Rural women are still using bio-

residues, dung
fucls such as crop
wood to meet
their
and fuel
energy requiremet.
walk long distances to fetch
They needs.
fuel, water and other basic
that in
) The census 2001 shows
rural India only 56 per cent
households have an electricity
connection and 43 per cent
still
use kerosene. About 90 per cent
of the rural households use bio-
fuels for cooking.
limited
iv) Tap water avaílability is rural
to only 24 per cent of
households. About 76 per cent of
the population drinks water from
as wells,
open sourcessuch
tanks, ponds lakes, rivers
canals, etc.

() Another study conducted by the

National Sample Survey
Organisation noted that by 1996.
access toimproved sanitation in
rural areas was only 6 per cent.
 PRIMARY HEALLTH CARE:
4. What is health? Mention the
includes
development of health services in Primary health care
education concerning prevailing
India after independence. of
health problems and methods
Ans. It is a state of complete physical, identifying,preventing and ,P,C
mental& social well-being. A persons controlling them.

ability to work depends largely on his Promotion of food supply and proper
good health. It enhances the quality of nutrition and adequate supply of
life. Development of Health services in water and sanitation,
SECONDAY HEALTH CARE
India after Independence
includes hospitals which have better
) Decline in death rate from 27.4 per health care facilities such as Surgery and
thousand in 195lto 7.4 per thousand diagnostics.
in 2006-07 TERTIARY HEALTH CARE:
() Reduction in Infant mortality. rate Includes medical centres and hospitals
from 146 per thousand in1951 to 55 which give advanced
medical care and
per thousand in 2007.
Solve critical medical problems
(i) Rise in expectancy of life from 50 NCERT QUESTIONS-
years in 1951 to 63.5 years in 2006-
07. 1. Explain the term infrastructure'.
(iv) Deadly diseases like malaria, TB, Ans Infrastructure refers to the basic
cholera& small
pox have been Supporting structure which is built to
brought under control. provide different kinds of services in an
(v) Reduction in child mortality rate economy. Infrastructural installations do
from 57 per thousand in 1951
to 17
not
directly produce goods but help in
per thousand in 2006. promoting production activities in an
economy. Examples of infrastructure
 x19
Workforce
Place of Residence (in millions)
13. Why are regular salaried
Total
Male Female employees more in urban areas

70 195 than in rural areas?

Rural 125

7 39 Ans. i) Because of availability of

Urban 32
educational institutions regular salaried
waww.au

employees are more in urban areas than

Ans. In 1972-73, out of total workforce of rural areas. As such they get better
234 million, 195 million was in rural areas opportunities for their skill.
and 39 million in urban areas. It shows 83%
workforce lived in rural areas. Gender ii) Whereas in rural areas, of the
majority
differences were also observed. In rural people are illiterate and lack skills, which
areas, males accounted for 125 million
are needed for i
regular
workforce and women 70 million of employment. g
workforce. In urban areas, 32 million males 14. Why are less women found in
formed the workforce whereas women regular salaried employment?
workforce was only 7 million. In the country
only 77 million female workers were there
Ans. Female workers give preference to
as compared to 157 million male workers. In self-employment than to hired employment.
other words, 32% of female workers were It is because women, both in rural and urban
areas, are less mobile and thus,
there and 68% male workers were there in prefer to
the country in 1972-73. The data shows: engage themselves in self-employment.
(i) pre dominance of agriculture. 15. Analyse the recent trends in
(ii) more male workers both in urban and sectoral distribution of workforce
rural areas. in India.
(i) less female workers in both rural and Ans. 1.The data in
urban areas. Also, female workers is as follows (for the
occupational structure
year 1999-2000):
were much lesser in urban areas.