Surface Hydrology and Dewats

S U R FAC E H Y D RO LO GY
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PRESENTED BY RUCHA SATHE
EVAPORATION FROM COLLECTED WATER ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE SUCH AS LAKES
OR THE OCEANS.
INDIRECTLY THROUGH RADIATION PLANT RELEASE WATER VAPOR DUE TO
PHOTOSYNTHETIC METABOLISM IN WHAT IS KNOWN AS TRANSPIRATION.
EVAPORATION FROM LAND AND PLANTS TOGETHER IS CALLED
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.
WATER VAPOR CONDENSES BACK IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAT MAKE UP CLOUDS.
WHEN CLOUDS COLLECT SUFFICIENT MOISTURE THAT THEY NO LONGER CAN STABLY
SUSPEND THEM, THEY ARE RELEASED AS PRECIPITATION (RAIN OR SNOW)
PRECIPITATION COLLECTS ON THE LAND SURFACES, SEEPS INTO THE SOIL THROUGH
INFILTRATION OR FLOWS OVER THE LAND’S SURFACE TOWARD LOWER ELEVATIONS
AS RUNOFF.
RUNOFF COLLECTS INTO DITCHES OR SMALL STREAMS WHICH EVENTUALLY ARE
COLLECTED INTO LARGER STREAMS OR RIVERS.
FRESHWATER LAKES ARE FED BY THESE STREAMS AND RIVERS, AND REMAIN AS
FRESHWATER RESERVOIRS SO LONG AS THEY HAVE AN OUTFLOW TO FLUSH OUT
DISSOLVED SOLIDS FED THROUGH THE LAKE.
WATER VAPOR EVAPORATING FROM SEAWATER IS A SIGNIFICANT WATER SOURCE
BACK INTO THE CYCLE.
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SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY IS THE SUB-FIELD OF HYDROLOGY CONCERNED WITH
ABOVE-EARTH WATER.
TYPES OF HYDROLOGY,
1. GROUND WATER
2. ABOVE EARTH
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GROUNDWATER IS THE WORD USED TO DESCRIBE PRECIPITATION THAT HAS
INFILTRATED THE SOIL BEYOND THE SURFACE AND COLLECTED IN EMPTY SPACES
UNDERGROUND.
GROUNDWATER IS FOUND IN TWO ZONES. THE UNSATURATED ZONE, IMMEDIATELY

BELOW THE LAND SURFACE, CONTAINS WATER AND AIR IN THE OPEN SPACES, OR
PORES. THE SATURATED ZONE, A ZONE IN WHICH ALL THE PORES AND ROCK
FRACTURES ARE FILLED WITH WATER, UNDERLIES THE UNSATURATED ZONE.
THERE ARE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF AQUIFERS:

1. CONFINED – OVERLAIN AND UNDERLAIN WITH CONFINED LAYER OF
BED/SEDIMENT
2. UNCONFINED – AQUIFER UNDERLAIN WITH CONFINED LAYER
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SOIL
SOIL PERMEABILITY IS THE PROPERTY OF THE SOIL TO TRANSMIT WATER AND AIR.
THE MORE PERMEABLE THE SOIL, THE GREATER THE SEEPAGE. SOME SOIL IS SO
PERMEABLE AND SEEPAGE SO GREAT THAT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO BUILD A POND
WITHOUT SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES.
THE SIZE OF THE SOIL PORES IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE WITH REGARD TO THE RATE
OF INFILTRATION (MOVEMENT OF WATER INTO THE SOIL) AND TO THE RATE
OF PERCOLATION (MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH THE SOIL). PORE SIZE AND THE
NUMBER OF PORES CLOSELY RELATE TO SOIL TEXTURE AND STRUCTURE, AND ALSO
INFLUENCE SOIL PERMEABILITY.
USUALLY, THE FINER THE SOIL TEXTURE, THE SLOWER THE PERMEABILITY, AS SHOWN
BELOW:
SOIL TEXTURE PERMEABILITY

CLAY FINE
MODERATELY FINE SLOW
LOAM TO
MODERATELY COARSE RAPID
SANDY COARSE
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SOIL PERMEABILITY
AVERAGE PERMEABILITY FOR DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURES IN CM/HOUR
SOIL PERMEABILITY
SANDY 5
SANDY LOAM 2.5
LOAM 1.3
CLAY LOAM 0.8
SILTY CLAY 0.25
CLAY 0.05
LOAM IS SOIL MADE WITH A BALANCE OF THE THREE MAIN TYPES OF SOIL: SAND,
SILT, AND CLAY SOIL IN 2:2:1 PROPORTION
CLAYEY SOIL HAS LEAST ORGANIC CONTENT.
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G
CONTOURS
RIDGES
VALLEYS
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G
CONTOURS
RIDGES
VALLEYS
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SURFACE RUNOFF (ALSO KNOWN AS OVERLAND FLOW) IS THE FLOW OF WATER
OCCURRING ON THE GROUND SURFACE WHEN EXCESS RAINWATER, STORMWATER,
MELTWATER, OR OTHER SOURCES, CAN NO LONGER SUFFICIENTLY RAPIDLY
INFILTRATE IN THE SOIL.
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RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS
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RETENTION PONDS ARE PONDS OR POOLS DESIGNED WITH ADDITIONAL STORAGE
CAPACITY TO ATTENUATE SURFACE RUNOFF DURING RAINFALL EVENTS.
THEY CONSIST OF A PERMANENT POND AREA WITH LANDSCAPED BANKS.
THE BASINS ARE IMPORTANT FOR STORING AND SLOWING STORMWATER RUNOFF
FROM NEARBY AREAS, ESPECIALLY AREAS WITH ASPHALT OR CONCRETE
DEVELOPMENT.
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S I T E WAT E R M A N A G E M E N T
1. SLOT DRAINS - THEY ARE THIN DRAIN SLOTS THAT OFTEN RUN THE ENTIRE
LENGTH OF A ROOM OR AREA.
2. OPEN STORM DRAINS - THEY ARE DRAINS THAT USUALLY RUN PARALLEL TO A
NEARBY ROAD OR PARALLEL TO THE EDGE OF A PROPERTY
3. CLOSED STORM DRAIN - CAN BE FOUND IN THE LOW AREAS OF PARKING LOTS,
THE TRENCHES NEAR SIDEWALKS, AND OTHER AREAS WHERE WATER
INTENTIONALLY OR UNINTENTIONALLY TENDS TO COLLECT.
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4. FRENCH DRAIN - THESE TYPES OF STORMWATER DRAINS TYPICALLY UTILIZE SMALL
GRATES LOCATED NEAR THE FOUNDATION OF A BUILDING. THE GRATES FUNNEL THE
WATER INTO LONG PIPES THAT CARRY IT AWAY FROM THE EDGE OF THE BUILDING
AND INTO THE STREET, OR EVEN INTO A WATER RETENTION BASIN
5. PERMEABLE PAVEMENT
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SWALES NOT ONLY CONTROL STORMWATER BUT ALSO HELP TO TREAT RUNOFF TO
REDUCE POLLUTANTS.
LIKE DITCHES, SWALES COLLECT STORMWATER FROM ROADS, DRIVEWAYS, PARKING
LOTS AND OTHER HARD SURFACES. UNLIKE DITCHES, SWALES ARE NOT DEEP WITH
STRAIGHT SIDES. THEY HAVE GENTLY SLOPING SIDES AND ARE WIDER THAN THEY
ARE DEEP.
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SWALES ARE SHALLOW, BROAD AND
VEGETATED CHANNELS DESIGNED
TO STORE AND/OR CONTROL SURFACE
RUNOFF AT THE EDGE OF ROAD.
THEY ALSO REMOVE SOLID POLLUTANTS.
THEY MAY BE USED TO PASS THE RUNOFF
TO THE NEXT STAGE OF THE TREATMENT
AND CAN BE DESIGNED TO PROMOTE
INFILTRATION WHERE SOIL AND
GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS ALLOW.
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R A I N WAT E R M A N A G E M E N T
DEPENDING ON LOCATION, TERRAIN, GEOLOGY OF SOIL EFFICIENT WATER
MANAGEMENT CAN BE PLANNED FOR,
1. HARVESTING WATER ON SITE

2. STORM WATER DISCHARGE
3. GROUND WATER RECHARGE BASED ON WATER TABLE
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R A I N WAT E R M A N A G E M E N T
A SOAKWELL IS AN UNDERGROUND TANK WHICH ALLOWS WATER TO SEEP AWAY
WITHOUT CAUSING DAMAGE TO SURROUDING AREAS.
RAIN WATER FROM A DWELLING ROOF OR IMPERMEABLE GROUND AREA TRAVELS
VIA STORM WATER PIPING TO A SOAKWELL, GENTLY SEEPING INTO THE
SURROUNDING SOIL. SOAKWELLS ARE MOSTLY CONNECTED TO NEAR DOWNPIPES
LEADING FROM GUTTERS
RAIN WATER COULD EASILY AGAINST CEMENT OR CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS OF

STRUCTURES WHICH CAN LEAD TO THE QUALITY DETERIORATION OF THE
FOUNDATION. SOAK WELLS DIVERT THAT WATER UNDERGROUND
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WWT
STAGES:
PRELIMINARY (SCREENING)
PRIMARY (SETTLING)
SECONDARY (AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT)
ADVANCE REMOVAL
TERTIARY (DISINFECTION)
SLUDGE REATMENT
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WWT
GRIT CHAMBERS ARE LONG NARROW
TANKS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO SLOW
DOWN THE FLOW SO THAT SOLIDS SUCH
AS SAND, COFFEE GROUNDS, AND
EGGSHELLS WILL SETTLE OUT OF THE
WATER.
THE BAR SCREEN CHAMBER IS USED TO

SEPARATE PLASTICS AND OTHER NON-
DECOMPOSABLE MATTER FROM
INCOMING WASTE WATER TO PREVENT
CLOGGING OF PIPELINES AND PUMPS
THEREBY CAUSING BREAK-DOWNS. THE
BAR SCREEN CHAMBER CONSISTS OF
TWO SCREENS I.E., A COARSE SCREEN
FOLLOWED BY A FINE SCREEN WHICH
ARE INVERTED AT AN INCLINED ANGLE.
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WWT
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WWT PRIMARY
PRIMARY TREATMENT INVOLVES SEDIMENTATION OF SOLID WASTE WITHIN THE
WATER.
THIS IS DONE AFTER FILTERING OUT LARGER CONTAMINANTS WITHIN THE WATER.
WASTEWATER IS PASSED THROUGH SEVERAL TANKS AND FILTERS THAT SEPARATE
WATER FROM CONTAMINANTS.
TYPES:
CLARIFIER – ALLOWS THE HEAVIER AND LARGER PARTICLES TO SETTLE TO THE
BOTTOM
BAFFLE WALL REACTOR
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WWT PRIMARY
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WWT PRIMARY
BAFFLED REACTOR
IT IS AN IMPROVISED SEPTIC TANK WITH A SERIES OF BAFFLES UNDER WHICH THE
DOMESTIC OR THE INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER IS FORCED TO FLOW UNDER
PRESSURE AND BAFFLES FROM THE INLET TO THE OUTLET.
RETENTION TIME – 72 HRS
UPFLOW VELOCITY – 0.6M/HR
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WWT PRIMARY
ADVANTAGES
RESISTANT TO ORGANIC AND HYDRAULIC SHOCK LOADS
NO ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS REQUIRED
LOW OPERATING COSTS
LONG SERVICE LIFE
HIGH REDUCTION OF BOD
LOW SLUDGE PRODUCTION; THE SLUDGE IS STABILIZED
MODERATE AREA REQUIREMENT (CAN BE BUILT UNDERGROUND)
DISADVANTAGES
REQUIRES EXPERT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
LOW REDUCTION OF PATHOGENS AND NUTRIENTS
EFFLUENT AND SLUDGE REQUIRE FURTHER TREATMENT AND/OR APPROPRIATE
DISCHARGE
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WWT SECONDARY
REED BED SYSTEM
THE AQUATIC PLANT BASED SYSTEMS ALLOWS BACTERIA AND ALGAE TO DIGEST THE
ORGANIC MATTER IN THE EFFLUENT.
WASTE WATER ENTERS FROM ONE END, UNDERGOES AERATION PROCESS AND
CLEANER EFFLUENT IS RECEIVED AT THE OUTLET.
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WWT SECONDARY
COAGULATION
COAGULATION IS THE CHEMICAL WATER TREATMENT PROCESS USED TO REMOVE
SOLIDS FROM WATER, BY MANIPULATING ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES OF PARTICLES
SUSPENDED IN WATER. THIS PROCESS INTRODUCES SMALL, HIGHLY CHARGED
MOLECULES INTO WATER TO DESTABILIZE THE CHARGES ON PARTICLES, COLLOIDS,
OR OILY MATERIALS IN SUSPENSION
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WWT TERTIARY
DISINFECTION
CHLORINE, ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, AND OZONE
CHLORINATION IS THE PROCESS OF ADDING CHLORINE TO WASTEWATER TO REDUCE
THE POPULATION OF PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS.
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WWT FINAL
THERE ARE VARIOUS OPTIONS FOR TREATING SLUDGE
• THICKENING - THE FIRST STEP IN SLUDGE TREATMENT. A THICKENER CAN REDUCE
THE TOTAL VOLUME OF SLUDGE TO LESS THAN HALF THE ORIGINAL VOLUME.
• DEWATERING - DECREASES SLUDGE LIQUID VOLUME AS MUCH AS 90 PERCENT.
DIGESTED SLUDGE IS PUT THROUGH LARGE CENTRIFUGES THAT WORK IN THE
SAME WAY AS A WASHING MACHINE SPIN CYCLE. THE SPINNING CENTRIFUGE
PRODUCES A FORCE THAT SEPARATES THE MAJORITY OF THE WATER FROM THE
SLUDGE SOLID CREATING A BIOSOLID SUBSTANCE.
• DRYING - DRYING TAKES PLACE BY A COMBINATION OF EVAPORATION AND
GRAVITY DRAINAGE THROUGH THE SAND. A PIPING NETWORK BUILT UNDER THE
SAND COLLECTS THE WATER WHICH IS PUMPED BACK TO THE HEAD OF THE
PLANT. AFTER ABOUT SIX WEEKS OF DRYING, THE SLUDGE CAKE, AS IT IS CALLED,
MAY HAVE A SOLIDS CONTENT OF ABOUT 40 PERCENT.
• INCINERATION - COMPLETELY EVAPORATES THE MOISTURE AND CONVERTS THE
ORGANIC SOLIDS INTO INERT ASH.
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WWT THROUGH LANDSAPE
BIOFILTERS ARE AN EFFICIENT SOLUTION FOR THE REMOVAL OF BIODEGRADABLE
COMPONENTS. THE TECHNIQUE IS MAINLY APPLICABLE AT LOWER, STABLE
CONCENTRATIONS AND FLOW RATES. MOREOVER, IT IS AN ECONOMICAL METHOD,
BOTH IN TERMS OF INVESTMENT AND OPERATIONAL COST.
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D E WAT S
DEWATS COMPLEMENT CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR MORE
SUSTAINABLE AND EFFECTIVE SERVICES
PROVIDE TREATMENT OF WASTE OF BOTH DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL SOURCE
PROVIDE TREATMENT FOR ORGANIC WASTEWATER FLOWS UPTO 1000 M3 PER DAY
DEPENDING UPON AREA
DEWATS APPLICATIONS ARE RELIABLE, LONG LASTING AND TOLERANT TOWARDS
INFLOW FLUCTUATION
STAGES:
PRIMARY TREATMENT: SEDIMENTATION AND FLOATATION
SECONDARY ANAEROBIC TREATMENT IN FIXED BED REACTORS: BAFFLED UPSTREAM
REACTORS OR ANAEROBIC FILTERS
TERTIARY AEROBIC TREATMENT IN SUB-SURFACE FLOW FILTERS
TERTIARY AEROBIC TREATMENT IN POLISHING PONDS
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F L O ATAT I O N
MICROPLASTICS (PLASTIC PARTICLES LESS THAN 5 MM) ARE REMOVED FROM
EFFLUENT IN FOUR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS USING VARIOUS
MODERN FINAL STAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES, INCLUDING FLOTATION.
FLOTATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE CATEGORIES: NATURAL, AIDED AND

INDUCED FLOTATION.
• NATURAL FLOTATION: NATURAL FLOTATION IS VALID IF THE DENSITY HAS
DIFFERENCE WHICH IS NATURALLY SUFFICIENT FOR SEPARATION.
• AIDED FLOTATION: AIDED FLOTATIONS TAKES PLACE WHEN EXTERNAL MEANS ARE
USED TO PROMOTE THE SEPARATION OF PARTICLES THAT ARE NATURALLY
FLOATABLE.
• INDUCED FLOTATION: INDUCED FLOTATION TAKES PLACE WHEN THE DENSITY OF
PARTICLES IS ARTIFICIALLY REDUCED TO ALLOW PARTICLES TO FLOAT. THIS
FLOTATION IS BASED ON THE CAPACITY FOR CERTAIN SOLID AND LIQUID
PARTICLES TO LINK UP WITH GAS USUALLY WITH AIR BUBBLE TO FORM A
PARTICLE-GAS WITH A DENSITY MINIMAL THAN THE LIQUID.
• DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (DAF) IS A METHOD OF INDUCED FLOTATION WITH
VERY FINE AIR BUBBLE OR MICROBUBBLES WHICH ARE UP TO 40 TO 70 MICRONS.
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F L O ATAT I O N
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D E WAT S
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D E WAT S
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D E WAT S
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D E WAT S
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D E WAT S
ADVANTAGES OF DEWATS:
• EFFICIENT TREATMENT FOR DAILY WASTEWATER FLOWS UP TO 1000M3
• MODULAR DESIGN OF ALL COMPONENTS
• TOLERANT TOWARDS INFLOW FLUCTUATIONS
• RELIABLE AND LONG-LASTING CONSTRUCTION DESIGN
• EXPENSIVE AND SOPHISTICATED MAINTENANCE NOT REQUIRED
• LOW MAINTENANCE COSTS
HENCE, DEWATS TECHNOLOGY IS AN EFFECTIVE, EFFICIENT AND AFFORDABLE

WASTEWATER TREATMENT SOLUTION
LIMITATIONS OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS:

• LARGE AREA REQUIREMENT
• WETLAND TREATMENT MAY BE ECONOMICAL RELATIVE TO OTHER OPTIONS ONLY
WHERE LAND IS AVAILABLE AND AFFORDABLE.
• DESIGN CRITERIA ARE YET TO BE DEVELOPED FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF
WASTEWATER IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
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Surface Hydrology and Dewats

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S U R FAC E H Y D RO LO GY

GROUNDWATER IS FOUND IN TWO ZONES. THE UNSATURATED ZONE, IMMEDIATELY

THERE ARE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF AQUIFERS:

SOIL TEXTURE PERMEABILITY

1. HARVESTING WATER ON SITE

RAIN WATER COULD EASILY AGAINST CEMENT OR CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS OF

THE BAR SCREEN CHAMBER IS USED TO

FLOTATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE CATEGORIES: NATURAL, AIDED AND

HENCE, DEWATS TECHNOLOGY IS AN EFFECTIVE, EFFICIENT AND AFFORDABLE

LIMITATIONS OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS:

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