Entrepreneurship as an Evolving Concept:

Entrepreneurship is a way of thinking, reasoning, and acting that is motivated by

opportunities employs a holistic approach and balances leadership to create and
capture value.
For example, creating a better source of income to alleviate yourself from poverty
or creating a business with flexible work hours so you can spend more time with
family.
The concept of entrepreneurship has spanned across sectors and it is having
increasingly wider usage in education and non-profit making sectors. The popularity
of the concept originates from economics where entrepreneurship is accepted as one
key process to economic growth and development and the entrepreneur as the
economic agent in that process (Cantillon, 1775; Say, 1816; Schumpeter, 1934).
The notion of entrepreneurship is not a new one. Neither is the idea of
entrepreneurship education. However, post-secondary entrepreneurship curriculum
has exploded the past thirty-five years. A number of reasons have helped to fuel this
growth. An argument can be made that entrepreneurs can be made and are not born.
Entrepreneurship education is the tool that encourages the transformation process.
At the university level, most entrepreneurship curriculum is taught in business
schools and colleges. Implications indicate that entrepreneurship education is good
not only for students who become entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship curriculum
stimulates creativity and ownership, two traits desired by corporate America.

List of Chemicals Imported in Pakistan but can be

manufactured locally:

1. Dyes & pigments are being produced locally but only partially meet the demand. Most
of these raw materials are imported.
2. Active ingredients used in pesticides & insecticides are not produced locally but
about 30 units are involved in formulations based on imported raw materials. There is a
strong need for domestic production of some active ingredients.
3. Petrochemicals are being imported whereas their local production is essential not only
to boost the chemical sector but for the entire industrial sector as for instance in case of
textile industry, polyester, viscose, dyes and bleaching agents play a pivotal role.
4. Olefins and their derivatives are being imported in large quantities for their end-use
in plastics, paints, dyes & pigments, pesticides, detergents and rubber products.
5. Import of BTX tops among the chemical group. Only a small installed capacity for BTX
production exists in National Refinery, Karachi. The demand for xylene and
toluene is substantial in the country. Xylene is used in large quantities for the
manufacturing of PTA for polyesters and as a solvent in pesticides.
6. At present, only few organic chemicals are being manufactured locally and that too in
small quantities. There is urgent need to utilise the available molasses for conversion into
value added organic chemicals and to examine techno commercial viability of setting up
plants based on coal / oil /gas.
7. Several minerals are available in the country but they have not been gainfully exploited.
Salts of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Barium, Chromium and Aluminium
can be manufactured from the locally available ores if the infrastructure facilities at
relevant mineral sites are developed. Presently large quantities of inorganic salts are
being imported. Total imports of inorganic chemicals is more than Rs 5.08 billion.
Atleast some of these can be produced by relatively simpler processes/technologies.
Reference: https://fp.brecorder.com/2006/07/20060720453888/

Top Chemical Imports with their bills:

1. 12.5% (267 million US$): 2905 - Acyclic alcohols and their halogenated, sulphonated,
nitrated or nitrosated derivatives.
2. 12.1% (259 million US$): 2902 - Cyclic hydrocarbons.
3. 10.6% (226 million US$): 2933 - Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s)
only.
4. 5.98% (127 million US$): 2941 - Antibiotics.
5. 5.79% (123 million US$): 2922 - Oxygen-function amino-compounds.
6. 4.96% (105 million US$): 2934 - Nucleic acids and their salts, whether or not
chemically defined; other heterocyclic compounds.
7. 4.62% (98 million US$): 2926 - Nitrile-function compounds.
8. 4.32% (92 million US$): 2921 - Amine-function compounds.
9. 4% (85 million US$): 2917 - Polycarboxylic acids, their anhydrides, halides, peroxides
and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives.
10.3.53% (75 million US$): 2915 - Saturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids and their
anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated
or nitrosated derivatives.

Reference: https://trendeconomy.com/data/h2/Pakistan/29