisation and free will to reach full potential. Carl Roger (1959)
believes that individuals exist in a constantly changing environment of which they are
the centre. He also believed that all behaviour is motivated by an individual's self-
actualising tendencies (Rykman, 2013). Maslow (1934), on the other hand, gave his
hierarchy of needs theory of motivation. Maslow believes that personality development
takes place in stages, wherein environment seems crucial in the early stages of
personality development, but as higher needs emerge, people become more dependent
on self (Schultz & Schultz, 2016).
2.1.6 Behavioural and Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality
The behavioural theories of personality focus on the relationships of the
individual between behaviour and its reinforcing or punishing consequences (Rykman,
2013). Skinner believed that behaviours which elicit a reward will be repeated while
those which are punished shall be inhibited (Schultz & Schultz, 2016).
The Social Cognitive theory by Albert Bandura states that humans learn by
watching others' acts, attitudes, and the consequences of those actions (O’Grady, 2012).
Julian Rotter's social learning theory's main concept is that personality is the product of
an individual's interaction with his or her environment. Personality, according to Rotter,
is a reasonably stable collection of potentials for responding to situations in a specific
way since prior experiences influence new learning (Kelland, 2020a). Sandra Bem
believed, in relation to her feminist approach, that societal perception of sex roles,
gender, and sexuality have a significant impact on personality (Cherry, 2020a).

14
2.2 The Goan Culture
Goa is considered to be the most westernized state of India with a distinct
Portuguese legacy. A civilization of warm, happy people, it has a mixture of different
religions and cultures. To understand the Goan culture, one has to delve into the deep
history and rich traditions of Goa. The Portuguese invaded Goa in 1510, much before
the British entered the Indian subcontinent. As a result of which Goa was exposed to the
western culture much earlier and for far longer (450 years) than the rest of India. The
Portuguese ruled for so long that they unarguably left their footprints on Goan food,
clothing, language as well as other aspects of Goan identity (U. Bhembre, personal
communication, June, 11, 2021). Goans have thus inculcated in their own identity the
most appealing aspects of the Portuguese culture.
It is often said that the Portuguese entered Goa with a knife in one hand and a
‘Khuris’ or cross in the other. The Portuguese began to convert Goan Hindus to
Catholics. They then started imposing restrictions and brought about new changes to
their lifestyle. However, those who got converted are well aware of their roots in the
Hindu religion from the pre-Portuguese era, as a result of which, they did not easily give
up on their traditions.
Rituals such as these are also witnessed in other parts of Goa. A Goan legend
states that Devi Lairai and her sisters travelled to Bicholim taluka of Goa and set up
their home in the nearby Mayem village. Lairai’s idol was established in Shirgaon. Her
favourite sister, Mirabai, was converted to Milagres Saibin by the Portuguese. Till date,
both Catholics and Hindu devotees, pray to both sisters and actively participate in their
respective rituals.
Along with this historical impact on Goans, there comes the epithet of being
‘Susegad’. ‘Susegad’ is a Portuguese word that means ‘calm, serene and content’ as
15
compared to the negative connotation given by many as ‘lazy’. However, Susegad is a
lifestyle and not a trait, and this lifestyle is considered to be an excellent way of living.
The famous afternoon siesta keeps them de-stressed, content and charges them to deal
with further challenges.
Susegad also, to some extent, means laid back. Goan economy, before the
Portuguese, was an agricultural economy. Both farming and fishing, the traditional
activities of Goans, are seasonal activities which make people dependent on nature (J.
Naik, personal communication, June, 14, 2021). As such, leisure was available in
abundance, especially for the ‘Bhatkars’ or land owners. Goans are highly content and
believe that everything in life has its own pace. They live one day at a time and as such
have a very high standard of living. They are often labelled as ‘drunkards’. However,
one of the experts has quoted saying ‘Goans are drinkers, not drunkards' (D. Mauzo,
personal communication, June, 10, 2021).
Goa being a coastal state always had an abundance of resources such as fish,
water, agricultural products, coconuts etc. With the entry of the Portuguese, a variety of
European products also came in. Goans thus had a lot of exposure to different cultures
and trades. Having interacted with people from different races, they learned to inculcate
in their culture new and appealing aspects of other cultures. Goans are therefore said to
be progressive and accepting as compared to the rest of the country.
The females in Goa have a personality that has always stood out. It was due to
the reforms introduced in the Portuguese era that has shaped their personality today.
The Portuguese introduced the common civil code in Goa (1867) which gave these
women certain rights, not enjoyed by most other states till recently (D. Mauzo, personal
communication, June, 10, 2021). The common civil code necessitated registration of
marriage, because of which men refrained from abandoning or being unjust towards
16
their wives. Since the ‘Purdah’ system existing in the rest of Indian culture did not exist
in Goa, men were open to the idea of accepting women as their equal. The right to
education and the right to property were also enjoyed by the Goan men and women
alike (A. Singhbal, personal communication, June, 10, 2021). The Portuguese not only
allowed, but forced women to study Portuguese and only those who were educated were
allowed to work at government offices.
Mrs. Couto (M. Couto, personal communication, June, 14, 2021) said that,
"Goan women look at men in the eye while talking instead of looking down”. They
have a tendency to be assertive. A scene commonly observed in Goa is of women
holding ration cards with their name as the head of the family. This is because South
India, in general, leans more towards matriarchy. But another possible reason is that the
men in Goa would be sent to another Portuguese colony or worse be in prison for
retaliation. Thus, women would run households by not only being implementers but
also decision makers. As such they had to be assertive and independent to fight for their
rights. Goa is also considered to be safer for women and its culture is such that it gives
women more freedom to state their opinions, pursue their dreams as well as be
independent.
2.3 The Big Five Personality
The Five Factor model of personality, by McCrae and Costa, is made up of 5
broad factors namely: Extraversion, Openness to experience, Neuroticism,
agreeableness and Conscientiousness. These are broad dimensions that help categorise a
number of personality traits (John & Srivastava, 1999). Big five personality test is a
self-report test which measures these five personality traits. The test consists of 44 items
and the answers are to be marked on a five point scale. The five factors include many
facets and as such are explained below:

17
2.3.1 Extraversion
The first factor of the Big 5 model of personality is Extraversion. (Goldberg,
n.d.). Extraversion refers to how outgoing and social a person is and how much they
enjoy engaging with the external world. Extroverts thrive on excitement, they are
enthusiastic and very much action-oriented and need these to feel energised (Lehman,
2020). Extroversion as a trait is placed on a continuum, with extraversion on one end
and introversion on the other (Shaunigan, 2014). Introverts are those who have less
exuberance and energy, are less involved in social activities and usually like to keep to
themselves (Lehman, 2020).
The cause of extraversion traits is believed to be a result of interaction of genetics
(40-60%) and environment (mostly individual rather than shared family experiences).
Studies have found that extraversion is associated with brain regions involved in
processing information about rewards (Soto, 2015). A variability seen in this trait is the
difference in the level of cortical arousal among people who obtain varied scores on
extraversion. Individuals who score low on extraversion have higher cortical arousal
(process more information per second) than those who score high, hence, introverts
don’t prefer highly stimulating surroundings and vice versa (Bennington & Crasto,
2013).
Extraversion is said to be an important aspect of social behaviour. It is concerned
with the extent to which someone behaves pro-socially towards others in the society and
maintains harmonious interpersonal relationships (Soto, 2015). Multiple research and
cross-cultural studies have shown multiple sub traits that emerge as a part of the
extraversion. These include, friendliness, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity level,
excitement seeking, cheerfulness, warmth, novelty, talkativeness, action-oriented
behaviour, engaging behaviours and friendliness (Lehman, 2020). Another effect

18
extraversion has is on the moods experienced by individuals. Results of some studies
showed that, extroverts tend to feel more positive affect that introverts because of two
possible reasons: extroverts' engagement in more social activities or their greater mood
regulation abilities (Lischetzke, 2006) .
2.3.2 Openness to experience
The second dimension of the Big Five Personality model is the Openness to
experiences. Openness is best characterized by being original, imaginative, daring and
having broad interests (McCrae & Costa, 1987). This factor particularly refers to an
individual’s ability to engage in new things and endeavour new adventures every day. It
includes a popular notion of “thinking outside the box”. Here the box indicates
the parameters of a general individual's thinking process (Smillie, 2017). Openness
includes flexibility and inclusive cognition, based on which individuals can be divided
into two: high on openness and low on openness.
In everyday life, an open person likes to have variety, relishes novelty, are
intellectually curious, imaginative and creative and love stimulating their mind and
senses (witnessing art, listening to new music, discovering exotic food, reading poetry
and literature) (Fraser- Thill & Forman, 2020). On the other hand, people who are low
on openness crave for uniformity or routine and may not be willing to step out of their
comfort zone. Therefore, those high on openness can be viewed as good and
effective leaders (Fraser-Thill & Forman, 2020).
Openness represents a greater "broadness, depth, and permeability of awareness"
and a capacity for both abstract knowledge and sensory information (Smillie,
2017). People with high levels of openness are more likely to seek out a variety of
experiences, be comfortable with the unfamiliar, and pay attention to their inner feelings
(Openness, 2019).
19
People high on openness, when conducting activities involving divergent
thinking that involves generating multiple solutions to a simple problem, possess the
ability to come up with n number of possibilities (Smillie, 2017). Openness to
experience is an essential attribute when contemplating relationships as the two
extremes may not necessarily be a good match (Fraser- Thill & Forman, 2020).
This trait does not only emerge as a part of our ‘mind’ but also in our central
nervous system. Less open people experience latent inhibition, while more open are less
susceptible to such cognitive inhibition. Researchers have found that open people can
experience complicated emotional states, because conflicting emotions, simultaneously,
break through into their consciousness. Therefore, it is stated that more open people
tend to see the world differently (Smillie, 2017).
2.3.3 Conscientiousness
The third factor of the Five Factor Model is Conscientiousness which implies a
desire to do a task well. Conscientious people are very efficient, organized, show self-
discipline and are high on need for achievement as opposed to easy going. When taken
to extremes they can be workaholics, perfectionists and show compulsive behaviour.
People who score low tend to be laid back, less goal oriented and less driven to success.
Conscientiousness has six facets: Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving,
self-disciple and deliberation.
Scores on other personality traits such as low on extraversion, openness and
neuroticism and high on agreeableness are linked to high conscientiousness. Conscientious
individuals are good at making decisions and do well in jobs that require attention and set
timelines for meeting their goals. They even garner higher earnings, good relationships,
work satisfaction and achievement. As with other personality factors, conscientiousness is
measured on the continuum, ranging from low to high levels of the trait.
20
Researchers found that children whose parents were affectionate tend to score
higher on conscientiousness than participants whose parents were more distant (McCrae
and Costa, 1988). A study found that conscientiousness may be, to some degree,
inherited (Jang et al, 1996). Studies have shown that people who score high on
conscientiousness tend to have better overall health and smoke, drink and use drugs less
frequently than others. Research even says that low levels of conscientiousness and low
agreeableness taken together are also associated with substance abuse.
2.3.4 Agreeableness
The fourth factor of Big Five personality theory is Agreeableness. Individuals with
high levels of agreeableness are usually friendly, warm, empathetic, altruistic, kind, and
tactful and show other prosocial behaviors. They are more we-centric and like to engage
themselves in group activities, have excellent social skills and tend to show affection
very easily. On the other hand, individuals with low levels of agreeableness tend to be
distant, uncooperative, and unfriendly and put their own interests above those of
others. Agreeable people have better control on their anger and negative emotions.
They are often more inclined towards avoiding conflicts. But when it comes
to occupational situations that includes difficult or objective decisions, agreeableness is
not useful.
Genetics do influence agreeableness but the environment plays a bigger role. The
ups and downs faced in life increase empathy and thus foster agreeableness. Ethical and
religious education has an impact on agreeableness. Level of agreeableness can
decrease when one faces direct competition and can be increased by exposure to
environments which demand pro-social behaviours. People low in this trait generally
find it difficult to interact well with others and they tend to have poor social skills. They
are perceived as manipulative, suspicious, unsympathetic, rude, impatient and

21
uncooperative. Low level of Agreeableness aids in firmness and assertiveness.
Looking at the factor of agreeableness, it can be inferred that it aids in happiness and
satisfaction.
2.3.5 Neuroticism
The last of the 5 traits of personality given in the five factor model is Neuroticism.
Neuroticism is described as having behaviours that signify a lack of emotional stability
such as being anxious, moody, fearful, depressed, frustrated, envious, guilty, jealous,
etc. Neuroticism, like the other traits, exists on a continuum and measures how neurotic
or stable one is.
Anxiety is the first facet of Neuroticism. Individuals high in this trait are nervous,
worrisome, high strung, and tense (McCrae & John, 1992). This also takes in account
the regulation of the fight-or-flight system. Individuals scoring low in this facet would
be calm and generally not afraid under difficult circumstances. Anger Hostility is the
second facet of Neuroticism. They tend to be irritable and ill tempered, and may
prove hard to get along with (McCrae & John, 1992). This facet is concerned with the
tendency to feel angry, frustrated and bitter and not necessarily act angrily.
The third facet of neuroticism is depression. It measures one’s tendency to feel
lonely, sad, guilty, and despondent and have diminished self-worth. Sometimes they
experience difficulty with starting tasks because of low motivation and
energy. (McCrae, 1991).
The fourth facet of Neuroticism is self-consciousness. Individuals high in Self-
Consciousness are more prone to the emotion of shame or embarrassment and are
particularly sensitive to ridicule and teasing. Individuals scoring low in self-
consciousness don't feel like they're being evaluated negatively and typically do well in
social situations (McCrae & John, 1992). The fifth facet of neuroticism is
22
impulsiveness. It denotes one’s tendency to give in to cravings and ability to delay
gratification. Their orientation is more toward short-term gains and pleasures than
appreciating any type of long-term gain. The last facet of neuroticism
is vulnerability. It denotes the inability to deal adequately with stress (McCrae,
1991). Vulnerable people tend to panic during emergencies, might break down or
become dependent on others for help. Individuals who score low in vulnerability appear
confident poised and calm.
People who score high on Neuroticism are pessimistic in nature. These individuals
find it difficult sustaining healthy or long-term relationships. Studies show that these
individuals are prone to addictions (Lachmann et al., 2019). Neuroticism is seen to
correlate negatively with self-esteem and an internal locus of control (Mutlu et al.,
2010).
Chapter 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(Miranda, n.d.-g)
23
Chapter 3: Literature Review
The five-factor model (FFM) of personality has been studied across a range of
human societies in order to validate it. It is, however, poorly explored in Asian cultures.
To validate the FFM in different cultures, the Big Five Inventory is employed. (Carlo et.
al., 2014).
This report reviews studies focusing on universality of FFM using Big five
inventory. In addition, studies concerning personality variance across age and gender in
accordance with FFM were evaluated. Similarly, comparative studies of Asian
indigenous personality inventories with FFM have also contributed to its better
understanding and generalizability in Asian countries.
3.1 Comparative Studies Examining Universality of Five Factor Model
As the Five Factor Model was drafted using American samples, researchers have
wondered if it is strictly applicable only to American culture or if it can be observed
worldwide. Guthrie and Bennett (1971) examined the structure of personality
perceptions among Philippinos in order to understand the relevance of the model in their
culture. Lexical studies have led to mixed results. Extraversion, Agreeableness, and
Conscientiousness factors almost always appear, but the same isn't seen in Neuroticism
and Openness which seem to not appear at times. However, it was unclear whether
these factors are absent from their culture, or merely from the list of characteristics that
were being studied (Saucier & Goldberg, 2001).
A study conducted by Rolland uses the emic (from within social groups) and
etic (from a scientific perspective) research approaches to evaluate the generalizability
of the FFM. The objectives of this research are 1) To verify cross cultural
generalizability of Openness factor by using the psycho lexical approach, which seems
to be a problem in emic approach and 2) To verify the cross cultural generalizability of

24
extraversion and agreeableness factors, which seems to be a problem in the
operationalization proposed by McCrae and Costa. The study used the Neo-PI-R to
assess the FFM. In the current study, cross cultural validity of Openness, Neuroticism
and Conscientiousness are clearly evident, however certain facets of extraversion and
agreeableness seem to be culture sensitive as they relate to the interpersonal sphere. The
study thus concludes that the Five Factor Model shows good cross-cultural
generalizability and can be put to use in various fields such as health, clinical and
psychiatric psychologies as well as others (Rolland, 2002).
The study by McCrae and Costa in the year 1997 aimed to study the cross-
cultural generalizability of the five-factor model using data from 6 translations of the
revised Neo-PI. The data from these 6 studies, including German, Portuguese, Hebrew,
Chinese, Korean, and Japanese samples, was compared with the American factor
structure. The 7 cultures selected for the study differ across various aspects as reviewed
by the article including language, traditions, political systems and others. Most relevant
to personality differences are changes in attitudes, social norms and values. Samples
from each culture chosen ranged between 500-1000 representative samples which were
compared to the normative data of Neo-PI-R sample of 500 men and 500 women. Great
cross-cultural similarity was seen in the factors in not only closely related languages
like German but also in China and Korea. The results of this study thus showed how
the FFM transcends language and may indeed be universal. However it is to be noted
that the sample largely consisted of an educated and literate population and that many
times one of the five factors was seen to play a different role in different cultures. While
not an exhaustive study of cultures and languages, FFM shows promising results in
universality of personality structures (McCrae & Costa, 1997).

25
In another study conducted by Liesl Vogt and Sumaya Laher (2008), the Basic
Traits Inventory and the Individualism/Collectivism scale were used to examine the
relationship between the Five Factor Model of personality and
Individualism/Collectivism in a sample of 176 students ranging from 19 to 52 years of
age, studying at the University of the Witwatersrand. It was found that there was low
correlation between the five factors and Individualism/Collectivism, according to the
results (Vogt & Laher, 2008). To conclude, this study suggests that FFM emerges in
both, individualistic as well as collectivistic, culture.
Study conducted by Holgado-Tello and his colleagues, collected the data of
children and adolescents and observed varied reports ranging from obtaining 2 to 7
factors. Among the 5 factors, openness is one that is a heterogeneous factor as it shares
different components with both- conscientiousness and agreeableness. There was also a
high association between extraversion and openness, and openness was seen to be
clearly dependent on factors extraversion as well as psychoticism (agreeableness +
conscientiousness) (Holgado-Tello, 2009).
The current study aimed to explore the number of factors that best fit the data
from a sample of children in Spain. The BFQ-C was used which consisted of 5 scales of
lexical analysis of the different items used to describe the 5 factors in that culture.
Results showed that while all dimensions are largely independent, there is an overlap
noticed between Openness, conscientiousness and extraversion. While the school
related items of Openness have loaded on conscientiousness, the expressive items of
openness have loaded on extraversion. Conscientiousness and openness correspond to
an independent dimension namely- Psychoticism. As such only the robustness of factors
extraversion and Neuroticism as independent factors is confirmed with this study
(Holgado-Tello, 2009).
26
3.2 Comparative Studies of FFM Employing Big Five Personality Inventory
The big five provides strong support for the existence of the five factor model.
Despite the strong validity of the Big-five, it is considered necessary to re-examine the
measure especially when the research is carried out in countries with a different cultural
perspective. It was conducted on 17,837 individuals from 56 nations grouped into 10
geographic world regions. The research paper provides a brief on the geographic
distribution of big five personality traits: patterns and profiles of human self –
description across 56 nations. A 9-page survey and big five inventory of personality
traits was administered to each participant. The trait level was related in predictable
ways to self – esteem, socio sexuality and national personality profiles. Results showed
that the five – dimensional structure of the big five inventory was highly replicable
across all the major cultural regions of the world and factor scales possessed high levels
of internal reliability across all cultures. They even found several patterns across
culture, including that people from the geographic regions of Africa and East Asia were
significantly different in conscientiousness from those inhabiting other world regions
(Schmitt et. Al, 2007).
Three studies were conducted to evaluate the Spanish version of the big five
inventory and research was done on Hispanic minority populations. In the first study,
the researchers compared the Spanish and English versions of the big five inventory
using two large samples of college students respectively to assess the factor congruence
across languages. The U.S sample consisted of 711 undergraduate students and the
Spanish sample consisted of 894 native residents of Spain. In the second study, a
bilingual design was used to compare the Spanish and English big five inventory in a
college educated sample of 170 bilingual Hispanics. It tests convergent and discriminant
validity across both languages. Participants were given the material in small group
27
sessions. They completed two translation tests, demographic questionnaire, English
version of the big five inventory and the Spanish adaptations of these two big five
instruments. The third study replicated the big five inventory findings from the second
study in a working–class of 139 Hispanic bilingual samples. Results shows that the
Spanish big five inventory may serve as an efficient, reliable and factorially valid
measure of the big five for research on Spanish speaking individuals and that there is
little evidence for substantial cultural differences in personality structure at the broad
level of abstraction represented by the big five dimensions (Benet-Martínez & John,
1998).
The aim of the research conducted by Raad and Peabody (2005) on ‘Cross
culturally recurrent personality factors: analysis of 3 factors’ was to examine the
substantive nature of the five factors of the Big-5 personality model using 6 European
psycho lexical studies. The 6 prior researches were studied in cultures namely-
Triestean, Roman, Hungarian, Dutch, Czech and Polish to get information about the
generalizability of trait factors. The assumption was that, like most other studies, 3 of
the Big5 factors will be identified across languages and cultures namely- Extraversion,
Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. It was also assumed that using the Big Three
approach would show no splits if neuroticism and intellect as factors were discarded.
Relevant material of 2411 variables were considered from the six studies and a
classification system along nine categories were set up. Here the Big Five factors were
used as the general features of classification as it was the Big Five that was being tested.
These were compared then to the newly generated three factor data using varimax
rotation. The results showed that Factor III (Conscientiousness) remained unified in
both five and three factor analysis, Factor I (Extraversion) and II (Agreeableness) split
in the five factor analysis, whereas in three factor analysis, all factors were generally
28
unified (17 out of 18 cases unified) except factor I in Czech. Factors IV and V were not
unified and do not appear in a coherent form (4 out of 12 cases unified), thus leading to
a tendency for split in the remaining Big Three factors. The research thus concludes that
the Big Three is cross-cultural, as all cultures except American and German find
uniformity in only the three factors. General issues related to the universality of the Big
Five include circular reasoning, imposed/ imported structure and use of markers which
quantitatively related to relatively few variables loading on a factor; as well as psycho
lexical approach, the role of the five factors in different cultures and neuroticism as a
factor which lacks the support of psycho lexical approach (Raad et. al., 2005).
Another research conducted by Eap et al. (2008), aims to examine the
personality differences between 320 Asian Americans and 242 European American men
using the Big Five personality inventory. As hypothesized, European Americans and
Asian Americans were significantly different from each other on four out of the five
personality dimensions. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was
conducted to denote the differences between Asian Americans and European Americans
on the Big Five personality dimensions. The results across these two cultures were as
follows. As observed in the past studies, Asian Americans scored higher than European
Americans on Neuroticism. While European Americans scored higher on Extraversion,
Openness and Conscientiousness. As opposed to past studies, the two groups were not
significantly diverse on Agreeableness. Results suggest that although the structure of
the Big Five may be generalized cross-culturally, the implication of each trait may
depend on contextual variables such as the given societal structure (Eap et. al., 2008)
Hee and his colleagues aimed at examining the reliability and validity of the Big
Five Personality Trait Scale in Malaysia. The sample consisted of 343 nurses working
in the health tourism hospitals in Malaysia. The research was started after the pilot study
29
which gave the measure of internal reliability. Validity and reliability tests were done
on the selected sample. Results of the validity test showed that the agreeableness factor
could not be seen in the sample population whereas, the reliability test showed that all
of the extracted components had reliability coefficients greater than 0.7 and they were
regarded as consistent throughout the study. From the results it is seen that, though
researchers have considered BFI to define personality structure globally, it is important
and necessary to conduct validity and reliability tests in countries with different cultural
perspectives (Hee, 2014).
Research conducted by Gurven and his colleagues (2012) found interesting
results. Their study was based on the Five factor model in a largely illiterate,
indigenous society. The Tsimane horticulturalist men and women of Bolivia answered a
translation of the 44-item big five inventory. Replication of the five-factor model was
not improved in a separate sample of Tsimane adults who evaluated their spouses on the
big five inventories. The results showed that the five-factor model did not emerge in any
of the exploratory or confirmatory factor analyses. Men were no more likely than
women to display the big five. The removal of reverse – scored items improved fit to
the five-factor model in confirmatory factor analysis but remained poor. However, this
research provided evidence that the Big Five Model does not apply to the Tsimane
(Gurven et. al., 2012).
3.3 Comparative studies Focusing on Gender Pertaining to Personality
Research conducted by Magan and colleagues focus on assessing the influence
of age and gender on Big-5 personality traits. The study also checks if personality
changes over time or remains fixed over the lifespan. Participants were 16-75 years of
age and were recruited from 2009-2011. Pearson correlation coefficient for measuring
gender differences and spearman’s Rho for comparison between gender and age
30
analysis was used. Results showed that conscientiousness showed a positive correlation
with age, especially in men, this could be because of strong moral and social values as
we age. The other four factors showed a trend but there was no statistical correlation.
Neuroticism was also seen to be negatively correlated in women aged 26-35 and in men
from 46-55 years. The study however confirms that personality is dynamic throughout
life and that cultural differences seem to affect personality (Megan et. al., 2014).
Costa, Terracciano, and McCrae (2001) tried to examine if gender differences
with respect to these personality traits are universal using data from 26 cultures. The
NEO-PI-R had been administered to samples of college aged and adult men and
women. It was seen that in the U.S. and around the world, women score higher than
men in Anxiety, Vulnerability, Straightforwardness and Openness to Aesthetics while
men score higher in Competence, Assertiveness, Excitement Seeking, and Openness to
Ideas. These results suggest that gender differences are universal, and may be
biologically based (Costa et. al., 2001). Considering all the research across cultures,
McCrae suggests that though these five factors are universal, it does not necessarily
mean that there are no other additional personality factors specific to individual
cultures. Even if all factors appear when the NEO-PI-R is administered, they may not
all be equally central in every culture (McCrae, 2002).
3.4 Comparative Studies on Asian Indigenous Personality Measures
Emic research based on Asian indigenous personality measurements has
identified crucial characteristics in Asian and Asian American communities that aren't
adequately defined in existing FFM measures. Cheung developed Chinese Personality
Assessment Inventory which used both emic-etic approach in order to assess both
indigenous and universal personality characteristics for normal as well as clinical
samples. The Interpersonal Relatedness factor was determined to be unique and did not
31
load on any of the NEO-PI-R scales. The researchers also discovered that the NEO-FFI
components of Extraversion and Agreeableness were mixed up among Chinese
students, while the Openness to new experiences factor was absent (Cheung, 2004).
In another study addressing the cultural distinctiveness of indigenous personality
components, as well as the generalizability of the Five Factor model (FFM) and the
incremental validity of indigenous measures in a collectivistic culture, three indigenous
inventories and the Filipino version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO–
PI–R) were completed by Filipino college students (N508). It was found that the FFM
covers the majority of Philippine dimensions, hence it is unlikely to be culturally
distinctive. However, the FFM fails to account for a few indigenous constructs; these
constructs are not uncommon in Western cultures, but they may be more prominent or
composed differently in the Philippines; Similarly, the structure of the NEO–PI–R FFM
is well replicated in the Philippines (Katigbak et. al., 2002).
Furthermore, in yet another study in which one of the research questions was to
assess the validity of the Big Five for a Japanese university sample found that four of
the five personality factors were valid for the Japanese sample, as hypothesized. (For
example, items measuring Extraversion-Introversion and Agreeableness loaded in the
same factor) and later it was concluded that Big Five personality traits were not valid
for the Japanese university student sample in the study (Apple, 2011).
Yoon et al. (2002) used the NEO-PI-R 240-item questionnaire to investigate 717
Korean firm employees and discovered five factors that agreed with the FFM model.
When compared to results from a North American sample, the researchers found higher
levels of Neuroticism and lower levels of Openness to New Experiences and
Extraversion. The researchers speculated that the Korean respondents had a "modesty
bias" and tended to regard themselves as less capable than peers due to "the Confucian
32
ethic" because the Agreeableness and Conscientiousness measures were modestly
associated (r =.38) (Yoon et. al., 2002).
Similarly, Hahn and his colleagues provided three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-
factor answers to 435 Korean university students in another investigation (Hahn, Lee, &
Ashton, 1999). The five-factor solution, according to the researchers, is quite close to
the Big Five concept. The researchers did note, however, that "the Conscientiousness
and Intellect factors were not clearly separated and speculated that a large number of
‘controlled' intellect items, which correlate positively with Conscientiousness...may
tend to move the Conscientiousness factor in the direction of Intellect, possibly due to
the nature of the Korean lexicon." As a result, a six- or seven-factor model of
personality traits, according to the researchers, might be more appropriate for a Korean
population (Hahn et. al., 1999).
To conclude, although it is quite evident that FFM is quite universal, it does not
rule out the possibility of other culturally unique personality traits. Even though many
of the factors emerge across various cultures, they may not be equally important.
Secondly, Neuroticism and Openness to experience factor tends to be absent or lower in
most of the Asian cultures, such as Philippines, Chinese, Japanese and Korean culture,
specifically. Similarly, Extraversion factor also seemed to be culturally sensitive.
Combinations of factors from FFM and factors other than those mentioned in FFM have
also emerged in various cultures as well. Thirdly, studies focused on age and gender
reveal that personality is dynamic, more evidently from adolescent to mid adulthood,
and often tends to get influenced by culture. Factors such as Neuroticism, Extraversion
and Openness to experience tend to decrease, whereas Agreeableness and
Conscientiousness tends to increase with age. In addition to it, women have appeared to
be higher in Neuroticism, in contrast to Men, who have obtained higher scores in

33
Consciousness. Lastly, there are very few studies conducted in the Indian Culture,
which, in fact, comprises a spectrum of different cultures. It, thus, necessitates the
validation of FFM across the various Indian cultures at the earliest.

Chapter 4
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
(Miranda, n.d.-h)
34
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
The research aimed to study if Goan personality can be explained using the Five
Factor Model of personality. A total of 359 subjects (197 young adults and 162 middle
adults) were included in the study. Out of these 197 young adults, 92 individuals were males
and 105 were females and out of 162 middle adults, 69 individuals were males and 93 were
females. The entire sample of 359 individuals was of Goans based in Goa. An exploratory
factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the data to understand the factor structure in the
Goan population. After doing the principal factor analysis (PCA), 4 factors were obtained
with final Eigenvalues (11.85, 4.43, 2.29 and 2.04); using values greater than 1 as the criteria.
Factor analysis begins with a premise that one category containing all items is
sufficient. It then determines how much of the relationship between individual items can be
explained by a single concept. Upon assessing how effectively the single-concept premise has
performed, the factor analysis rejects the basic premise if it appears that one concept or
category has not done a sufficient job of accounting for co-variation among the components.
Figure 4.1
Scree Plot indicating Goan Personality Structure
Note: This figure demonstrates the Eigenvalues obtained from the factor analysis of the entire
Goan sample. The Y-axis denotes the Eigenvalues and X-axis represents the number of
factors. This plot displays Eigenvalues as a downward curve in an ascending order. The
elbow of the graph where the Eigenvalues seem to level off is found to be 4.
35
4.1 Goan Personality Structure
Table 4.1
Goan Personality Structure
Items Description Factor Loading
C,O,A,E N E- A-,C-
(RC1) (RC2) (RC3) (RC4)
E1 Is talkative 0.556
E6 Is reserved 0.659
E21 Tends to be quiet 0.763
E31 Is sometimes shy, inhibited 0.654
A2 Tends to find faults with others 0.448
A12 Starts quarrels with others 0.568
A27 Can be cold and aloof 0.377
A37 Is sometimes rude to others 0.545
C8 Can be somewhat careless 0.583
C18 Tends to be disorganized 0.539
C23 Tends to be lazy 0.529
C43 Is easily distracted 0.379
O35 Prefers work that is routine -0.145
O41 Has few artistic interests 0.177
C3 Does a thorough job 0.7
C13 Is a reliable worker 0.846
C 28 Perseveres until the task is finished 0.69
C33 Does things efficiently 0.797
C38 Makes plans and follows through with them 0.57

36
O5 Is original, comes up with new ideas 0.731
O10 Is curious about many different things 0.684
O15 Is ingenious, a deep thinker 0.638
O20 Has an active imagination 0.772
O25 Is inventive 0.654
O30 Values artistic, aesthetic experiences 0.719
O 40 Likes to reflect, play with ideas 0.717
O44 Is sophisticated in art, music or literature 0.486
A7 Is helpful and unselfish with others 0.771
A17 Has a forgiving nature 0.595
A22 Is generally trusting 0.77
A32 Is considerate and kind to almost everyone 0.76
A42 Likes to cooperate with others 0.821
E11 Is full of energy 0.708
E16 Generates a lot of enthusiasm 0.79
E26 Has an assertive personality 0.514
E36 Is outgoing, sociable 0.581
N4 Is depressed, blue 0.452
N9 Is relaxed, handles stress well 0.713
N14 Can be tense 0.628
N19 Worries a lot 0.661
N24 Is emotionally stable, not easily upset 0.675
N29 Can be moody 0.401
N34 Remains calm in tense situations 0.535
N39 Gets nervous easily 0.66

37
The 4 factors obtained did not emerge as whole factors like the Big Five, rather some
factors merged to form a new factor. Two items (item O35 and O41) had very low loadings.
It means that responses to those items are not in similar lines as other items in that factor and
so these can be discarded as they have not emerged as traits in the Goan population. The four
factors thus obtained were: RC1, RC2, RC3 and RC4.
Items from the positive spectrum1 of Conscientiousness, Openness to experience,
Agreeableness and Extraversion have correlated highly with each other to form factor RC-1.
22 items have loaded on this factor. Among these items C13 (is a reliable worker) and A42
(likes to cooperate with others) showed high correlation, while items O44 (is sophisticated in
art, music or literature) and E26 (has an assertive personality) have shown low correlation
with the other items in the factor. The factor RC-2 consists of all items measuring
Neuroticism and has thus emerged as a whole, separate factor in the Goan population, much
like the original Big Five.
All reverse scored2 items of the Extraversion factor along with item E1 have
correlated to form factor RC-3. The items in this factor have highly correlated with each
other, among which the item that has correlated lowest was E1 (Is talkative). The fourth
factor was formed by a combination of all the reverse-scored items from Conscientiousness
and Agreeableness (RC4). Two items O35 (prefers work that is routine) and O41 (has few
artistic interest) have correlated poorly and as such are discarded.
4.2 Analysis of Goan Personality Structure
RC1 has emerged as a combination of all the items from the positive spectrum of
Conscientiousness, Openness to experience, Agreeableness and Extraversion. Goans are
1
Factors range from Conscientiousness - Lack of direction, Openness to experience- Closedness,
Agreeableness- Antagonism, Extraversion- Introversion and Neuroticism- Emotional stability.
2
All items belonging to the negative spectrum of the four factors, namely, Conscientiousness, openness,
Extraversion and Agreeableness along with items from the positive spectrum of Neuroticism are reverse scored.
These items are highlighted in the appendix.
38
considered to be reliable, efficient workers and along with this they are also cooperative,
helpful and unselfish. This shows how Conscientiousness and Agreeableness as factors go
hand in hand. This is probably also a reason why Goans were often deployed to Portuguese,
as well as, British Colonies outside Goa because of their non-malicious mannerisms. Goans
are original in their ideas, do a thorough job and are seen to be unselfish when helping others.
This reflects their nature of not being aggressively competitive and explains why Goans are
not likely to pursue competitive exams and jobs as fiercely as people in some other states of
India. Goan tourism suffices on nature and heritage even though there is potential to further
explore and invest (A. Singhbal, personal communication, June, 10, 2021). This is unlike the
rest of the world, where new developments are made to attract tourists. The indigenous Goan
race of Proto-oscoloids show good work ethic as well as high Agreeableness, which also
could be one explanation why Conscientiousness and Agreeableness have correlated in this
factor.
The Portuguese have played an instrumental role in shaping the vibrant blend of
religions currently observed in today’s time. This reflects in the various festivals celebrated
that build fraternity between the two religions (D. Mauzo, personal communication, June, 10,
2021). This can possibly explain why items belonging to the three personality traits i.e.,
Agreeableness, Openness to experience and Extraversion have emerged together in the Goan
population.
It is observed that Goan Hindus and Catholics intermingle and value each other's
festivals and traditions. Traits of Agreeableness such as being considerate and cooperative
also correlate with these two factors which is why one can commonly see people from both
religions actively participating in each other's celebrations. An example of this is the
'Lairaichi Jatra' and Milagres Saibin feast celebrated by both religions. The Hindu devotees
of Lairai and Catholic devotees of Milagres Saibin visit each other's place of worship and
39
participate in both festivals. This shows how liberal Goans are as compared to many other
states of India. Goan culture can thus be explained best as a ‘composite mixture of East meets
West’ (S. Moraes, personal communication, June, 12, 2021)). This explains the occurrence of
openness and extraversion traits together.
A cultural trait shared by most states of India is the Hospitality trait. However, it is
considered to be one of the salient features of Goan personality (S. Sawant-Mendes, personal
communication, June, 18, 2021). When studying this factor in detail, we believe that this RC1
can be closely related to hospitality. To explain this, we need to look at how each of these
facets have contributed to being a good host. Goans are social and generate a lot of
enthusiasm along with being trusting and unselfish. They are also open to new experiences,
make plans and follow through with them. Thus, traits of being Agreeable and Conscientious,
makes them warm and welcoming hosts and Openness to experience and Extraversion make
them open to all kinds of guests.
Neuroticism has emerged as a whole factor similar to the original Five Factor model.
Items N29 (can be moody) and N4 (is depressed, blue) show slightly low correlation with
other items in this factor. This implies that Goans do worry and have a tendency to be
nervous or tense, but not to an extent that is distressing.
Extraversion has collapsed and split into two. Items of Extraversion fall in RC1
whereas items of Introversion have correlated to form RC3. One item E1 (is talkative) has
statistically loaded on RC3, however, theoretically it should have emerged in RC1. To give a
cultural explanation to these findings, we can think of two possibilities. Many rituals in the
Goan culture encourage venting. In some pockets of Goa, individuals who have been silently
suffering give vent to their emotions by singing out loud their troubles for a night during
‘Shigmo’. It is expected that those who are slandered do not hold any grudges (D. Mauzo,
personal communication, June, 10, 2021). This encourages even the introverts and silent
40
sufferers to express their woes verbally. Also, 'talkative' when translated to Konkani, is
'Badbade/Badbado' which might have a negative connotation in the cultural context. This
probably is a reason why many Goan participants have given themselves a low score on this
item. However, the reason behind the emergence of this factor needs to be studied further.
Lastly, Antagonism and Disorderliness have correlated to form the fourth factor
'RC4'. Two items of Closedness also correlated with this factor but obtained very poor
loadings and had to be discarded. Goans, as discussed above, are seen to be reliable workers
and cooperative. Some of the traditional occupations in Goa include pisciculture and
agriculture which requires them to perform in an orderly manner and be cooperative. As such,
in the Goan population, those who are Antagonists (find faults in others, are rude and
quarrelsome) are probably considered to be Disorganised as well. The youth today tend to
defy and challenge social norms. As a result, they may be subjected to a great deal of
criticism from their family and elders and hence, they may be perceived to be antagonists.
4.3 Gender differences
Table 4.2
Factor loadings of female sample from Goan population
RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC5
(COAE) (N) (E) (A-) (C-,O-)
A2 Tends to find fault with others 0.632

41
A37 Is sometime rude to others 0.748
O20 Has an active imagination 0.798
C28 Perseveres until the task is finished 0.675
O40 Likes to reflect, play with ideas 0.727

42
N9 Is relaxed, handles stress well 0.726
C43 Is easily distracted -0.592
O35 Prefers work that is routine -0.393
Table 4.3
Factor loadings of male sample from Goan population
RC1 RC4 RC2 RC3 RC5
(COAE) (C-) (N) (E) (A-,O-)

43
C43 Is easily distracted 0.634
N9 Is relaxed, handles stress well. 0.652
A2 Tends to find fault with others 0.477
O35 Prefers work that is routine 0.258
A37 Is sometimes rude to others 0.675

44
O20 Has a active imagination 0.763
C28 Perseveres until the task is finished 0.757
O40 Likes to reflect, play with ideas 0.714
In both, female as well as male structure, we obtained five factors. However, these
five factors, unlike the original Five Factor model, did not emerge as whole factors, but rather
merged to form different combinations. Three factors namely, RC1, RC2 and RC3 across
genders have emerged similar to the personality structure of the entire sample. The last factor
in the entire Goan population has split in both the genders giving rise to Antagonism as RC4
in the female population and Disorderliness as RC4 in the male population.
When comparing factor loading of personality traits across genders in the Goan
population, we found some interesting results. RC1 composed of items from the positive
spectrum of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness and Extraversion emerged in both
the samples, however, with an exception of one item. E36 (is outgoing, sociable) which was
45
supposed to load on RC1 has loaded on RC3 in the male structure. RC2, Neuroticism, has
emerged as a whole factor in both the samples, much like the proponents of the FFM have put
it across. An addition seen in the female structure is that item C43 (is easily distracted) has
correlated negatively with this factor.
In both the samples, Extraversion has split into two factors. While in the female
structure, items of Introversion have correlated with one item of Antagonism and one item of
Extraversion; in the male structure items of Introversion have correlated with two items of
Extraversion to form the RC3. Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Openness have
collapsed to form different combinations in both samples. In the female structure,
Antagonism has emerged as an independent factor forming RC4. However, one item A27
(can be cold and aloof), loaded onto RC3. In the same population the other two items of
Disorderliness and Closedness have correlated to form RC5. In this factor, item O35 (prefers
work that is routine) obtained a negative loading. In the male sample different combinations
are seen. Disorderliness has emerged as an independent factor to form RC4 while
Antagonism and Closedness merged to form RC5.
To summarise the results obtained among the two genders, three factors namely, RC1,
RC2 and RC3 have emerged similar to the entire Goan sample. The last factor in the entire
Goan sample, has split in both the genders giving rise to Antagonism as RC4 in the female
population and Disorderliness as RC4 in the male population.
4.4 Analysis of Gender Differences in Personality Structure
Society expects women to behave in a certain way and adjust to their surroundings all
throughout adulthood. As a result of which, traits such as cooperation, harmony, being
unselfish and forgiving play an instrumental role when considering female personality. These
traits are valued, not just in the Goan population but also universally. Interestingly, items on
the positive spectrum of Agreeableness have correlated along with items on the positive
46
spectrum of Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Openness. Items on the negative spectrum
of Agreeableness amounting to Antagonism have emerged as a separate personality factor
among Goan females. This factor can thus be labelled as Antagonism.
Patriarchy has engraved certain expectations in terms of gender roles wherein, men
are expected to be the breadwinners, while women today have a choice of whether to be
homemakers or set out to pursue their own career. Items pertaining to Conscientiousness have
correlated with items on the positive spectrum of Extraversion, Agreeableness and Openness.
Items on the negative spectrum of Conscientiousness amounting to Disorderliness have
emerged as a separate personality factor among Goan males. This factor can thus be labelled
as Disorderliness. This indicates that Goans see Conscientious people to also be Extroverts,
Open and Agreeable, while disorderliness is seen as a distinct factor.

Chapter 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
(Miranda, n.d.-a)
47
Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusion
5.1 Summary
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa have identified five factors that make up a
universal personality structure. These are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness,
Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). The proponents of the
Five Factor Model believe that it is an empirically based phenomenon. However, its
universality is questioned by many researchers when validating the Big Five across
cultures. Oliver John and Robert Kentle (John & Kentle, 1991) developed the Big Five
inventory that measures personality along these five factors. This tool is widely used in
research across cultures.
Many cultural factors interact with genes to develop personalities of individuals
belonging to that particular culture. Goa has a unique culture and as such, in this
research, an attempt was made to study if Goan personality can be explained by the Five
Factor Model. The Portuguese invasion in Goa has given rise to multiculturalism and
pluralism. The Goan personality is best explained as ‘a culture that is undeniably Indian,
but unmistakably Goan’ (Souza, 2009).
In this research the BFI was used to explore the Goan personality structure as
also gender differences, if any. Using a purposive sampling method, a total of 359
responses were collected from Goans living in Goa. The Big Five inventory was
administered in English and Konkani using Google forms which were sent via e-mail
and WhatsApp. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was carried out on the gathered
data. Interviews of experts were then conducted in English and Konkani over the
telephone to know more about the Goan culture.
When conducting EFA on the entire data collected, Principal Component
Analysis and Varimax Rotation were carried out, leading to the emergence of four
48
factors. These four factors are referred to as RC1, RC2, RC3 and RC4. Among these
four factors only Neuroticism (RC2) emerged as proposed by the proponents of the Five
Factor Model. The rest of the factors collapsed and formed different combinations.
Items from the positive spectrum of Conscientiousness, Openness, Agreeableness and
Extraversion combined to form RC1; items of Introversion correlated with one item of
Extraversion to form RC3 and items of Antagonism and Disorderliness merged to form
RC4. These findings reflect cultural aspects such as hospitality, harmony between
different social groups and so on.
Data across genders yielded different results. Unlike the four-factor structure of
the Goan population, five factors emerged in both the genders. However, these five
factors are not as proposed by McCrae and Costa. Factors RC1, RC2, RC3 and RC5 in
both the genders comprised items that were identical to the structure of the entire Goan
sample. The factor RC4 of the entire Goan sample split to form Antagonism in the
female population and Disorderliness in male population as an independent factor.
Agreeableness as a personality trait is valued highly among women.
5.2 Conclusion
To conclude, Goan personality cannot be explained entirely using the Five
Factor model. For the Goan sample four factors have emerged instead of five. RC1 may
be labelled as Hospitality, RC2 as Neuroticism, RC3 as Introversion and RC4 as
Antagonism-Disorderliness.
While five factors have emerged across genders, they are not the same as
proposed by the model. Three structures are similar to the Goan personality structure
i.e. Hospitality, Neuroticism, and Introversion. The fourth factor of the Goan sample has
split for both the genders giving rise to Antagonism as RC4 in the female population
and Disorderliness as RC4 in the male population.

49
5.3 Limitations of the Study
In Self-report inventories, individuals often tend to be biased with respect to
their own experiences. There might be inaccuracy in the subject's assessment of
himself/herself, the wording of the questions might be found confusing and they might
be interpreted differently in different cultures. Due to the lockdown measures imposed
in the state, data from representative samples of some talukas of the state or varying
socio-economic and educational backgrounds could not be included. Further, since the
study was conducted online via Google forms, only those individuals who were literate
and had access to the internet could participate.
5.4 Suggestions for Future Research
Though Goa is a small and sparsely populated state, it has a wide culturally
diverse population. Our study did not include samples from all the pockets of the
population. Hence, there is still room for further exploration of Goan personality by
assessing population from remote areas of the state. Future research can also try to
explain Goan personality using alternate models like Hexaco model of personality, Big
Seven model of personality or others. Lexical approach can be used to unearth Goan
personality. In depth analysis of personality can also be conducted using qualitative
methods such as interviews or observations. In this study, exploratory factor analysis
was used to explain Goan personality. For further research, a confirmatory factor
analysis can be done on a similar data set.
A drawback of factor analysis as a validation tool is being restricted to the items
of the established tool (BFI). Some peculiar traits of the Goan culture were thus
probably not tapped into. Thus, with the use of measures mentioned above, further
research might explain these traits in depth.

Chapter 6
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50
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IX
Chapter 7
APPENDIX
(Miranda, n.d.-e)
X
Appendix A
Consent Form
You are invited to participate in an online study based on Goan Personality. This is a
research project being conducted by Neha Dukle and colleagues, students of the
Department of Psychology, Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts & Science,
Autonomous, Margao, Goa.
PARTICIPATION
Your participation in this research study is voluntary. You may refuse to take part in the
research. Even if you agree to participate now, you can withdraw at any time without
any consequences of any kind.
BENEFITS
You will receive no direct benefits from participating in this research study.
RISKS
There are no foreseeable risks involved in participating in this study.
CONFIDENTIALITY
Your responses will be stored in a password protected electronic format. Your personal
details will remain anonymous. Your responses and all the information provided for this
study will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
CONTACT:
If you wish to seek further clarification or information about the study or the
procedures, you may contact us via email at pdn003@chowgules.ac.in.
CONSENT:
Kindly go through the images of the information sheet and the consent form from the
college uploaded below and select your choice below. Clicking on the “Agree” button
indicates that
XI
You are between 20-65 years of age
You have read the above information.
You voluntarily agree to participate.
Socio-Demographic Form
1. Name
2. Phone number/ email id *
3. Age *
4. Gender *
>Female; >Male; >Prefer not to say; >Other
5. Ethnic Origin
>Goan; >Non-Goan
6. Language spoken at home:
7. Current Residence:
>Goa; >Outside Goa
8. Lived in Goa since: (in years)

XII
Appendix B
Big Five Inventory
Here are a number of characteristics that may or may not apply to you. For example, do
you agree that you are someone who likes to spend time with others? Please tick on the
option you are choosing to indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with that
statement.
Disagree strongly Disagree a little Neither agree nor disagree Agree a little
Agree Strongly
While responding to the statements below kindly refer to the statement
"I see Myself as Someone Who..."
____1. Is talkative ____23. Tends to be lazy
____2. Tends to find fault with others ____24. Is emotionally stable, not easily
upset
____3. Does a thorough job ____25. Is inventive
____4. Is depressed, blue ____26. Has an assertive personality
____5. Is original, comes up with new ideas ____27. Can be cold and aloof
____6. Is reserved ____28. Perseveres until the task is finished
____7. Is helpful and unselfish with others ____29. Can be moody
____8. Can be somewhat careless ____30. Values artistic, aesthetic
experiences
____9. Is relaxed, handles stress well ____31. Is sometimes shy, inhibited

XIII
____10. Is curious about many different things ____32. Is considerate and kind to
almost everyone
____11. Is full of energy ____33. Does things efficiently
____12. Starts quarrels with others ____34. Remains calm in tense situations
____13. Is a reliable worker ____35. Prefers work that is routine
____14. Can be tense ____36. Is outgoing, sociable
____15. Is ingenious, a deep thinker ____37. Is sometimes rude to others
____16. Generates a lot of enthusiasm ____38. Makes plans and follows through
with them
____17. Has a forgiving nature ____39. Gets nervous easily
____18. Tends to be disorganized ____40. Likes to reflect, play with ideas
____19. Worries a lot ____41. Has few artistic interests
____20. Has an active imagination ____42. Likes to cooperate with others
____21. Tends to be quiet ____43. Is easily distracted
____22. Is generally trusting ____44. Is sophisticated in art, music, or literature

XIV
Appendix C
Interview Questions
1. How would you explain Goan personality? Goans are known as 'Susegad'. what
is your opinion about it? How is the Goan indigenous culture different from the
rest of the country?
2. Goans tend to accept new ideologies and are said to be tolerant to various
cultures, religions and so on. What is your take on it?
3. Goans are misportrayed in the media as being alcoholics. How is consumption
of alcohol perceived by Goans?
4. What is the difference between the personalities of Goan Men and women? How
is the female Goan personality different from female personalities across the
country?
5. How did Portuguese uplift the backward classes/ communities in Goa? What
influence did the Portuguese have in shaping Goan identity/ personality?

XV
Appendix D
Items of Big five personality inventory
Extraversion
1. Is Talkative
6. Is reserved
11. Is full of energy
16. Generates a lot of enthusiasm
21. Tends to be quiet
26. Has an assertive personality
31. Is sometimes shy, inhibited
36. Is outgoing, sociable
Agreeableness
2. Tends to find fault with others
7. Is helpful and unselfish with others
12. Starts quarrels with others
17. Has a forgiving nature
22. Is generally trusting
27. Can be cold and aloof
32. Is considerate and kind to almost everyone
37. Is sometimes rude to others
42. Likes to cooperate with others
Conscientiousness
3. Does a thorough job

XVI
8. Can be somewhat careless
13. Is a reliable worker
18. Tends to be disorganized
23. Tends to be lazy
28. Perseveres until the task is finished
33. Does things efficiently
38. Makes plans and follows through with them
43. Is easily distracted
Neuroticism
4. Is depressed, blue
9. Is relaxed, handles stress well
14. Can be tense
19. Worries a lot
24. Is emotionally stable, not easily upset
29. Can be moody
34. Remains calm in tense situations
39. Gets nervous easily
Openness to Experience
5. Is original, comes up with new ideas
10. Is curious about many different things
15. Is ingenious, a deep thinker
20. Has an active imagination
25. Is inventive
XVII
30. Values artistic, aesthetic experiences
35. Prefers work that is routine
40. Likes to reflect, play with ideas
41. Has few artistic interests
44. Is sophisticated in art, music, or literature

XVIII
Appendix E
( )
( ) .
/ .
/ :
pdn003@chowgules.ac.in ’ .
:
XIX
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Version
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XX
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2. * 27.
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4. * 28. *
5. 29. *
* 30.
6. * *
7. 31. *
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8. * *
9. - 33.
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10. 34.
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11. 35. *
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12. , * 37.
13. * *
14. * 38.
15. * *
16. , * 39. ,
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19. * *
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21. * 42.
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-x-x-x-
(Miranda, n.d.-f)

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(Miranda, n.d.

Bachelor of Arts/ Science

Neha Pai Dukle

Under the supervision of

Dr. Sobita Kirtani

PARVATIBAI CHOWGULE COLLEGE OF ARTS &

Roll No. Name Signature

AU180181 Neha Pai Dukle

AU180001 Rucha Kare

AU180130 Urvi Umarye

AU180012 Nikita Narvekar

AU180201 Yamini Patil

personality” is a record of work done by the candidate themselves under my guidance

completing the project.

1.1.1 Approaches to Studying Personality................................................1

1.1.2 The Five Factor Model……………………………………...……..2

1.1.3 Universality of the Five Factor Model………………….…………2

1.1.4 Influence of Culture on Personality………………………………..3

1.1.5 Uniqueness of Goan Culture………………………………....……3

1.1.5.1 Goan Personality ..............................................................4

1.1.5.2 Female Personality............................................................5

1.1.6 Rationale of the Research…………………………….……………5

1.2.1 Research Question……………………………....…………………5

1.4.1 Research Design………………………………...............…………6

1.4.2 Sample of the Study…………………………….………………….6

1.4.3 Instruments used for Data Collection……………...………………6

1.4.3.1 Big Five Inventory (BFI)..................................................6

1.4.3.2 Interviews of Experts……………………...…………….7

1.4.4 Method of Data Collection………………………………...………7

1.4.5 Statistical Analysis…………………………...……………………7

1.4.6 Scope of Present study……………………...……………………..8

Chapter 2: Conceptual Framework……………………………………....………………9

2.1 Theories of Personality……......……………………………………………..9

2.1.1 Earliest Approaches to Personality………………………...………9

2.1.2 Psychoanalytic and Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality…......…9

2.1.3 Type Theories of Personality ...……………………………..…....11

2.1.4 Trait Theories of Personality…………………………......………12

2.1.5 Humanistic Approach to studying Personality………….......……13

2.1.6 Behavioural and Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality….......13

2.2 The Goan Culture……………………………………………..........………14

2.3 The Big Five Personality……………………………………...........………16

2.3.2 Openness to experience………………………………………..…18

Chapter 3: Literature Review…………………………………………..........…………23

3.1 Comparative Studies Examining Universality of Five Factor Model.……..23

3.2 Comparative Studies of FFM Employing Big Five Personality Inventory...26

3.3 Comparative studies Focusing on Gender Pertaining to Personality…....... 29

3.4 Comparative Studies on Asian Indigenous Personality measures................ 30

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion……………………………………………......……34

4.1 Goan Personality Structure…………………………………..........………..35

4.2 Analysis of Goan Personality Structure……………………...…..……..….37

4.3 Gender Differences………………………………………...............…….…40

4.4 Analysis of Gender Differences in Personality Structure....……………..…45

Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusion………………………………..…………..…..…47

5.3 Limitations of the Study……………………………….........………..….…49

5.4 Suggestions for future research…………………………................….……49

Figure 4.1 Scree Plot indicating Goan Personality Structure………………............…..34

Table 4.1 Goan Personality Structure…………………………………….......……..….35

Table 4.2 Factor loadings of female sample from Goan population……..…..….......…40

the differences in personality observed across genders using an exploratory research

not sufficient to explain the entire Goan personality.

‘What is personality?’ ‘What is culture?’ These questions seem to have easy

personality and culture began to develop.

1.1.1 Approaches to Studying Personality

aspects of an individual. Sigmund Freud tried to explain the development of personality