9th Maths 1 Digest (ByRobert)

1 Sets
Here the capital letter ‘B’ represents a set.

Points to Remember: Generally capital Letters A, B, C, ..., X, Y, Z are
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used to denote a set.
q Sets
Every member of a set is called an element and
In everyday life, we often talk about the
be
they are denoted by using small letters.
collection of objects. For example, team
If ‘a’ is an element of set A then we write this as
of players, group of students, collection of
a ∈ A and read as ‘a belongs to the set A’, or ‘a
flowers. We use the word ‘set’ for a special
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is an element of the set A’, or ‘a is a member of
type of collections.
the set A’.
Consider the following two examples of
If ‘a’ is not an element of set A then we write
collections:
this as a ∉ A and read as ‘a does not belong to
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(1) Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
the set A’, or ‘a is not an element of the set A’,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
or ‘a’ is not a member of the set A’.
(2) Happy people in your town.
 Methods of writing a set
First example is the collection of days of a week.
In the first example, we know the objects clearly
and thus we can definitely decide whether
st There are two methods of writing a set:
(1) Roster or Listing Method:
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a given object belongs to a given collection or (i) In this method, the set is described by listing
not. Such a type of collection is called well - all its elements enclosed in the curly brackets.
defined collection. Well-defined collection of (ii) Elements are separated by commas.
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objects is called a set.

(iii) Each element is written only once.
In the second example, the term ‘happy
For example: The set of digits in the number
people’ is a relative term. Pankaj may be
7777. \ A = {7}.
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happy by Rekha’s opinion, but he may not be

(iv) The order in which the elements are Listed is
so by Anjali’s. So we cannot decide whether
not important.
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to include Pankaj in our collection. Thus, the

collection is not well-defined and therefore it For example: The set of all the days of a week
is not a set. can be written as:
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A = {Tuesday, Wednesday, Sunday, Thursday,

 Consider the following collections
Monday, Saturday, Friday} or by any other order.
(1) All students in a class.
Every member of the set is called an element
(2) Months of a year.
and they are denoted by using small letters.
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(3) Brave people.

(v) If a set contains many, but a finite number
(4) Collection of numbers 2, 4, 6, 8. of elements, then write the first few elements
S.
Collection (1), (2) and (4) are sets but (3) is not which clearly indicates the structure of the set
a set. followed by a comma, few dots, again by a
Consider a set of first five natural numbers i.e. comma and the last element.
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1, 2, 3, 4, 5. We represent this set mathematically For example: The set of natural numbers from
as follows : 1 to 99 is written as:
B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } N = {1, 2, 3, ..., 99}
(5)
6 Master Key Mathematics - I (Algebra) (Std. IX)
Solution:
(vi) If a set contains an infinite number of elements,
4 belong to the set Q.
then we write a few elements which clearly
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indicate the structure of the set followed by a
comma and few dots. or 4 is an element of the set Q.
3
For example: The set of all whole numbers is
(ii) –2 Ï N
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written as:
Solution:
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
–2 does not belong to the set N or –2 is not an
(2) Set builder form or rule method :
be
element of the set N.
In this method we describe the set by specifying
(iii) P = { p/p is an odd number }
the property which determines the elements of
Solution:
the set uniquely.
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P is the set of all p such that p is an odd number.
For example: The set of prime numbers from 1
to 25 (3) Write two sets by listing method and by rule
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}. method:
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This can be written in set builder form as : Solution:
A = {x|x is a prime number less than 25 } Roster form
and is read as ‘A is the set of all x such that x is A = { 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 }
a prime number less than 25’.
In this notation, the curly bracket stand for ‘the
set of’, vertical Line (|) or colon (:) stands for
st B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 }
Set Builder form
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A = { x/x = n2, n∈N, n < 6 }
‘Such that’. B = { y/y = 2n, n∈N, n < 6 }
(4) Write the following sets using the listing
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MASTER KEY QUESTION SET - 1 method:

(i) All months in the Indian solar year.
PRACTICE SET - 1.1 (Textbook Page No. 3) Solution:
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A = {Chitra, Vishaka, Jyestha, Aashaadha,

(1) Write the following sets in the roster form:
Sravana, Bhaadrapada, Asvini, Kaarthika,
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(i) Set of even numbers Maarghasira, Pausa, Maagha, Phalguna}

Solution: (ii) Letters in the word 'COMPLEMENT'.
A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, ... }
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Solution:
(ii) Set of even prime numbers from 1 to 50 B = { C, O, M, P, L, E, N, T }
Solution: (iii) Set of human sensory organs.
B={2} Solution:
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(iii) Set of negative integers C = { ear, nose, tongue, skin, eye }

Solution: (iv) Set of prime numbers from 1 to 20.
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C = { –1, –2, –3, ... } Solution:

(iv) Seven basic sounds of a sargam (sur) D = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 }
V.
Solution: (v) Names of continents of the world.

D = { sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni } Solution:
(2) Write the following symbolic statement in E = { Asia, Africa, North America, South
words: America, Europe, Antarctica, Australia }
(i)
4
3
∈Q
Sets 7
(5) Write the following sets using rule method:

(i) A = { 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 } Points to Remember:
Solution:
q Type of sets:
A = { x|x = n2, n∈N, n < 10 }
 Singleton Set:
(ii) B = { 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48 }
A set containing exactly one element is called
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Solution: a singleton set.
B = { y|y = 6n, n∈N, n < 8 } For example:
be
(iii) C = { S, M, I, L, E } (i) A = {4}
Solution: (ii) B = {x|x – 2 = 0}
C = { x|x is a letter of the word SMILE } [ x – 2 = 0, \ x = 2, \ B = {2}]
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(iv) D = { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, (iii) C = {0}
Friday, Saturday }
 Empty Set:
Solution:
A set which does not contain any element is
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D = { y|y is a day in a week } called an empty set or null set.
(v) X = { a, e, t } An empty set is denoted by φ or { }.
Solution: For example:
X = { y|y is a letter of the word eat } A = {x|x is an integer lying between 3 and 4}
or X = { y|y is a letter of the word tea } st There is no integer between 3 and 4.
\ A = { } or φ
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PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE B = {All English alphabets appearing before A}
\ B=φ
(1) Write the following sets using listing method:
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Note:
(i) Letters in the word ‘MISSISSIPPI’.
The set {0} and φ are different.
(ii) Set of negative integers.
Set {0} is not an empty set.
Set of multiples of five less than 50.
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(iii)
 Finite Set:
(2) Write the following sets using rule method: If the counting process of elements of a set
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(i) A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21} terminates then such a set is called finite set.
(ii) B = {A, S, I} For example:
(iii) C = {Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian (i) A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
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Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean} (ii) B = {a, e, i, o, u}

All the elements of A and B can be counted.
ANSWERS \ A and B are finite set.
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(1) (i) A = {M, I, S, P} Note:

(ii) B = {–1, –2, –3, ...} An empty set is a finite set.
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(iii) C = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45}  Infinite Set:
(2) (i) A = {x|x is a multiples of 3, x < 22} The process of counting of elements in an
infinite set does not end.
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or
For example: N is a set of all natural numbers.
A = {x|x = 3n, n Î N, n < 8}
\ N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
(ii) B = {x|x is a letter in the word ‘ASIA’}
 Equal sets:
(iii) C = {x|x is an ocean of the world}
Two sets containing exactly the same elements
are said to be equal sets.
\ Set B is not an empty set as it contains one

e.g.A = { x|x is a letter of word "listen' }
element
\ A = { l, i, s, t, e, n }
(iii) C = {x5x – 2 = 0, x ∈ N}
B = { x|x is a letter of word 'silent' }
Solution:
\ B = { s, i, l, e, n, t }
C = { x|5x – 2 = 0, x∈N } \C={}
Here elements of set A and Set B are same
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\ Set C is an empty set as it does not have any
\ A=B element.
Write with reasons, which of the following
be
(4)
PRACTICE SET - 1.2 (Textbook Page No. 6) sets are finite or infinite.
(1) Decide which of the following are equal sets (i) A = { x|x < 10, x Î N }
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and which are not? Justify your answer. Solution:
A = {x |3x – 1 = 2] A = { 1, 2, 3, ... , 9 }
B = {x |x is a natural number but x is neither \ Set A is a finite set as it contains 9 elements.
prime nor composite} (ii) B = { y|y < – 1, y∈I }
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C = {x |x Î N, x < 2} Solution:
Solution:
B = {– 2, – 3 ......}
A = {x|3x – 1 = 2} \ A = {1}
\ Set B is an infinite set as we cannot count its
B = { x|x is a natural number but x is neither
prime nor composite } \B={1} st element.
(iii) C = set of all the students of Std. 9 in your
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C = { x|x ∈ N, x < 2 } \C={1} school.
Here elements of sets A, B and C are exactly same Solution:
\ A=B=C
Set C is a finite set as we can count number
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(2) Decide whether set A and B are equal sets. students of Std. 9.
Give reason for your answer. (iv) Set of people living in a village.
A = Even prime numbers Solution:
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B = {x |7x – 1 = 13} It is a finite set as we can count number of

Solution: people living in a village.
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A = Even prime numbers \A={2} (v) Set of all apparatus used in laboratory.
B = { x | 7x – 1 = 13 } \B={2} Solution:
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Here elements of A and B are exactly same. It is a finite set as we can count number of
\ A=B apparatus used in laboratory.
(3) Which of the following are empty sets? (vi) Set of whole numbers.
why? Solution:
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(i) A = {aa is a natural number smaller than W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }

zero}
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It is an infinite set as we can not count number

Solution: of its elements.
A = { a|a is a natural number less than zero } (vii) Set of rational numbers.
V.
\ A={ } Solution:
\ Set A is an empty set as it does not have any
Natural numbers, whole numbers, integers are
element.
all included in set of rational numbers.
(ii) B = {xx2 = 0}
\ It is an infinite set as we can not count
Solution: number of its elements.
B = { x|x2 = 0 } \B={0}
Sets 9
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE (ii) Empty set is a subset of every set.
(1) Write with reason, which of the following are i.e. φ Í A

finite or infinite: (iii) If A = B then A Í Band B Í A
(i) A = {x|x is a multiple of 3} (iv) If A Í B and B Í A than A = B
Universal sets:
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(ii) B = {y|y is a factor of 13} q
(iii) C = {..., – 3, – 2, – 1, 0} A set which contains all the sets under
consideration as subsets is called the Universal
(iv) D = {x|x = 2n, n Î N}
be
set. It is devoted by U. In Venn diagram we
(2) State which of the following sets are equal. represent the universal set by a rectangle.
(i) N = {1, 2, 3, 4 ...} e.g. If A = { 1, 2 }, B = { 2, 3 }, C = { 1, 3, 4 } than
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(ii) W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} U = { 1, 2, 3, 4 } can be taken as the universal
(iii) A = {x|x = 2n, n Î W} set of sets A, B and C.
(iv) B = W – {0} q Complement of a set:
Let A be the subset and U be the universal set,
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ANSWERS the set of all elements in U which are not in A
is called the complement of A. It is devoted by
(1) (i) Infinite Set (ii) Finite Set A’ or Ac.
(iii) Infinite Set (iv) Infinite Set e.g.U = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
(2) N=B st A = [ 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
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\ A’ = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }
The Venn diagram can be drawn for above
Points to Remember: example as follows:
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1 A1
q Subset:
A
If A and B are two sets given in such a way 5
2
3
4
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that every element of set A is in set B, then we 6

8
say that set A is a subset of set B and we write
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A Í B.
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7 9
e.g. A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } Properties of Complement of a Set:
B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } (i) A and A’ do have any common elements.
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Here every element of set B is an element of (ii) A Í U and A’ Í U

set A
(iii) Complement of the Universal set is the null set
\ BÍA U’ = φ
The following Venn diagram shows subset
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(iv) Complement of null set is the universal set

relation between set A and set B: under consideration. φ’ = U
A
S.
1
2 B
PRACTICE SET - 1.3 (Textbook Page No. 11)
V.
3 4 5
6 (1) If A = {a, b, c, d, e,}, B = {c, d, e, f}, C = {b, d},
8
D = {a, e} then which of the following statements
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are true and which are false?
Note: (i) CÍB (ii) AÍD
(i) Every set is a subset of itself. i.e. A Í A Ans. False Ans. False
(iii) D Í B (iv) DÍA (ii) U = { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 }

Ans. False Ans. True P = { 1, 3, 7, 10 } ..... I
(v) BÍA (vi) CÍA \ P’ = { 2, 8, 9, 11, 12 }
Ans. False Ans. True (P’)’ = { 1, 3, 7, 10 } ..... II
(2) Take the set of natural numbers from 1 to 20 as \ (P’)’ = P [From I and II ]
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universal set and show set X and Y using Venn (4) A = { 1, 3, 2, 7 }, write any three subsets of set A.
diagram. Solution:
be
(i) X = { x|x ∈ N, 7 < x < 15 } The following sets are subsets of set A:
Solution: { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 7 }, { 1, 3 }, { 1, 2 }, { 1, 7 },
X = [ 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 }
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{ 3, 2 }, { 3, 7 }, { 2, 7 }, { 1, 3, 2 }, { 1, 2, 7 },
U { 3, 2, 7}, { 1, 3, 7 }, φ , {1, 3, 2, 7}
1 16 4 17
X Note: We can write any three from above sets.
8
(5) (i) Write the subset relation between the sets.
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5 9 14 6
12 13 11
18 P is the set of all residents in Pune.
19
10 M is the set of all residents in Madhya Pradesh.
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2 15 3 20 I is the set of all residents in Indore.
(ii) Y = { y|y ∈ N, y is a prime number between st B is the set of all residents in India.
H is the set of all residents in Maharashtra.
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1 to 20 }
Solution: Solution:
Y = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 } P ⊆ H, P ⊆ B, I ⊆ M, I ⊆ B, H ⊆ B, M ⊆ B
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U (ii) Which set can be the universal set for above

1 18 12 16 4 sets?
Y
2 Solution:
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5 3 14
9 7 Set B
11
Which set of numbers could be the universal
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20 (6)
17
19 13
set for the sets given below?
8 10 15 6
(i) A = set of multiples of 5, B = set of multiples
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(3) U = { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 } of 7, C = set of multiples of 12.
P = { 1, 3, 7, 10 } Solution:
Then (i) Draw Venn diagram for U, P and P’ A = { 5, 10, 15, 20 ... }
B = { 7, 14, 21, 28 ... }
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(ii) Verify (P’)’ = P

Solution: C = { 12, 24, 36, 48 ... }
S.
(i) U = { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 } N = { 1, 2, 3, 4 ... }
P = { 1, 3, 7, 10 } W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ... }
I = { –2, –1, 0, 1, 2 ... }
V.
\ P’ = { 2, 8, 9, 11, 12 }
U \ For the given three sets A, B and C we can
2 P’
P take natural numbers (N) or whole numbers
3
1 8 (W) or Integers (I) as universal set.
7 3
1710
11 12
9
Sets 11
(ii) P = set of integers which are multiples of 4. (3) U

T = set of all even square numbers. A B
l u  d
Solution:
 
 c
 b  e
\ P = { 4, 8, 12, 16, ... }  o  g  a
T = { 4, 16, 36, 64 ... } f i
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 
N = { 1, 2, 3 ...}, W = { 0, 1, 2, 3 ... },
I = { ..., –1, 0, 1 ... }
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\ For the two sets P and T we can take natural Points to Remember:
numbers (N) or whole numbers (W) or
Integers (I) as Universal set. q Operations on sets:
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(7) Let all the students of a class is an Universal  Intersection of two sets:
set. Let set A be the students who secure The intersection of
50% or more marks in Maths. Then write the the two sets A and B is the set of common
complement of set A. elements of A and B. It is written as A  B.
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Solution: \ A  B = { x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B }
U = The set of all students in a class. e.g. A = {1, 3, 5, 7 }, B = { 2, 3, 6, 8 }
A = The set of students scoring 50% and above \ 
A B = { 3 }. The Venn diagram for A  B can
in Maths from the given class.
\ A’ = The set of students scoring less than 50% st be drawn as follows:
A B
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in Maths from the given class. B
2
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE A
6
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1 3
(1) If X = {1, 2, 3} then write any three subsets of X. 5 8
7
(2) U = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}
A = {2}
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then (i) show the sets U, A and A’ by Venn Properties of intersections of sets:
diagram. (1) A B=BA
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(3) Let A = {a|a is a letter in the word ‘college’} and (2) If A Í B then A B=A
B = {b|b is a letter in the word ‘luggage’} and (3) If A  B = B then B Í A
A  B Í A and A  B Í B
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U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, i, l, o, u} (4)
Show Set A and B using Venn Diagram. (5) A  A’ = φ
(6) AA=A
Aφ=φ
ANSWERS
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(7)
(1) {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}, φ  Union of two sets:
S.
(2) U The Union of two sets A and B is a set which

A’  5  7  11 consists of all the elements of A and B. It is
3
written as A  B.

A
V.
 13
A  B = { x|x Î A or x∈B }
2
17 \
 23 
 19 e.g. A = { –1, –3, –5, 0 }, B = { 0, 3, 5 }

\ A  B = { –3, –5, 0, –1, 3, 5 }
\ n(B) = 29 – 8
The Venn diagram for A  B can be drawn
as follows: \ n(B) = 21
(2) In a school hostel there are 125 students out
A
of which 80 drink tea, 60 drink coffee and 20
B drink both tea and coffee. Find the number of
–3
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–5 0 3 students who do not take tea or coffee.
5 Solution:
–1
Method I:
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Properties of Union of Sets: Total number of students in school hostel = 125
(1) A  B = B  A \ n(U) = 125
(2) If A ⊆ B then A  B = B
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Let T be the set of students who drink tea.
(3) A ⊆ A  B, B ⊆ A  B \ n(T) = 80
(4) A  A' =  Let C be the set of students who drink coffee.
(5) A  A = A \ n(C) = 60
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(6) A  φ = A 20 students drink both tea and coffee.
 Number of elements in a set: \ n(T  C) = 20
Let A be a finite set. The number of elements n(T  C) = n(T) + n(C) – n((T  C)
in the set A is devoted by n(A).
e.g. A = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 } \ n(A) = 5
st \ n(T  C) = 120
= 80 + 60 – 20
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Number of elements in Union and intersection Now n(T  C) + n(T  C)’ = n(U)
of two sets:
\ n(T  C)’ = n(U) – n(T  C)
Let A and B are two finite sets.
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\ n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A B)  = 125 – 120

\ n(T  C)’ = 5
i.e. n(A) + n(B) = n(A  B) + n(A B) 
Method II:
Disjoint sets:
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
By Venn diagram
A B U
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1 3 2 4 T C
5 9 80 – 20 20 60 – 20
8
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Let, A = {1, 3, 5, 9} and B = {2, 4, 8} are given.

(T  C)’
Confirm that not a single element is common in
set A and B. These sets are completely different Set T and set C represent the students who drink
from each other. So the set A and B are disjoint tea and coffee respectively. Set U represent total
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sets. Observe its Venn diagram. number of students in the hostel.

Number of students drinking at least one of the
S.
two drinks
= ( 80 – 20 ) + ( 60 – 20 ) + 20
If n(A) = 15, n(A  B) = 29, n(A  B) = 7 then
V.
(1) = 60 + 40 + 20 = 120
find n(B).
Now, number of students who do not drink tea
Solution: or coffee
n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) = 125 – 120 = 5
\ 29 = 15 + n(B) – 7
Number of students who do not take tea or
\ 29 = 8 + n(B) coffee is 5.
Sets 13
(3) In a competitive exam 50 students passed in their hobby as sky watching. There are 110
English. 60 students passed in Mathematics. 40 students who follow both the hobbies. Then
students passed in both the subjects. None of how many students do not have any of the two
them fail in both the subjects. Find the number hobbies? How many of them follow the hobby
of students who passed at least in one of the of rock climbing only? How many students
subjects? follow the hobby of sky watching only?
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Solution: Solutions:
Method I: Method I:
be
Let E be the set of students who passed in Let U be the set of all surveyed students of Std. IX
English. \ n(U) = 220
\ n(E) = 50 Let A be the set of students who like rock
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Let M be the set of students who passed in Maths climbing.
\ n(M) = 60 \ n(A) = 130
40 students passed in both subjects. Let B be the set of students who like star
 M) = 40 watching.
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n(E
The number of students who passed at least in \ n(B) = 180
one of the subjects = n(E  M) = ? 110 students like both rock climbing and star
n(E  M) = n(E) + n(M) – n(E  M) watching.
 B) = 110
\ n(E  M) = 70
= 50 + 60 – 40
st \ n(A
\ n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
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Number of students who passed at least in one = 130 + 180 – 110
of the subjects. \ n(A  B) = 200
Method II: Now n(A  B) + n(A  B)’ = n(U)
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By Venn diagram \ n(A  B)’ = n(U) – n(A  B)

U = 220 – 200
\ n(A  B)’ = 20
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E M
Number of students who do not like rock
50 – 40 40 60 – 40
climbing or star watching is 20.
ho
Number of students who like only rock climbing.

f = n(A) – n(A  B)
Sc
= 130 – 110
Set E and set M represent the students who
= 20
passed in English and Maths respectively.
Number of students who like only star watching.
Number of students who passed in at least one
of the subjects
= n(B) – n(A  B)
M
= 180 – 110
= ( 50 – 40 ) + ( 60 – 40 ) + 40
= 70
= 10 + 20 + 40
S.
Method II:
= 70
By Venn diagram
\ Number of students who passed in at least
V.
U
one of the subjects.
A B
(4) A survey was conducted to know the hobby 130–110 110 180–110
of 220 students of class IX. Out of which 130
students informed about their hobby as rock
climbing and 180 students informed about (AB)’
Set A and set B represent the number of students (vi) B’

who like rock climbing and star watching Solution:
respectively. B’ = { x, y, z, s, t }
Set U represent the all surveyed students of std. (vii) (AB)’
IX. Solution:
Number of students who like only rock climbing. (AB)’ = { s, t }
©
= 130 – 110
= 20 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
be
Number of students who like only star watching.
(1) If n(A) = 5, n(A  B) = 9, n(A  B) = 2, find n(B).
= 180 – 110
(2) A class of Std IX has two teams, a Kabaddi
utu
= 70
and a cricket team containing 7 and 9 players
Number of students who like either rock respectively. If the total number of players
climbing or star watching. in the team is 14, find the number of players
= (130 – 110) + (180 – 110) + 110 playing in both the teams.
Yo
= 20 + 70 + 110 (3) If 50% girls passed in Marathi, 60% girls
= 200 passed in Science and 40% girls passed in
Now, number of students who do not like rock Marathi and Science. Find the percentage
climbing or star watching.
= 220 – 200 st of girls who passed in either in Marathi or
Science.
ge
= 20
ANSWERS
(5) Observe the given Venn diagram and write the
following sets. (1) n (B) = 6 (2) 2 (3) 70%
Di
U
A B PROBLEM SET - 1 (Textbook Page No. 16)
x m p
q
ol
y n (1) Choose the correct alternative answer for each

z r
of the following questions.
N=?
ho
s t (i) M = { 1, 3, 5 }, N = { 2, 4, 6 } then M
(i) A (A) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } (B) { 1, 3, 5 }
Solution: (C) φ (D) { 2, 4, 6 }

Sc
A = { x, y, z, m, n } Ans. (C)
(ii) B (ii) P = {xx is an odd natural number, 1 < x < 5}
Solution: How to write this set in roster form?
M
B = { p, q, r, m, n } (A) {1, 3, 5} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(iii) AB (C) {1, 3} (D) {3, 5}
S.
Solution: Ans. (D)

AB = { x, y, z, m, n, p, q, r } (iii) P = {1, 2, .........., 10}, What type of set P is?
(iv)
V.
U
(A) Null set (B) Infinite set
Solution:
(C) Finite set (D) None of these
U = { x, y, z, m, n, p, q, r, s, t }
Ans. (C)
(v) A’
(iv) M  N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and M = {1, 2, 4} then
Solution:
which of the following represent set N?
A’ = { p, q, r, s, t }
Sets 15
(A) {1, 2, 3} (B) {3, 4, 5, 6} Solution:

(C) {2, 5, 6} (D) {4, 5, 6} Let E be the set of persons who can speak
Ans. (B) English.
(v) If P ⊆ M, then which of the following set \ n(E) = 72


represent P (P  M)? Let F be the set of persons who can speak French
©
(A) P (B) M \ n(F) = 43
(C) P  M (D) P' M 100 persons can speak at least one language.
\ n(E  F) = 100
be
Ans. (A)
Which of the following sets are empty sets? The number of persons who can speak both

(vi)
English and French = n(E F) = ?
(A) set of intersecting points of parallel lines
n(E  F) = n(E) + n(F) – n(E  F)
utu
(B) set of even prime numbers. \
(C) Month of an English calendar having less \ 100 = 72 + 43 – n(E  F)
than 30 days. \ 100 = 115 – n(E  F)
 F) = 115 – 100
Yo
(D) P = {xx ∈ I, –1 < x < 1} n(E
Ans. (A) n( E  F) = 15
(2) Find the correct option for the given question. Number of persons who can speak both English
and French are 15.
Which of the following collections is a set?
(i)
(A) Colours of the rainbow
(B) Tall trees in the school campus.
st Number of persons who can speak only French
= n(F) – n(E  F)
ge
(C) Rich people in the village = 43 – 15 = 28
(D) Easy examples in the book Number of persons who can speak only French
are 28.
Di
Ans. (A)
Number of persons who can speak only English
Which of the following set represent N W?
 F)
(ii)
= n(E) – n(E
(A) {1, 2, 3, ...} (B) {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
ol
= 72 – 15
(C) {0} (D) { }
= 57
Ans. (A)
ho
(iii) P = {xx is a letter of the word 'indian'} then (4) 70 trees were planted by Parth and 90 trees
which one of the following is set P in listing were planted by Pradnya on the occasion of
form? Tree Plantation Week. Out of these; 25 trees
Sc
(A) {i, n, d} (B) {i, n, d, a} were planted by both of them together. How
many trees were planted by Parth or Pradnya?
(C) {i, n, d, i, a} (D) {n, d, a}
Solution:
Ans. (B)
Let A be the set of saplings planted by Parth
M
(iv) If T = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } and M = { 3, 4, 7, 8 } then

TM=? \ n(A) = 70
S.
(A) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 } (B) { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 } Let B be the set of saplings planted by Pradnya

(C) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 } (D) { 3, 4 } \ n(B) = 90
Ans. (C) 25 saplings are planted by both of them
V.
(3) Out of 100 persons in a group, 72 persons speak \ n(A  B) = 25

English and 43 persons speak French. Each one Number of saplings planted either by Parth or
out of 100 persons speak at least one language. Pradnya = n(A  B) = ?
Then how many speak only English? How
many speak only French? How many of them
n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
= 70 + 90 – 25
speak English and French both?
= 160 – 25 (ii) P = { a, b, c, e, f }, Q = { l, m, n, e, b }
n(A  B) = 135 Solution:
Number of saplings either planted by Parth or P  Q = { a, b, c, e, f, l, m, n }
Pradnya are 135.
P Q
(5) If n(A) = 20, n(B) = 28 and n(A  B) = 36 then

a b l
B) = ?
©
n(A c m
e
Solution: f n
n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
be
\ 36 = 20 + 28 – n(A  B) (iii) X = {x|x is a prime number between 80 and 100}
\ 36 = 48 – n(A  B) Y = {y|y is an odd number between 90 and 100}
\ n(A  B) = 48 – 36 Soution:
utu
\ n(A  B) = 12 X = { 83, 89, 97 }
(6) In a class, 8 students out of 28 have a dog as Y = { 91, 93, 95, 97, 99 }
their pet animal at home, 6 students have a cat \ X  Y = { 83, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99 }
Yo
as their pet animal. 10 students have dog and
cat both, then how many students do not have X Y
91
a dog or cat as their pet animal at home? 83 97 93
Solution: 89
95 99
Let A be the set of students having dog as a pet
at home. st
(8) Write the subset relations between the
ge
\ n(A) = 8 + 10 = 18 following sets.
Let B be the set of students having cat as a pet at X = set of all quadrilaterals.
home.
Y = set of all rhombuses.
Di
\ n(B) = 6 + 10 = 16
S = set of all squares.
10 students have both dog and cat as pet at home.
T = set of all parallelograms.
\ n(A  B) = 10 V = set of all rectangles.
ol
Number of students having either dog or cat as pet

= n(A  B) = ? Solution:
n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) Y ⊆ X, Y ⊆ T,
ho
= 18 + 16 – 10 S ⊆ X, S ⊆ Y, S ⊆ T, S ⊆ V,
= 34 – 10
T ⊆ X,
Sc
= 24
V ⊆ X, V ⊆ T .
\ Number of students having either dog or cat
as pet are 4. (9) If M is any set, then write M  φ and M  φ.
Number of students do not have a dog or cat as pet Solution:
M
= 28 – 24 = 04 M  φ = M, M φ=φ
Represent the union of two sets by Venn
S.
(7)
(10) Observe the Venn diagram and write the given
diagram for each of the following.
sets U, A, B, A B, A B.  
(i) A = { 3, 4, 5, 7 }, B = { 1, 4, 8 }
U
V.
Solution: A B
4
A  B = { 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 } 2 3 10
1
7 5 8
9
A B
11 13
3 4 1
5
7 8
Sets 17
Solution: (A) MIND (B) KIND

U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 } (C) INDIA (D) DIND
A = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 } (8) If T = { 5, 10, 15, 20, .... } then set T is a/an ...............
B = { 1, 5, 8, 9, 10 } set.
A  B = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 } (A) empty (B) finite
 B = { 1, 5 }
©
A (C) infinite (D) none of these
(11) If n(A) = 7, n(B) = 13, n(A  B) = 4 then

(9) Let A and B are two sets such that
n(A  B) =? A = { 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } and A’ = { 1, 2, 3 } then
be
U = ............... .
Solution:
n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) (A) {5, 7, 9 } (B) { 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
utu
(C) { 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 } (D) { 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 }
= 7 + 13 – 14
(10) Let A and B are two sets such that A = { 1, 2, 3,
= 20 – 4
\ n(A  B) = 16

4, 7 }, B = { 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 } then A B = ...............
(A) { } (B) { 3 }
Yo
MCQ’s (C) { 3, 7 } (D) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 }
(11) A = { y|y = 4 , n∈N }, A is ............... .
n
(1) A/An ............... set is devoted by φ.

(A) Singleton set (B) Finite set
(A) Finite
(C) Empty
(B) Infinite
(D) Universal st (C) Infinite set (D) Empty set
(12) If A = { 1, 2, 3 }, B = { 2, 4 }, C = { 1, 3, 5 } and
ge
(2) In Venn diagram, we represent the universal set U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } then (A’)’ = ...............
by a ............... . (A) { 1, 2, 3, 4 } (B) { 1, 2, 3 }
(A) Square (B) Circle
Di
(C) { 4, 5 } (D) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
(C) Triangle (D) Rectangle (13) If B is not a subset of the set A then we write it
(3) A set containing exactly one element is called as ............... .
(A) B Í A (B) B Ê A
ol
the ............... set.

(A) Infinite (B) Empty (C) B Ê A (D) B Ë A
ho
(C) Singleton (D) Null (14) A = { 11, 13, 17, 19 } the set builder form of set A
is ............... .
(4) If U = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 }
(A) A = { x|x is an odd number 10 < x < 20 }
A = { 4, 8, 10 } then A’ = ............... .
Sc
(B) A = { x|x is a prime number 10 < x 20 }

(A) { 2, 6, 12 } (B) { 2, 6, 10, 12 }
(C) A = { x|x is a two digit number }
(C) { 2, 6, 8 } (D) { 6, 12 }
(D) A = { x|x is natural number 10 < x < 20 }
(5) Let A and B are two sets such that A Í B then
 B.
M
(15) If A = { 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 }, B = { 2, 3, 4, 8 }, Find A
A  B = ............... .
(A) A (B) B
(A) A  B = { 2, 4 }
(B) A  B = { 1, 5, 7 }
S.
(C) φ (D) none of these

(C) A  B = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 }
If n(A) = 7, n(B) = 9 and n(A  B) = 14 then
(D) A  B = { 3, 8 }
(6)

V.
n(A B) = ............... .
(A) 6 (B) 4 (16) Universal set is denoted by ............... .
(C) 8 (D) 2 (A) U (B) U’
(7) A = { I, D, A, N } (C) x (D) y
A = { x|x is a letter of the word ...............}

(17) If n(A) = 5, n(AB) = 9, n(A B) = 2,find n(B) (20) If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4, 6, 9} then what is the
(A) 2 (B) 7 relation between A and B?
(C) 6 (D) 4 (A) A = B (B) A Í B
(18) Î is read as ............... . (C) A Í B (D) B Í A
(A) subset (B) does not belong to
©
ANSWERS
(C) set of (D) belongs to
(19) If X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}, Y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} then (1) (C) (2) (D) (3) (C) (4) (A)
X  Y = ............... .
be
(5) (B) (6) (D) (7) (C) (8) (C)
(A) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } (9) (B) (10) (C) (11) (C) (12) (B)
(B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8} (13) (D) (14) (B) (15) (A) (16) (A)
utu
(C) {1, 2, 3, 4} (17) (C) (18) (D) (19) (B) (20) (C)
(D) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Yo
st
ge
Di
ol
ho
Sc
M
S.
V.
Sets 19
ASSIGNMENT – 1
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 20
©
Q.1. Attempt any TWO of the following: (2)
(1) Write the following set in the roster form:
be
P ={x|x Î I and – 3 < x < 3}
(2) Write the following set in set builder form:
M = {1, 8, 27, 64, 125}
utu
(3) If A = {1, 3, 4} then write any two subsets of set A.
(1) If A = {1, 3, 9, 11, 13} and B = {1, 9, 11} then find A  B and A  B.
Yo
(2) If n(A) = 7, n(B) = 17, n(A  B) = 4 then find n(A  B).
(3) U = {1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}, P = {1,3, 7,10} then show U, P and P’ by Venn diagram.
(1)
st
In a class of 70 students, 45 play cricket, 52 play khokho. All the students play at least one of
the two games. How many students play both the games?
ge
(2) Draw Venn diagram for the following sets:
X = {x|x∈N, 7 < x < 15}, Y = {y|y is a prime number between 1 to 20}
(3) State with reason, which of the following sets are empty.
Di
(i) A = {x|x2 = 0}
(ii) B = {x|5x – 2 = 0, x∈N}
ol
(iii) C = {a|a is a natural number less than zero.}

ho
(1) In a school hostel there are 125 students, out of which 80 drink tea, 60 drink coffee ad 20 drink
both tea and coffee. Find the number of students who do not take tea or coffee.
(2) With the help of given figure, write the following sets.
Sc
U
A B
p m x
q y
M
n
r z t
s
S.
(i) AB (ii) U (iii) A’ (iv) B’ (v) (A  B)’

(3) Let U = {x / x = 2n, n Î W, n < 8} be the universal set.
V.
A = {y|y = 4n, n Î W, n < 4}

B = {z|z = 8n, n Î W, n < 2}
then find (i) A’ (ii) B’ (iii) (A  B)’.
vvv
2 Real Numbers
expansion is terminating. If the prime factors
Points to Remember:
©
are other than 2 or 5 also then its decimal
expansion is non terminating and recurring.
N = Set of Natural numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...}
be
W = Set of Whole numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,...}
I = Set of Integers = {..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...} MASTER KEY QUESTION SET - 2
p 
Q = Set of Rational numbers =  p , q , ∈, I , q ≠ 0 
utu
q  PRACTICE SET - 2.1 (Textbook Page No. 21)
R = Set of real numbers
*(1) Classify the decimal form of the given
∴ We get N Í W Í I Í Q Í R
rational numbers into terminating and non-
Yo
 Order relation on rational numbers terminating recurring type.
p r 13
and are any two rational numbers with (i)
q s 5
q > 0, s > 0 and if Solution:
(1) If p ´ s = q ´ r then
p r
q
=
s
st

13
In , we have denominator 5.
5
ge
Thus, denominator has only 5 as prime factor.
p r 13
(2) If p ´ s > q ´ r then > \ has the terminating decimal
q s 5
representation.
Di
p r
(3) If p ´ s < q ´ r then <
q s 2
(ii)
 Properties of rational numbers 11
ol
Solution:
If a, b, c are any rational numbers, then 2
In , 11 is the denominator.
11
ho
Property Addition Multiplication

Thus, denominator has prime factors other
(1) Commu- a+b=b+a a × b= b × a
than 2 and 5.
nicative
2
Sc
(2) Associa- (a + b) + c a × (b × c) = \ has recurring and non terminating

11
tive = a + (b + c) (a × b) × c decimal representation.
(3) Additive/ a + 0 = 0 + a = a a × 1 =1 × a = a 29
multipli- (iii)
M
16
cative
Solution:
Identity 29
S.
(4) Inverse a + (– a) = 0 In , 16 is the denominator and

1 16
a × = 1 (a ≠ 0)
a 16 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2
V.
(1) Decimal representation of Rational numbers are Thus, denominator has only 2’s as prime
terminating or non-terminating recurring. factors.
29
(2) If the prime factors of the denominator of a \ has the terminating decimal
16
rational number are 2 or 5 only then its decimal
representation.
(20)
Real Numbers 21
17 23
(iv) (iii)
125 7
Solution: Solution:
17 3.285714
In , 125 is the denominator and 7 )2 3
125
– 2 1
125 = 5 ´ 5 ´ 5
02
©
Thus, denominator has only 5’s as prime – 1 4
factors. 6
– 5 6
be
17
\ has the terminating decimal 4 0
125
– 3 5
representation.
5 0
– 4 9
utu
11
(v) 6 1 0
Solution: – 7
11 3 0
In , 6 is the denominator and 6 = 2 ´ 3 – 2 8
6
Yo
Thus, denominator has prime factors other 2
than 2 and 5. 23
\ = 3 . 285714
11 7
\ has recurring and non terminating
6 4
decimal representation.
st
(iv)
5
Solution:
ge
*(2) Write the following rational numbers in 4 4 2
decimal form: = ×
5 5 2
127 8
=
(i)
Di
200 10
4
Solution: \ = 0.8
5
127 127
= 17
ol
200 2 × 100 (v)

8
63.5 Solution:
=
ho
100 2.125
127 8 ) 17
\ = 0.635 – 16
200 10
Sc
25 – 8
(ii) 20
99
– 1 6
Solution: 4 0
0.25 – 4 0
M
99 ) 2 5 0
– 0 0 17
\
S.
= 2.125
2 5 0 8
– 198 p
*(3) Write the following rational numbers in
520 q
form:
V.
– 495 •
(i) 0. 6
25
25 Solution:
•
\ = 0. 25 Let = x = 0.666... = 0. 6 ...(i)
99
Multiplying both the sides by 10, we get,
•
\ 10x = 6.666... = 6. 6 ...(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii)
• •
\ 10x – x = 6. 6 – 0. 6 (v) 2. 514
\ 9x = 6 Solution:
6
\ x = Let = x = 2.514514... = 2.514 ...(i)
9
2 Multiplying both the sides by 1000, we get,
\ x =
3 \ 1000x = 2514.514... = 2514 . 514 ...(ii)
©
• 2 Subtracting (i) from (ii)
\ 0. 6 =
3 \ 1000x – x = 2514 . 514 – 2.514
be
(ii) 0. 37 \ 999x = 2512
2512
Solution: \ x =
999
utu
Let = x = 0.3737... = 0.37 ...(i) 2512
Multiplying both the sides by 100 we get, \ 2. 514 =
999
\ 100x = 37.3737... = 37.37 ...(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii) PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Yo
\ 100x – x = 37.37 – 0.37
\ 99x = 37 (1) Write the following rational numbers in
37 decimal form:
\ x = 227 17 3
99
(i) (ii) (iii) 5
\ 0. 37 =
37
99
st
(2)
400 8
Write the following rational numbers in
p
q
ge
form:
(iii) 3.17 (i) 13. 514 (ii) 17 .89 (iii) 0 . 5
Solution:
Di
Let x = 3.171717... = 3.17 ...(i) ANSWERS

Multiplying both the sides by 100 we get, (1) (i) 0.5675 (ii) 2.125 (iii) 0.6
\ 100x = 317.1717... = 317.17 ...(ii) 5
1772
(i) 13501
ol
Subtracting (i) from (ii) (1) (ii) (iii)

999 99 9
\ 100x – x = 317.17 – 3.17
ho
\ 99x = 314
\ x =
314 Points to Remember :
99
Sc
314  Irrational numbers:

\ 3.17 =
99 The number which lies on the number line
but which is not rational is called irrational
(iv) 15. 89 number and the set of irrational number is
M
Solution: denoted by Q’.

Let x = 15.8989... = 15.89 ...(i) Note:
S.
Multiplying both the sides by 100, we get, Decimal representation of irrational numbers is
\ 100x = 1589.8989... = 1589.89 ...(ii) non - recurring and non - terminating.
V.
Subtracting (i) from (ii) For example:

\ 100x – x = 1589.89 – 15.89 π , 1.142849... , 0.14932714...
\ 99x = 1574  Real numbers:
1574
\ x = All rational numbers and all irrational numbers
99
together make the set of real numbers and it is
1574
\ 15. 89 = denoted by R.
99
Real Numbers 23
p
 The number π : 3+ 5 =
q
The ratio of circumference of any circle to its p
diameter is constant. This constant is denoted \ 5= –3 ...(i)
q
by Greek letter π. π is an irrational number. p
Now, is a rational number.
22 q
We take or 3.14 as an approximate value
©
7 p
for π . Then, – 3 is also a rational number.
q
 Properties of order relation on Real numbers: Then, 5 is a rational number. ...from (i)
be
(1) For any two real numbers a and b one and only
But, it contradicts the fact that
one of the following relations must hold.
a = b or a < b or a > b 5 is an irrational number.
p
utu
(2) If a < b and b < c then a < c \ 5≠ −3
q
(3) If a < b then a + c < b + c \ our assumption is wrong.
(4) If a < b and c > 0 then Hence, 3 + 5 is an irrational number.
Yo
ac < bc and if c < 0 then *(3) Represent the numbers 5 and 10 on a
ac > bc number line.
 Square root of negative number: Solution:
We know that, square of any real number is
(i) To represent 5 on the number line.
always positive.
But, ( −2 )
2
= –2
st
ge
\ −2 is not real number.
Hence square root of a negative number is not
a real number.
Di

Point A corresponds to 5 on the number line.
ol
*(1) Show that 4 2 is an irrational number. (ii) To represent 10 on the number line.
Solution:
ho
Let 4 2 be a rational number.

p
\ 4 2 =
q
Sc
p
\ 2 = ...(i)
4q
p p
\ Now, is a rational number then is
q 4q
M
also rational number.

Then, 2 is a rational number .... from (i)
Point A corresponds to 10 on the number
S.
But, it contradicts the fact that, line.

2 is an irrational number.
p *(4) Write any three rational numbers between
\
V.
2≠ the two numbers given below.

4q
\ our assumption is wrong. (i) 0.3 and –0.5 (ii) –2.3 and –2.33
Hence, 4 2 is an irrational number. (iii) 5.2 and 5.3 (iv) –4.5 and –4.6
*(2) Prove that 3 + 5 is an irrational number. (i) 0.3 and –0.5
Solution: Solution:
Let 3 + 5 be rational number. Now 0.3 = 0.30 and –0.5 = –0.50

\ 0.30 > 0.29 > 0.28 > 0.27 > ......> –0.50
Here is called radical sign, n is called order
\ Three rational numbers between 0.3 and of the surd, a is called the radicand.
–0.5 are 0.25, 0.20, –0.12.
If n = 2, then the surd is called a quadratic surd.
(ii) –2.3 and –2.33  Simplest form of a surd:
Solution: Sometimes surds can be expressed in simplest
©
Now –2.3 = –2.300 and –2.33 = –2.330 form.
\ –2.300 > –2.301 > –2.302 > –2.303 > ...> –2.330 e.g.(i) 48 = 16 × 3 = 16 × 3 = 4 3
be
\ Three rational numbers between –2.3 and (ii) 98 = 49 × 2 = 49 × 2 = 7 2
–2.33 are –2.302, –2.304, –2.306. Surds like 2, 3 , 5 ... are in the simplest
form.
utu
(iii) 5.2 and 5.3
 Similar or like surds:
Solution:
The surds of the form p n a and q n a , where
Now 5.2 = 5.20 and 5.3 = 5.30
p and q are rational numbers, are called similar
\ 5.20 < 5.21 < 5.22 < 5.23 < ... < 5.30
Yo
surds or like surds.
\ Three rational numbers between 5.2 and 4
e.g. 2 , − 3 2 , 2 are similar surds.
5.3 are 5.21, 5.22, 5.23. 5
Note:
(iv) –4.5 and –4.6 Two or more surds are said to be similar or
Solution:
Now –4.5 = –4.50 and –4.6 = –4.60
st like when they can be reduced to the same
irrational factor.
ge
\ –4.50 > –4.51 > –4.52 > –4.53 > ... > –4.60  Comparison of Surds:
\ Three rational numbers between –4.5 and Two surds of the same order can be compared
by comparing the radicands.
Di
–4.6 are –4.51, –4.52, –4.53.

n
If n
a and b are two surds then,
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE (1) n
a = n
b if a = b
ol
n
(1) Prove that 5 + 5 is an irrational number: (2) n
a > b if a > b
n
(2) Represent 3 on a number line: (3) n
a < b if a < b
ho
(3) Write any three rational numbers between  Operations on like surds:
the two numbers given below: Addition subtraction, multiplication and
(i) 0 and 1 (ii) –0.2 and –0.22 division of surds can be done only on the like
Sc
surds. Multiplication or division of two surds

ANSWERS may be a rational number.
(3) (i) 0 < 0.1 < 0.2 < 0.3 < ... < 1 e.g. 125 ÷ 5 = 5
M
(ii) –0.210 > –0.211 > –0.212 > ...> –0.220  Rationalization of surd:
If the product of two surds is a rational number,
S.
Points to Remember: then each surd is called a rationalizing factor

of the other surd.
q Surds: e.g. Rationalizing factor of 8 is 2 because
V.
Irrational root of a positive rational number is 8 × 2 = 16 = 4

called as surd. The rationalizing factor of a given surd is not
e.g. 2 ,37 unique. A given surd can have infinite number
In general if n (n ¹ 1) is a natural number, a is of rationalizing factors. But it is convenient to
a positive real number and n a is an irrational use the lowest form of rationalizing factor of a
number then n a is called a surd. given surd.
Real Numbers 25
= 4 × 13
\ 52 = 2 13
*(1) State the order of the surds given below:
4
Here 2 13 and 5 13 are like surds.
3
(i) 7 (ii) 5 12 (iii) 10
\ 52 and 5 13 are like surds.
3
(iv) 39 (v) 18
(ii) 68 , 5 3
©
Solution:
Solution:
Surds Order 4 × 17
68 =
(1) 3
be
3
7 4 × 17
=
(2) 5 12 2
\ 68 = 2 17
(3) 4
10 4
Here 2 17 and 5 3 are not like surds.
utu
(4) 39 2 \ 68 and 5 3 are not like surds.
(5) 3
18 3
(iii) 4 18 , 7 2
*(2) State which of the following are surds. Justify: Solution:
Yo
(i) 3
51 4 18 = 4 9 × 2
Solution: = 4× 9 × 2
3
51 is a surd. = 4×3× 2
(ii) 4
Solution:
16
st \ 4 18 = 12 2
Here 12 2 and 7 2 are like surds.
ge
4
16 = 2 \ 4 18 and 7 2 are like surds.
\ It is not a surd.
(iv) 19 12 , 6 3
Di
(iii) 5
81 Solution:
Solution: 19 12 = 19 × 4 × 3
5
81 is a surd. = 19 × 4 × 3
ol
(iv) 256 = 19 × 2 × 3
Solution: \ 19 12 = 38 3
ho
256 = 16 Here 38 3 and 6 3 are like surds.

\ It is not a surd.
\ 19 12 and 6 3 are like surds.
Sc
3
(v) 64
(v) 5 22 , 7 33
Solution:
3
Solution:
64 = 4
Both the surds 5 22 and 7 33 are in its
\ It is not a surd.
M
simplest form.
22 \ 5 22 and 7 33 are not like surds.
(vi)
S.
7
Solution: (vi) 5 5 , 75
22 is a surd. Solution:
V.
7 75 = 25 × 3
(3) Classify the given pair of surds into like surds = 25 × 3
and unlike surds.
\ 75 = 5 3
(i) 52 , 5 13 Here 5 5 and 5 3 are not like surds.
Solution:
\ 5 5 and 75 are not like surds.
52 = 4 × 13
(4) Simplify the following surds: \ 2 7 = 28

(i) 27 Now, 28 = 28
Solution:
\ 2 7 = 28
27 = 9× 3
= 9 × 3 (iv) 5 5 , 7 2
©
\ 27 = 3 3 Solution:
(ii) 50 5 5 = 25 × 5
be
Solution: \ 5 5 = 125
50 = 25 × 2 7 2 = 49 × 2
= 25 × 2 \ 7 2 = 98
utu
\ 50 = 5 2 125 > 98
\ 125 > 98
(iii) 250
\ 5 5 > 7 2
Yo
Solution:
250 = 5×5×5×2
(v) 4 42 , 9 2
\ 250 = 5 10 Solution:
(iv) 112 4 42 = 16 × 42
Solution:
112 = 2×2× 2 ×2 ×7
st \ 4 42 = 672
9 2 = 81 × 2
ge
= 2×2× 7 \ 9 2 = 162
\ 112 = 4 7 672 > 162
Di
(v) \ 672 > 162

168
Solution: \ 4 42 > 9 2
168 = 2× 2× 2× 3× 7
ol
(vi) 5 3 , 9
= 2 2× 3×7 Solution:
\
ho
168 = 2 42 5 3 = 25 × 3
(5) Compare the following pair of surds: = 75
(i) 7 2, 5 3 9 = 81
Sc
Solution: Now, 75 < 81

7 2 = 49 × 2 = 98
\ 75 < 81
5 3 = 25 × 3 = 75
98 > 75 5 3 <9
M
\ 98 > 75 (vii) 7 , 2 5
\ 7 2 > 5 3
S.
Solution:
(ii) 247 , 274 7 = 49
Solution:
V.
2 5 = 4× 5
Now, 247 < 274 = 20
\ 247 < 274 Now, 49 > 20
(iii) 2 7 , 28 \ 49 > 20
Solution: 7> 2 5
2 7 = 4× 7
Real Numbers 27
(6) Simplify: = 3 4 ×3 × 9 ×2
(i) 5 3+8 3 = 3×2 3 ×3 2
Solution: = 6 3×3 2
5 3+8 3 = 18 × 6
= ( 5 + 8) 3 = 18 6
©
\ 5 3  8 3  13 3 \ 3 12  18  18 6
(ii) 9 5 − 4 5 + 125 (ii) 3 12 × 7 15
be
Solution: Solution:
9 5 − 4 5 + 125 3 12 × 7 15
utu
= 9 5−4 5+ 25 × 5 = 3 4 × 3 × 7 15
= 9 5−4 5+5 5 = 3 × 2 3 × 7 15
= ( 9 − 4 + 5) 5 = 6 3 × 7 15
= 6 × 7 × 3 × 15
Yo
= 10 5
\ 9 5  4 5  125  10 5 = 42 × 45
= 42 × 9× 5
(iii) 7 48 − 27 − 3
= 42 × 3 5
Solution:
7 48 − 27 − 3 st = 126 5
\ 3 12  7 15  126 5
ge
= 7 16 × 3 − 9 × 3 − 3
(iii) 3 8× 5
= 7×4 × 3 − 3 3 − 3
Solution:
= 28 3 − 3 3 − 3
Di
3 8× 5
= ( 28 − 3 − 1) 3
= 3 4×2 × 5
= 24 3
= 3×2 2 × 5
ol
\ 7 48  27  3  24 3 = 6 10
3 \ 3 8  5  6 10
ho
(iv) 7 − 7 + 2 7
5
Solution: (iv) 5 8×2 8
3
7 − 7 + 2 7 Solution:
Sc
5
 3  5 8×2 8
=  1 − 5 + 2 7
= 5 4×2 × 2 4×2
= 5× 2 2 ×2× 2 2
 5 − 3 + 10 
M
=   7 = 10 2 × 4 2
5
12 = 40 ´ 2
S.
= 7
5 = 80

3 12 \ 5 8  2 8  80
\ 7 7 2 7  7
V.
5 5 *(8) Divide, and write the answer in simplest form:

(7) Multiply and write the answer in the simplest (i) 98 ÷ 2
form: Solution:
(i) 3 12 × 18 98 ÷ 2
Solution: 98
=
3 12 × 18 2
98 Rationalizing factor of 5 is 5
= 3 3 5
2 \ = ×
= 49 5 5 5
= 7 3 5
=
5
\ 98  2  7
©
3 3 5
\ =
(ii) 125 ÷ 50 5 5
Solution: 1
be
125 ÷ 50 (ii)
14
125 Solution:
= 1
utu
50
25 × 5 14
= Rationalizing factor of 14 is 14
25 × 2
1 1 14
5 \ = ×
Yo
= 14 14 14
2
14
5 =
\ 125  50  14
2 1 14
\ =
(iii)
Solution:
54 ÷ 27
st 5
14 14
ge
(iii) 7
54 ÷ 27
Solution:
54 5
=
Di
27 7
54 Rationalizing factor of 7 is 7
= 5 5 7
27
\ 7 =
ol
×
= 2 7 7
\ 54  27  2 5 7
ho
=
7
(iv) 310 ÷ 5 5 5 7
Solution: \ 7 =
7
Sc
310 ÷ 5 6
(iv)
9 3
310
= Solution:
5 6
M
310 9 3
=
5 Rationalizing factor of 9 3 is 3
S.
= 62 6 6 3
\ 9 3 = ×
\ 310  5  62 9 3 3
V.
6 3
*(9) Rationalize the denominator: =
9×3
3
(i)
5 2 3
=
Solution: 9
3 6 2 3
\ =
5 9 3 9
Real Numbers 29
11
(v) Product of two conjugates is a rational number.
3
Solution: q Rationalization of the denominator with
11 binomial quadratic surd:
3 The product of two conjugate surds is a rational
Rationalizing factor of 3 is 3 number. Hence, conjugate surds are useful for
©
11 11 3 rationalization of binomial quadratic surd.
\ = ×
3 3 3
be
11 3 PRACTICE SET - 2.4 (Textbook Page No. 32)
=
3
*(1) Multiply:
11 11 3
utu
\ = (i) 3( 7 − 3)
3 3
Solution:
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 3( 7 − 3)
Yo
(1) State the order of the surds given below: = 3× 7 − 3× 3
3
(i) 101 (ii) 5 (iii) 4 29 (iv) 7 4 3 = 21 − 3
(2) Simplify the following surds: = −3 + 21
(i) 98 (ii) 256 (iii) 882 \
(3) Simplify: st
(ii) ( 5− 7) 2
3 ( 7  3 )   3  21
ge
(i) 50 − 98 + 162 (ii) 7 5 − 4 5 + 125
Solution:
(4) Multiply and write the answer in the simple
form: ( 5− 7) 2
Di
(i) 4 12 × 7 16 (ii) 3 × 27 = 2( 5− 7)
(5) Divide and write the answer in simplest form: = 2× 5− 2× 7
(i) 8 28 ÷ 2 7 (ii) 4 28 ÷ 3 7 = 10 − 14
ol
\ ( 5  7 ) 2  10  14
ANSWERS
(iii) ( 3 2 − 3 )( 4 3 − 2 )
ho
(1) (i) 2 (ii) 3 (iii) 4 (iv) 7

Solution:
(2) (i) 7 2 (ii) 16 (iii) 21 2
( 3 2 − 3 )( 4 3 − 2 )
(3) (i) 7 2 (ii) 8 5
Sc
= 3 2 (4 3 − 2 )− 3 (4 3 − 2 )
(4) (i) 224 3 (ii) 9
8 = 3 2 × 4 3 −3 2 × 2 − 3 ×4 3 + 3× 2
(5) (i) 8 (ii)
3 = 12 6 − 3 × 2 − 4 × 3 + 6
M
= 12 6 − 6 − 12 + 6
Points to Remember: = −18 + 13 6
S.
q Binomial Quadratic Surd: \ ( 3 2  3 )( 4 3  2 )   18  13 6

Sum of two numbers one of which is a quadratic (2) Rationalize the denominator:
surd and the other, either a non zero rational
V.
1
number or a quadratic surd is called binomial (i) 7+ 2
quadratic surd.
Solution:
e.g. 5 + 6 , 7 + 2 5 1
Product of 5 + 3 and 5 − 3 is a rational 7+ 2
number. Hence 5 + 3 and 5 − 3 are said
Conjugate of 7 + 2 is 7 − 2.
to be conjugates of each other.
1 1 7− 2 28 − 16 3
= × =
7+ 2 7+ 2 7− 2 49 − 16 × 3
28 − 16 3
7− 2 =
= [Using (a + b) (a – b) = a2–b2] 49 − 48
( 7 )2 − ( 2 )2
28 − 16 3
©
7− 2 =
1
=
7−2 = 28 − 16 3
7− 2 4
be
= \ 7 + 4 3 = 2816 3
5
1 7 2 5− 3
\ 7+ 2 = (iv)
utu
5 5+ 3
Solution:
3
(ii) 5− 3
2 5 −3 2
5+ 3
Yo
Solution:
3 Conjugate of 5 + 3 is 5− 3
2 5 −3 2 5− 3 5− 3 5− 3
= ×
Conjugate of 2 5 − 3 2 is 2 5 + 3 2 5+ 3 5+ 3 5− 3
3
2 5 −3 2
=
3
×
2 5+3 2
2 5 −3 2 2 5 +3 2
st =
( 5 − 3 )2
( 5 )2 − ( 3 ) 2
[Using (a + b) (a – b) = a2–b2]
ge
( 5 )2 − 2 × 5 × 3 + ( 3 )2
=
3( 2 5 + 3 2 ) 5−3
= [Using (a + b)(a – b) = a2–b2] [Using (a – b)2 = a2–2ab + b2]
Di
( 2 5 )2 − ( 3 2 )2
5 − 2 15 + 3
=
6 5+9 2 2
=
4×5−9×2 8 − 2 15
=
ol
2
6 5+9 2
= 2 ( 4 − 15 )
20 − 18 =
ho
2
= 6 5+9 2 = 4 − 15
2
5− 3
\
Sc
6 59 2 = 4  15
3 5+ 3
\ 
2 53 2 2
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
4
M
(iii) 7+4 3 (1) Multiply:

Solution: (i) 2( 5 − 2)
S.
4
(ii) (5 3 − 2 2 ) (3 2 − 2 3 )
7+4 3
(2) Rationalize the denominator:
V.
Conjugate of 7 + 4 3 is 7 − 4 3
7− 5 4
4 4 7−4 3 (i) (ii) 7 + 3
= × 7+ 5
7+4 3 7+4 3 7−4 3
ANSWERS
4 (7 − 4 3 )
= [Using (a + b) (a – b) = a2–b2] (1) (i) 10 − 2 (ii) 19 6 − 42
( 7 )2 − ( 4 3 )2
(2) (i) 6 − 35 (ii) 7− 3
Real Numbers 31
4
\ x=2 or x =
Points to Remember: 3
4
\ The value of x is 2 or
q Absolute value: 3
Let x be a real number. The absolute value of (ii) |7 –2x|= 5
x is denoted by |x| and is defined as:
©
Solution:
(1) If x > 0 then |x| = x
|7 –2x|= 5
(2) If x = 0 then |x|= 0
\ 7 – 2x = 5
be
or 7 – 2x = –5
(3) If x < 0 then |x| = –x
\ -2x = 5 – 7 or –2x = –5 – 7
Absolute value of a real number is never
\ –2x = –2 or –2x = –12
negative.
utu
−2 −12
\ x= or x =
−2 −2
PRACTICE SET - 2.5 (Textbook Page No. 33) \ x=1 or x =6
\ The value of x is 1 or 6
Yo
*(1) Find the value:
(i) |15 – 2|
8− x
Solution: (iii) =5
2
|15 – 2|
= |13| st
Solution:
8−x
=5
ge
= 13 2
\ |15 – 2| = 13
8−x 8−x
(ii) |4 – 9| \ =5 or = –5
2 2
Di
Solution:
\ 8 – x = 10 or 8 – x = –10
|4 – 9|
\ –x = 10 – 8 or –x = –10 – 8
= |–5|
ol
\ –x = 2 or –x = –18
= 5
\ x = –2 or x = 18
\ |4 – 9| = 5
ho
\ The value of x is –2 or 18
(iii) |7| ´ |–4|
Solution: x
Sc
|7| ´ |–4| (iv) 5+ =5

4
= 7 ´ 4 Solution:
= 28 x
\ |7| ´ |–4| = 28 5+ =5
M
4
*(2) Solve: x x
\ 5+ = 5 or 5+ = –5
S.
(i) |3x – 5|= 1 4 4

Solution: x x
\ = 5 – 5 or = –5 – 5
V.
|3x – 5|= 1 4 4
\ 3x – 5 = 1 or 3x – 5 = –1 x x
\ =0 or = –10
\ 3x = 1 + 5 or 3x = –1 + 5 4 4
\ 3x = 6 or 3x = 4 \ x=0 or x = –40
6 4
\ x= or x = \ The value of x is 0 or – 40
3 3

p
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE (v) The number 0.4 in form is...
q
(1) Find the value: 4 40
(A) (b)
9 9
(i) |6 ´ 3 + (–6) ´ 3| (ii) |9| + |–9|
3.6 36
(iii) |11 – 25| (C) (D)
9 9
©
(2) Solve: Ans. (A)
(i) |4x – 2| = 10 (ii) |x – 2| = 6 (vi) What is n , if n is not a perfect square number?
be
1 3 (A) Natural number (B) Rational number
(iii) x− =
2 2 (C) Irrational number
(D) All the three are correct
utu
ANSWERS Ans. (C)
(1) (i) 0 (ii) 18 (iii) 14 (vii) Which of the following is not a surd?
(2) (i) –2, 3 (ii) 8, – 4 (iii) 2, –1 (A) 7 (B) 3
17
Yo
3
(C) 64 (D) 193
PROBLEM SET - 2 (Textbook Page No. 34)
Ans. (C)
(1) Choose the correct alternative answer for each (viii) What is the order of the surd 3
5?
(i) Which one of the following is an irrational st (A) 3
(C) 6
(B) 2
(D) 5
ge
number?
Ans. (C)
(A) 16 (B) 5 (ix) Which one is the conjugate pair of 2 5 + 3 ?
25
Di
3 (A) −2 5 + 3 (B) −2 5 − 3
(C) (D) 196
9 (C) 2 5 − 3 (D) 3+2 5
Ans. (B) Ans. (C)
ol
(ii) Which of the following is an irrational number? (x) The value of |12 – (13 + 7) × 4| is .........
(A) –68 (B) 68
ho
(A) 0.17 (B) 1.513

(C) –32 (D) 32
(C) 1.2746 (D) 0.101001000...
Ans. (B)
Ans. (D) p
Sc
(2) Write the following rational numbers in

q
(iii) Decimal expansion of which of the following is form.
non-terminating recurring? (i) 0.555
Solution:
M
2 3
(A) (B) 555
5 16 0.555 =
1000
137
S.
(C) 3 (D) 555 ÷ 5

25 =
11 1000 ÷ 5
Ans. (B) 111
V.
∴ 0.555 =
200
(iv) Every point on the number line represent, which
of the following numbers? (ii) 29.568
(A) Natural numbers (B) Irrational numbers
(C) Rational numbers (D) Real numbers Solution:
Let x = 29.568568..... = 29.568 ...(i)
Ans. (D)
Multiplying both the sides by 1000, we get
Real Numbers 33
∴ 1000x = 29568.568.... = 29568.568 ...(ii) ∴ 999x = 30189

Subtracting (i) from (ii) ∴ 30189 10063
x = =
999 333
∴ 1000x – x = 29568.568 – 29.568
999x = 29539 10063
∴ ∴ 30.219 =
333
29539
©
∴ x =
999 (3) Write the following real numbers in decimal
29539 form
∴ 29.568 =
be
999 –5
(i)
7
(iii) 9.315 315 .... Solution:
utu
Solution:
0.714285...
Let x = 9.315315.... = 9.315 ...(i) 7 5
Multiplying both the sides by 1000, we get, – 0
50
Yo
∴ 1000x = 9315.315315.... = 9315.315 ...(ii)
– 49
10
∴ 1000x – x = 9315.315 – 9.315 – 7
∴ 999x = 9306 30
∴ x =
9306
999
=
1034
111 st – 28
20
ge
– 14
1034
∴ 9.315 315 = 60
111
– 56
Di
40
(iv) 357.417417
– 35
Solution:
5
Let x = 357.417417.... = 357.417 (i)
ol
5
∴ = 0. 714285
7
ho
∴ 1000x = 357417.417417.... = 357417.417 ...(ii) 5

∴ – = – 0. 714285
7
1000x – x = 357417.417 – 357.417
Sc
∴
9
∴ 999x = 357060 (ii)
11
357060 Solution:
∴ x =
999
0.81...
M
357060 11 9
∴ 357.417417 =
999 – 0
S.
90
(v) 30.219 – 88
Solution:
V.
20
Let x = 30.219219..... = 30.219 ...(i) – 11
9
∴ 1000x = 30219.219219.... = 30219.219 ...(ii) 9
∴ = 0. 81
Subtracting (i) from (ii) 11
∴ 1000x – x = 30219.219 – 30.219
(iii) 5 29
(v)
8
Solution:
Solution:
2.2360... Method - 1
2 5. 00 00 00 00
3.625
+2 –4
©
8 29
42 1 00 – 24
+ 2 – 84 50
be
– 48
443 16 00
20
+ 3 – 13 29 – 16
4466 271 00 40
utu
+ 6 – 267 96 – 40
00
44720 3 04 00
29
+ 0 – 0 00 00 ∴ = 3.625
Yo
8
44720 3 04 00
Method - 2
∴ 5 = 2.2360.... 29 29 125
= ×
8 8 125
(iv)
121 st =
3625
1000
ge
13
29
Solution:
∴ = 3.625
8
9.307692...
Di
(4) Show that 5 + 7 is an irrational number.

13 121
Solution:
– 117
Let 5 + 7 = a, where ‘a’ is any rational number.
40
ol
– 39
∴ 7 =a–5 ... (i)
Now, a is rational number then a – 5 is also a
ho
10
rational number.
– 0
Then, 7 is rational number. ...From (i)
100
Sc
But, it contradicts the fact that 7 is an

– 91
irrational number.
90
∴ 7 ≠a–5
– 78
∴ Our assumption is wrong.
M
120
Hence, 5 + 7 is an irrational number.
– 117
S.
30 (5) Write the following surds in simplest form.

– 26 3
(i) 8
4
V.
4
Solution:
121 3 3
∴ = 9. 307692 8 = 4×2
13 4 4
3
= × 2 2
4
3 3
∴ 8 = 2
4 2
Real Numbers 35
5 (vi) 4 11
(ii) – 45
9 Solution:
Solution:
5 5 4 11
– 45 = – 9×5
9 9 ∴ Simplest rationalization factor is 11 .
5
=– × 3 5
©
9 (7) Simplify:
4 3 1
5 5 (i) 147 + 192 –
∴ – 45 = – 5 7 8 5
75
be
9 3
Solution:
(6) Write the simplest form of rationalising factor
4 3 1
for the given surds. 147 + 192 – 75
7 8 5
utu
(i) 32
4 3 1
Solution: = 49 × 3 + 64 × 3 – 25 × 3
7 8 5
32 = 16 × 2
4 3 1
Yo
= ×7 3+ ×8 3 – ×5 3
= 4 2 7 8 5
∴ Simplest rationalization factor is 2.
= 4 3 +3 3 – 3
(ii)
Solution:
50
st
=
=
(4 + 3 – 1) 3
6 3
ge
50 = 25 × 2
4 3 1
= 5 2 ∴ 147 + 192 − 75 = 6 3
7 8 5
∴
Di
Simplest rationalization factor is 2.

1
(iii) 27 (ii) 5 3 + 2 27 +
3
ol
Solution: Solution:
1
27 = 9×3 5 3 + 2 27 +
3
ho
= 3 3 1 3
= 5 3 +2× 3 3+ ×
∴ Simplest rationalization factor is 3. 3 3
Sc
3 3
(iv) 10 = 5 3 +2× 3 3+
5 3
Solution:
1
3 = 5 3 +6 3+ 3
M
10 3
5
∴ Simplest rationalization factor is 10 . 1
S.
= (5 + 6 + ) 3
3
(v) 3 72
 15 + 18 + 1
=
V.
Solution:   3
3
3 72 = 3 36 × 2
= 34 3
= 3 × 6 2 = 18 2 3
∴ Simplest rationalization factor is 2. ∴ 1 34 3

5 3 + 2 27 + =
3 3
3
(iii) 216 – 5 6 + 294 – 3
6 = 2×4 3 –5 3–
Soution: 3
3 1
216 – 5 6 + 294 – = 8 3 –5 3 – 3
3
6
 1
©
= 36 × 6 – 5 6 + 49 × 6 – 3 × 6 =  8 − 5 − 3  3
6 6
 1
be
= 6 6 – 5 6 +7 6–
3 6 =  3 − 3 
3
6
1  9 − 1
=  3  3
utu
= 6 6 – 5 6 +7 6– 6
2
 1 8
=
=  6 − 5 + 7 − 2  6 3
3
Yo
1 8
 1 ∴ 2 48 − 75 − = 3
=  8 − 2  6 3 3
(8) Rationalize the denominator.

 16 − 1
=  2 
15
6
st
(i)
5
1
ge
= 6 Solution:
2
Rationalizing factor of 5 is 5.
3 15
∴ 216 − 5 6 + 294 − = 6
6 2 1 1 5
Di
= ×
5 5 5
(iv) 4 12 – 75 – 7 48 5
Solution: =
ol
5
4 12 – 75 – 7 48 1 5
∴ 
ho
5 5
= 4 4×3 – 25 × 3 – 7 16 × 3
= 4×2 3–5 3–7×4 3 2

(ii)
Sc
3 7
= 8 3 – 5 3 – 28 3 Solution:
= (8 – 5 – 28) 3 Rationalizing factor of 3 7 is 7
M
= –25 3 2 2 7
= ×
3 7 3 7 7
∴
S.
4 12 − 75 −7 48 =− 25 3
2 7
=
1 3×7
(v) 2 48 – 75 –
V.
3
2 7
Solution: =
1 21
2 48 – 75 –
3 2 2 7
∴ 
1 3 3 7 21
= 2 16 × 3 – 25 × 3 – ×
3 3
Real Numbers 37
(iii) 1 12
(v)
3− 2 4 3− 2
Solution: Solution:
Conjugate of 3 – 2 is 3 + 2 . Conjugate of 4 3 – 2 is 4 3 + 2.
©
1 1 3+ 2
∴ = × 12 12
3− 2 3− 2 = × 4 3+ 2
3+ 2 4 3− 2 4 3− 2 4 3+ 2
be
= 3+ 2
2
( 3) − ( 2)
2
=
(
12 4 3 + 2 )
2 2
(4 3 ) − ( 2 )
utu
([Using (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
([Using (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
3+ 2
=
3−2
(
12 4 3 + 2 )
Yo
3+ 2 =
= 16 × 3 − 2
1
= 3 + 2 =
(
12 4 3 + 2 )
∴
1
3− 2
= 3+ 2 st (
6 4 3+ 2
46
)
ge
=
23
1
(iv) 12 6( 4 3 + 2 )
∴ =
Di
3 5+2 2
4 3− 2 23
Solution:
Conjugate of 3 5 + 2 2 is 3 5 – 2 2 . MCQ’s
ol
1 1 (1) Which of the following is a rational number?

= × 3 5−2 2
ho
3 5+2 2 3 5+2 2 3 5−2 2 (A) 3

7 (B) 3
17
3
(C) 3
27 (D) 37
= 3 5−2 2
Sc
2 2 (2) Which of the following is not a surd?

(3 5 ) − (2 2 ) (A) 13 (B) 3
5
2 2
([Using (a + b)(a – b) = a – b ] (C) (D) 5
35 32
M
3 5−2 2 (3) Which of the following is an irrational number?

=
45 − 8 (A) 1.25 (B) 1.010010001...
S.
(C) 0.217 (D) 12.12457

3 5−2 2
= p
37 (4) Which of the following is form of 0.25 ?
V.
q
25 2.5
∴ 1 3 5−2 2 (A) (B)
= 99 9
3 5 +2 2 37
7.5 75
(C) (D) 99
9
(5) What of the following is a surd? 58

3 (16) Which of the following is decimal form of ?
(A) 25 (B) 35 37
(C) 4
16 (D) 4
625 (A) 1.567 (B) 1.566
(C) 1.667 (D) 1.577
5 5
(6) What is the order of 10 ?
(17) What is the solution of |3(5 – 1) – 5 ´ 3|?
©
(A) 10 (B) 25
(A) 7 (B) 10
(C) 50 (D) 150
(C) –3 (D) 3
be
(7) What of the following is simplest rationalizing
factor of 75 ? (18) What is the solution of |(2x – 3) |= 7?
(A) 75 (B) 25 (A) 2 or –2 (B) 5 or – 5
utu
(C) 5 or –2 (D) –5 or 2
(C) 5 (D) 3
(19) If x > 0, then which of following is true?
(8) Which of the conjugate pair of 3 2 + 2 3 ?
(A) |x| = x (B) |x| = 0
(A) −3 2 + 2 3 (B) 3 2 − 2 3
Yo
(C) |x| = –x (D) All options a, b, c
(C) 2 3 + 3 2 (D) −2 3 − 3 2
(20) Which of the following is simplest rationalizing
(9) Which of the following is similar surd of 7 3 ? factor of 2 363 ?
(A) 147 (B) 6 (A) (B) 3
(C) 9 (D) 39 st (C)
363
11 (D) 33
ge
(10) Which of the following is true?
(21) When negative numbers are include in whole
(A) W Í N (B) R Í Q
numbers, these numbers are known as
(C) Q Í I (D) I Í R (A) Integers (B) Rational numbers
Di
(C) Natural numbers (D) Irrational numbers

(11) What is the solution of 3 75 − 2 3 ?
(A) 12 (B) 11 3 (22) Communicative property does not hold true for
ol
(C) 7 3 (D) 13 3
(A) Addition and subtraction
ho
(12) What is the solution of 4 12 × 4 3 ? (B) Subtraction and division

(A) 96 (B) 32 3 (C) Addition and division
(D) Multiplication and subtraction
(C) 16 12 (D) 32
Sc
(23) The value of |11 – 25|

(13) What is the solution of 12 75 ÷ 3 3 ? (A) –14 (B) 14
(A) 4 15 (B) 4 35 (C) 36 (D) –36
M
(C) 16 12 (D) 20
(24) 3 3 + 10 3 is
(14) What is the solution of ( 3 3 + 2 2 )( 3 3 − 2 2 ) ? (A) 6 3 (B) 16
S.
(A) 6 6 (B) 12
(C) 13 (D) 13 3
(C) 20 (D) 19
V.
(25) The product of 3× 7

(15) It p ´ s > q ´ r, the which of the following is
true? (A) 10 (B) 21
p r p r
(A) > (B) <
q s q s (C) 3 (D) 20
p r 7
(C) = (D) All options a, b, c
q s
Real Numbers 39
(26) LCM = (35) The order of the surd 5 12 is

(A) product of common factors (A) 5 (B) 2
(B) product of uncommon factors
(C) 12 (D) 3
(C) product of common factors and
uncommon factors (36) If |x – 5| = 2 then x =
©
(D) common factors + uncommon factors
(A) 7, 3 (B) –7, –3
(27) The product of 3 11 × 10 (C) –3, 7 (D) 3, –7
be
(A) 3 21 (B) 3 110 (37) |7| ´ |–4| =
(C) 3 71 (D) 3 11 (A) –28 (B) |–28|
utu
• (C) 28 (D) –|28|
(28) What is equivalent to 0. 7 =
7 10 (38) Which of the following is an irrational number?
(A) (B)
9 7 (A) (B)
225 7
Yo
(C) 7 (D) 0.7777 3
10 (C) (D) 36
6
56
(29) Decimal form of is (39) The conjugate of − 3 + 5 is
37
(A) terminating
(C) recurring
(B) non terminating
(D) non recurring st (A) 3− 5
(C) − 3 − 5
(B) + 3 + 5
(D) − ( 3 − 5 )
ge
(30) 3 + 2 is a (40) What of the following is not a surd?
(A) Rational number (B) Irrational number 3
(A) 4 (B) 4
Di
(C) Imaginary number (D) Integer

(C) 3
19 (D) 3
(31) Square root of 2 is
(A) 1.414 (B) 1.412
ol
(C) 1.41421... (D) 4 ANSWERS

ho
(32) If a < b and b < c then (1) (C) (2) (D) (3) (B) (4) (A)
(A) a = c (B) a > c (5) (B) (6) (B) (7) (D) (8) (B)
(C) a < c < b (D) a < c (9) (A) (10) (D) (11) (B) (12) (B)
Sc
(13) (D) (14) (D) (15) (A) (16) (A)

(33) 98 =
(17) (D) (18) (C) (19) (A) (20) (B)
(A) 7 2 (B) 49 2
(21) (A) (22) (B) (23) (B) (24) (D)
M
(C) 2 7 (D) 7 × 2
(25) (B) (26) (C) (27) (B) (28) (A)
(29) (C) (30) (B) (31) (C) (32) (D)
S.
(34) 8 5 + 20 − 125 is
(33) (A) (34) (B) (35) (B) (36) (A)
(A) 10 5 (B) 5 5
(37) (C) (38) (B) (39) (C) (40) (A)
V.
(C) 15 5 (D) 5
vvv
ASSIGNMENT – 2
©
Q.1. Attempt any FOUR of the following: (4)
(1) Find the value of the following:
be
|11–25|
9
(2) Write in decimal form.
11
utu
(3) Find three rational numbers between the given numbers:
5.2 and 5.3
(4) Multiply: 7 × 42
3
Yo
5
Q.2. Attempt any THREE of the following: (6)
p
(1)
(2)
Write 2.514 in
q
form.
Show 5 on number line. st
ge
(3) Write the order of the following surds:
(i) 3
3 (ii) 5 10
Di
(4) Solve: |7 – 2x| = 5

(1) Compare the following pair of surds:
ol
5 5 , 7 2
ho
(2) Multiply:
3 12 × 7 15
Sc
(3) Show that 3 + 5 is an irratioanal number.

(4) Simplify:
8 5+ 20 − 125
M

S.
1
3 5+2 2
V.
(2) Simplify:
3
216 − 5 6 + 294 −
6
vvv
Polynomials 41
3 Polynomials
Points to Remember: Standard form: 3m5 + 5m3 – 7m + 2
©
Index form : 3m5 + 0m4+ 5m3 + 0m2 – 7m + 2
 Polynomials: Coefficient form : (3, 0, 5, 0, –7, 2)
For any expression to be a polynomial,
be
Types of polynomials (Based on number of
that expression should satisfy the following terms): A polynomial is said to be a monomial, a
conditions: binomial or a trinomial if it consists of one term,
(i) The coefficients of the variable should be real two terms and three terms respectively.
utu
number. e.g. Monomial : – 3x2, 7x3
(ii) The power of the variable should be non Binomial : 2x + 7, 3x3 – 5
negative integer i.e. whole number. Trinomial : x2 + x + 1, 3 – 2x + 5x3
Yo
e.g. p3 – p2 + p, m2 + 2n3 – m5
Degree of a polynomial in one variable: In MasTer Key QuesTion seT - 3
case of a polynomial in one variable, the highest
power of the variable in the polynomial is called PraCTiCe seT 3.1 (Textbook Page No. 39)
the degree of the polynomial.
e.g. for m3 – 6m2 + 4m, degree is 3.
st
(1) State whether the given algebraic expressions
ge
are polynomials? Justify.
Degree of a polynomial in more than one
(i) y+
variable: In case of a polynomial in more than
Di
one variable, the sum of the powers of the solution:

variables in each term is taken up and the highest y+ = y + y–1
sum so obtained is the degree of the polynomial.
Here one of the power of y is – 1, which is not a
e.g. For 3x2 – 2xy3, degree is 4.
ol
whole number.
Types of polynomials (Based on degree): \ It is not a polynomial
ho
A polynomial of degree one is called a linear

(ii) 2–5
polynomial.
solution:
e.g. 3x – y, 7y.
Sc
2–5 = 2 – 5x½
A polynomial of degree two is called quadratic
polynomial. Here the power of x is , which is not a whole
e.g. 2y + y+ 1, – 3x .
2 2 number.
A polynomial of degree three is called cubic \
M
It is not a polynomial.
polynomial.
(iii) x2 + 7x + 9
e.g. m – m , x + x + 2x + .
S.
3 3 2
solution:
Standard form, co-efficient form and Index form x2 + 7x + 9
of a polynomial: If the terms of a polynomial
V.
Here all powers of x are whole numbers.

p(x) are written in descending powers of x, then
\ It is a polynomial.
such a form is called the standard form of the
polynomial. (iv) 2m–2 + 7m – 5
e.g. p(m) = 3m5 – 7m + 5m3 + 2 solution:
2m–2 + 7m – 5
(41)
Here one of the power of m is –2 which is not a (5) Classify the following polynomials as linear,
whole number. quadratic and cubic polynomial.
\ It is not a polynomial. solution:
Linear
(v) 10 5p, y–
Polynimial
solution:
©
Quadratic
10 = 10 × x0 2x2 + 3x + 1, a2
polynomial
Here all powers of x are whole numbers.
Cubic polynomial m3 + 7m2 +
be
m– , 3r3
\ It is a polynomial.
(2) Write the coefficient of m3 in each of the given (6) Write the following polynomials in standard form
polynomial. (i) m3 + 3 + 5m
utu
solution: solution:
m3 + 5m + 3
Polynomial m3 +m– m3 m3 – 5m2 + 7m– 1
(ii) –7y + y5+ 3y3– + 2y4 – y2
Yo
Coefficient – solution:
1 –
of m3
y5 + 2y4 + 3y3– y2– 7y –
(3) Write the polynomial in x using the given
(7) Write the following polynomials in coefficient
(i)
information.
Monomial with degree 7
st form.
x3 – 2
ge
(i)
solution:
solution:
– 3x7 or 5x7
The index form of the given polynomial is
Di
(ii) Binomial with degree 35

x3+ 0x2 + 0x – 2
solution:
\ T h e coe fficien t for m of t he g i ve n
x35 + 9 or –7 x35 + 12 polynomial is ( 1, 0, 0, –2)
ol
(iii) Trinomial with degree 8 (ii) 5y

solution: solution:
ho
8 8 2
x + 2x + 6 or –3x – x + 10 The index form of the given polynomial is
(4) Write the degree of the given polynomials. 5y + 0
Sc
solution: \ T he c o e f f i c i e nt f o rm o f the gi ve n
polynomial is ( 5, 0)
Polynomial Degree
(iii) 2m4 – 3m2 + 7
(i) 0
solution:
M
0
(ii) x 0 The index form of the given polynomial is
2m4 + 0m3 – 3m2 + 0m + 7
S.
(iii) x2 2
\ The coefficient form of the given polynomial
(iv) m10 – 7 10
is ( 2, 0, –3, 0, 7)
V.
(v) 2p – 1
(iv)
(vi) 7y – y3 + y5 5 solution:
(vii) xyz + xy – z 3 The coefficient form of the given polynomial is
.
(viii) m3n7 – 3m5n + mn 10
Polynomials 43
(8) Write the polynomials in index form. (iii) (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64)

(i) (1, 2, 3) (3) Write the degree of the following
solution: polynomials:
The polynomial (1, 2, 3) contains 3 coefficients. (i) 4p – (ii) 5m2n – 3
\ The degree of the polynomial is 3 – 1 = 2 (iii) 7p2q3t – 11p4t + 2p8 (iv) x9 – x4 + x12 + x – 2
©
\ The index form of the given polynomial
is x2+ 2x + 3 ansWers
be
(ii) (5, 0, 0, 0, – 1) (1) (i) (1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0) (ii) (1, 0, –3, 1, –7)
solution: 4 3 2
(2) (i) x + 0x – 3x + x + 5
The polynomial (5, 0, 0, 0, –1) contains 5 (ii) – 2x2+ 3x – 5
utu
coefficients. (iii) x5 + 0x4 + 0x3 + 0x2+ 0x + 64 e.g. x5 + 64
\ The degree of the polynomial is 5 – 1 = 4 (3) (i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 8 (iv) 12
\ The index form of the given polynomial
Yo
is 5x4 + 0x3 + 0x2+ 0x – 1 = 5x4 – 1
(iii) (–2, 2, –2, 2)
Points to Remember:
solution:  addition, subtraction, Multiplication and
The polynomial (–2, 2, –2, 2) contains 4 Division of Polynomials:
coefficients.
\ The degree of the polynomial is 4 – 1 = 3
st The addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division of polynomials is similar to the additon,
ge
\ The index form of the given polynomial subtraction, multiplication and divisions of
is – 2x3 + 2x2 – 2x + 2 algebraic expressions. Addition and Subtraction
of the polynomials can be done only on like
Di
(9) Write the appropriate polynomials in the boxes.

terms.
solution:
 euclid’s Division lemma:
Quadratic
If s(x) and p(x) are two polynomials such that
ol
Polynomial Binomial
degree of s(x) is greater than or equal to the
x2, x + 7, x3 + 9
degree of p(x) and after dividing s(x) by p(x)
ho
2 x + 7,
2x + 5x + 10;
the quotient is q(x) then s(x) = p(x) × q(x) + r(x),
3x2 + 5x x2,
where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of
Cubic x3 + x2 + x + 5,
Trinomial p(x)
Sc
Polynomial 2x2 + 5x + 10
2x2 + 5x + 10
x3 + x2 + x + 5; 3
x + 9,
x3 + 9 PraCTiCe seT 3.2 (Textbook Page No. 43)
3x2 + 5x
Linear (1) Use the given letters to write the answer.
M
Polynomial Monomial (i) There are ‘a’ trees in the village lat. if the
x+7 x2 number of trees increases every year by ‘b’,
S.
then how many trees will there be after ‘x’

ProBleMS for PracTice years?
V.
solution:
(1) Express the following polynomials in the
coefficient form: Number of trees in a village = a
(i) x5 + 3x2 (ii) y4 – 3y2 + y – 7 Yearly increase in number of trees = b
(2) Express the following polynomials in the index \ Increase in number of trees after x years = bx
form taking x as a variable: \ Number of trees in a village after x years
(i) (1, 0, –3, 1, 5) (ii) (–2, 3, –5) = a + bx
(ii) for the parade there are y students in each row (ii) 2ab2 + 3a2b – 4ab; 3ab – 8ab2 + 2a2b
and x such rows are formed. Then, how many solution:
students are there for the parade in all?
2ab2 + 3a2b – 4ab –(3ab – 8ab2 + 2a2b)
solution:
= 2ab2 + 3a2b – 4ab – 3ab + 8ab2 – 2a2b
Number of rows = x
= 2ab2 + 8ab2 + 3a2b – 2a2b – 4ab – 3ab
©
Number of students in each row = y
= 10ab2 + a2b – 7ab
\ Total number of students participated in
parade (4) Multiply the given polynomials.
be
= Number of rows × Number of students (i) 2x; x2 – 2x – 1
in each row solution:
utu
= x×y 2x × (x2 – 2x – 1)
= xy = 2x3 – 4x2 – 2x
(iii) The tens and units place of a two digit number (ii) x5 – 1; x3 + 2x2 + 2
is m and n respectively. Write the polynomial
Yo
solution:
which represents the two digit number.
(x5 – 1) × (x3 + 2x2 + 2)
solution:
= x5 (x3 + 2x2 + 2) – 1 (x3 + 2x2 + 2)
Digit at Ten’s place = m
= x8 + 2x7 + 2x5 – x3 – 2x2 – 2
Digit at Unit’s place = n
\ Two digit number = 10m + n st
(iii) 2y + 1; y2 – 2y3 + 3y
solution:
ge
(2) add the given polynomials.
(2y + 1) × (y2 – 2y3 + 3y)
3 2 3
(i) x – 2x – 9; 5x + 2x + 9
= 2y (y2 – 2y3 + 3y) + 1 (y2 – 2y3 + 3y)
Di
solution:
= 2y3 – 4y4 + 6y2 + y2 – 2y3 + 3y
x3 – 2x2 – 9 + 5x3 + 2x + 9
= – 4y4 + 7y2 + 3y
3 3 2
= x + 5x – 2x + 2x – 9 + 9
(5) Divide the first polynomial by the second
ol
= 6x3 – 2x2 + 2x
polynomial and express as
(ii) – 7m4 + 5m3 + ; 5m4 – 3m3 + 2m2 + 3m – 6
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + remainder
ho
solution:
(i) x3 – 64 ; x – 4
4 3 4 3 2
– 7m + 5m + + 5m – 3m + 2m + 3m – 6
solution:
= – 7m + 5m + 5m3 – 3m3 + 2m2 + 3m +
4 4
–6
Sc
x3 – 64 ÷ x – 4
= – 2m4 + 2m3 + 2m2 + 3m + –6
(iii) 2y2 + 7y + 5; 3y + 9; 3y2 – 4y – 3 x2 + 4x + 16
solution: x – 4 x3 + 0x2 + 0x – 64
M
x3 – 4x2
2y2 + 7y + 5 + 3y + 9 + 3y2 – 4y – 3
(–) (+)
= 2y2 + 3y2 + 7y + 3y – 4y + 5 + 9 – 3 4x2 + 0x – 64
S.
= 5y2 + 6y + 11 4x2 – 16x

(–) (+)
(3) Subtract the second polynomial from the first:
V.
16x – 64
(i) x2 – 9x + ; – 19x + + 7x2 16x – 64
solution: (–) (+)
x2 – 9x + – (– 19x + + 7x2) 0
= x2 – 9x + + 19x – – 7x2
\ x3 – 64 = (x – 4) × (x2 + 4x + 16) + 0
= x2 – 7x2 – 9x + 19x + –
= – 6x2 + 10x
Polynomials 45
(ii) 5x5 + 4x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 + 2; x2 – x = 2a4 + 5a2b2 + 3b4 – (a4 – 2 a2 b2 + b4)
solution: = 2a4 + 5a2b2 + 3b4 – a4 + 2 a2 b2 – b4
5x5 + 4x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 + 2 ÷ x2 – x = 2a4 – a4 + 5a2b2 + 2 a2 b2 + 3b4 – b4
5x3 + 9x2 + 6x+ 8 = a4 + 7a2b2 + 2b4 sq.m
x2 – x 5x5 + 4x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 + 0x+ 2
©
5x5 – 5x4 ProBleMS for PracTice
(–) (+)
9x4 – 3x3 (1) Find the sum of the following polynomials:
be
9x4 – 9x3 (i) 2x3 – 7x2 + 3x + 4; 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 1
(–) (+) (ii) y2 + 2y – 5; y3 + 2y2 + 3y + 4; y3 + 7y – 2
6x3 + 2x2
utu
6x3 – 6x2 (2) subtract the second polynomial from the
(–) (+) first:
8x2 + 0x (i) n3 – 5n2 + 6; n3 – 3n + 8
8x2 – 8x (ii) 2a + 3a2 – 7; 3a2 – 12 + 2a
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(–) (+)
(3) Find the product of the following
8x + 2
polynomial:
\ 5x5 + 4x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 + 2
(i) 3x2 + 5x; x2 + 2x + 1 (ii) x3 – 1; x2 – x + 4
= ( x2 – x) (5x3 + 9x2 + 6x+ 8) + (8x + 2)
(6) Write down the information in the form of st
(4)
(i)
Divide the first polynomial by the second:
y3 – 6y2 + 6y + 1; y–1
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algebraic expression and simplify.
(ii) 3x – 4x + 3x + 2x; x2 – 3
5 4 3
There is a rectangular farm with length
(2a2 + 3b2) metre and breadth (a2 + b2) metre.
ansWers
Di
The farmer used a square shaped plot of the

farm to build a house. The side of the plot was (1) (i) 4x3 – 10x2 + 7x + 5 (ii) 2y3 + 3y2 + 12y – 3
(a2 – b2) metre. What is the area of the remaining
(2) (i) – 5n2+ 3n – 2 (ii) 5
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part of the farm?

(3) (i) 3x4 + 11x3 + 13x2 + 5x
solution:
(ii) x5– x4 + 4x3 – x2 + x – 4
ho
For rectangular field : Length = (2a2 + 3b2) m,

Breadth = (a2 + b2) m
\ Area of rectangular field Points to Remember:
Sc
= Length × Breadth
= (2a2 + 3b2) × (a2 + b2)  synthetic Division:
= 2a2 (a2 + b2) + 3b2 (a2 + b2) In this method of division, the divisor is of the
type x ± a then we shall divide the polynomial
= 2a4 + 2a2b2 +3a2 b2 + 3b4
M
by a particular method known as synthetic

= (2a4 + 5a2b2 + 3b4 ) sq.m division.
S.
For square house, side = (a2 – b2) m Let us use the . . . . . . . . . . First row
\ Area of square house = side2 following steps
. . . . . . . . . . Second row
= (a2 – b2)2 for synthetic
V.
. . . . . . . . . . Third row
= (a2)2 – 2 × a2 × b2 + (b 2)2 division.
= (a4 – 2 a2 b2 + b4) sq.m (1) Draw one horizontal and one vertical line as
shown alongside.
Area of remaining field
(2) Divisor is x + 2. Hence take opposite number of
= Area of rectangular field
2 which is –2.
– Area of square house
Comparing divisor m – 5 with m – a. \ a = 5

–2 3 2 0 –1 First row
5 2 –3 10
3 Third row 10 35
2 7 45
Write –2 to the left of the vertical line as shown.
Quotient in coefficient form is (2, 7)
©
Write the coefficient form of the dividend
\ Quotient = 2m + 7, Remainder = 45
polynomial in the first row.
linear method:
(3) Write the first coefficient as it is in the third row.
be
2m2 – 3m + 10 = 2m(m – 5) + 10m – 3m + 10
(4) The product of 3 in the third row with divisor
–2 is –6. Write this –6 in the second row below = 2m(m – 5) + 7m + 10
the coeffieient 2. Addition of 2 and –6 which is = 2m(m – 5) + 7(m – 5) + 35 + 10
utu
–4, is to be written in the third row. = 2m(m – 5) + 7(m – 5) + 45
–2 3 2 0 – 1 \฀2m2 – 3m + 10 = (m – 5) (2m + 7) + 45
–6 8 – 16 Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Yo
3 –4 8 – 17 Remainder \ Quotient = 2m + 7, Remainder = 45
Similarly by multiplying and adding, last (ii) (x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 5) ÷ (x + 2)

addition is the remainder, which is (–17) and solution:
coefficient form of the Quotient is (3, –4, 8).
\ Quotient = 3x2 – 4x + 8 and Remainder = – 17 st Dividend = x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 5
Dividend in coefficient form = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
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\ 3x3 + 2x2 – 1 = (x + 2) (3x2 – 4x + 8) – 17 Comparing divisor x + 2 with x – a. \ a = –2
This method is called the method of synthetic –2 1 2 3 4 5
division. The same division can be done by –2 0 –6 4
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linear method of division as shown below.

1 0 3 –2 9
\ 3x3 + 2x2 – 1 = 3x2 (x + 2) – 6x2 + 2x2 – 1
Quotient in coefficient form is (1, 0, 3, –2)
= 3x2 (x + 2) – 4x2 – 1
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2 2
\ Quotient = x3 + 0x2 + 3x – 2
= 3x (x + 2) – 4x – 8x + 8x – 1
= x3 + 3x – 2
= 3x2 (x + 2) – 4x(x + 2) + 8x – 1
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Remainder = 9
= 3x2 (x + 2) – 4x(x + 2) + 8x +
16 – 16 – 1 linear method:
x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 5
Sc
= 3x2 (x + 2) – 4x(x + 2) + 8(x + 2) – 17

\ 3x3 + 2x2 – 1 = (x + 2)(3x2 – 4x + 8) – 17 = x3(x + 2) – 2x3 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 5
= x3(x + 2) + 3x2 + 4x + 5
Dividend = Diviser × Quotient = Remainder.
= x3(x + 2) + 3x(x + 2) – 6x + 4x + 5
\ Quotient = 3x2 – 4x + 8, Remainder = –17.
M
= x3(x + 2) + 3x(x + 2) – 2x + 5
= x3(x + 2) + 3x(x + 2) – 2(x + 2) + 4 + 5
PraCTiCe seT 3.3 (Textbook Page No. 46)
S.
= x3(x + 2) + 3x(x + 2) – 2(x + 2) + 9

(1) Divide each of the following polynomials by \฀x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 5 =
synthetic division method and also by linear
V.
= (x + 2) (x3 + 3x – 2) + 9
division method. Write the quotient and the
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
remainder.
\ Quotient = x3 + 3x – 2, Remainder = 9
(i) (2m2 – 3m + 10) ÷ (m – 5)
solution: (iii) (y3 – 216) ÷ (y – 6)
Dividend = 2m2 – 3m + 10 solution:
Dividend in coefficient form = (2, – 3, 10) Dividend = y3 – 216
Polynomials 47
Dividend in index form = y3 + 0y2 + 0y – 216 (v) (x4 – 3x2 – 8 ) ÷ (x + 4)

Dividend in coefficient form = (1, 0, 0, –216) solution:
Comparing divisor y – 6 with y – a. \ a = 6 Dividend = x4 – 3x2 – 8
6 1 0 0 216 Dividend in index form = x4 + 0x3– 3x2 + 0x – 8
6 36 216 Dividend in coefficient form = (1, 0, – 3, 0, –8)
©
1 6 36 0 Comparing divisor x + 4 with x – a. \ a = – 4
Quotient in coefficient form is (1, 6, 36) –4 1 0 –3 0 –8
\ Quotient = y2 + 6y + 36, Remainder = 0
be
–4 16 –52 208
linear method: 1 –4 13 –52 200
y3 – 216 = y2(y – 6) + 6y2 – 216 Quotient in coefficient form is (1, –4, 13, –52)
utu
= y2(y – 6) + 6y(y – 6) + 36y – 216 \ Quotient = x3 – 4x2 + 13x – 52
= y2(y – 6) + 6y(y – 6) + 36(y – 6) + 216 – 216
Remainder = 200
y3 – 216 = (y – 6)(y2 + 6y + 36) – 0
linear method:
Yo
x4 – 3x2 – 8 = x3(x + 4) – 4x3 – 3x2 – 8
\ Quotient = y2 + 6y + 36, Remainder = 0
4 3 2
= x3(x + 4) – 4x2(x + 4) + 16x2 – 3x2 – 8
(iv) (2 x + 3x + 4x – 2x ) ÷ (x + 3)
= x3(x + 4) – 4x2(x + 4) + 13x2 – 8
solution:
= x3(x + 4) – 4x2(x + 4) + 13x(x + 4)
Dividend = 2x4 + 3x3 + 4x – 2x2
Dividend in index form = 2 x4 + 3x3– 2x2 + 4x + 0 st – 52x – 8
= x3(x + 4) – 4x2(x + 4) + 13x(x + 4)
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Dividend in coefficient form = (2, 3, –2, 4, 0)
– 52 (x + 4) + 208 – 8
Comparing divisor x + 3 with x – a. \ a = – 3
\฀x4 – 3x2 – 8 = (x + 4) (x3 – 4x2 + 13x – 52) + 200
–3 2 3 –2 4 0
Di
–6 9 –21 51
\ Quotient = x3 – 4x2 + 13x – 52
2 –3 7 –17 51 Remainder = 200
Quotient in coefficient form is (2, –3, 7, –17)
ol
(vi) (y3– 3y2 + 5y – 1) ÷ (y – 1)

\ Quotient = 2x3 – 3x2 + 7x – 17
solution:
Remainder = 51
ho
Dividend = y3– 3y2 + 5y – 1

linear method:
Dividend in coefficient form = (1, –3, 5, –1)
2x4 + 3x3 + 4x – 2x2
Comparing divisor y – 1 with y – a. \ a = 1
Sc
= 2x4 + 3x3 – 2x2 + 4x

= 2x3(x + 3) – 6x3 + 3x3 – 2x2 + 4x 1 1 –3 5 –1
= 2x3(x + 3) – 3x3 – 2x2 + 4x 1 –2 3
= 2x3(x + 3) – 3x2(x + 3) + 9x2 – 2x2 + 4x 1 –2 3 2
M
= 2x3(x + 3) – 3x2(x + 3) + 7x2 + 4x Quotient in coefficient form is (1, –2, 3)

= 2x3(x + 3) – 3x2 (x + 3) + 7x (x + 3) \ Quotient = y2 – 2y + 3
S.
– 21x + 4x Remainder = 2
= 2x3(x + 3) – 3x2 (x + 3) + 7x (x + 3) – 17x
linear method:
V.
= 2x3(x + 3) – 3x2 (x + 3) + 7x (x + 3)
y3– 3y2 + 5y – 1 = y2(y – 1) + y2 – 3y2 + 5y – 1
– 17(x + 3) + 51
\฀2x + 3x + 4x – 2x2
4 3 = y2(y – 1) – 2y2 + 5y – 1
= (x + 3) (2x3 – 3x2 + 7x – 17) + 51 = y2(y – 1) – 2y(y – 1) – 2y + 5y – 1
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder = y2(y – 1) – 2y(y – 1) + 3y – 1
\ Quotient = 2x3 – 3x2 + 7x – 17 = y2(y – 1) – 2y(y – 1) + 3(y – 1) + 3 – 1
Remainder = 51 \฀y3– 3y2 + 5y – 1 = (y – 1)(y2 – 2y + 3) + 2
p(m) = m3 + 2m2– m + 10
ProBleMS for PracTice
\ p(a) = a3 + 2a2– a + 10 and
(1) use synthetic division method for performing ฀ p(–a) = (– a)3 + 2(– a)2– (– a) + 10
following division and also by linear division
\ p(–a) = –a3 + 2 a2 + a + 10
method:
p(a) + p(–a) = a3 + 2a2– a +10 – a3 + 2 a2 + a + 10
(3p4 – 4p3 – 3p – 1) ÷ (p – 1)
©
(i)
\฀ p(a) + p(–a) = 4a2 + 20
(ii) (4x4 + 10x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 21 ) ÷ (x + 3)
(iii) (x5+ x3 + x2 – 2x + 4 ) ÷ (x + 3) (4) if p(y) = 2y3 – 6y2– 5y + 7 then find p (2).
be
(iv) (2x4 + 3x2 + 5 ) ÷ (x + 2) solution:
p(y) = 2y3 – 6y2– 5y + 7
ansWers
\
utu
p(2) = 2(2)3 – 6(2)2– 5(2) + 7
(1) (i) (p – 1)(3p3 – p2 – p – 4) – 5 \ p(2) = 16 – 24 – 10 + 7
(ii) 3
(x + 3) (4x – 2x + 3x – 7) 2
\ p(2) = –11
4 3 2
(iii) (x + 3) (x – 3x + 10x – 29x + 85) – 251
Yo
(iv) (x + 2) (2x3 – 4x2 + 11x – 22) + 49
(1) Find the value of the polynomial:
Points to Remember: x2 + 2x + 5 when x = –1 and x = a
 Value of the Polynomial: st

(2) Find the value of the polynomial:
y3 – 5y – 2y2 + 3 when y = 2 and y = –2
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If p(x) is a polynomial in x, then the value of
ansWer
the polynomial for x = a is written as p(a) and is
obtained by putting the value of ‘x’ as ‘a’ in the (1) 4 and a2 + 2a + 5 (2) – 7 and – 3
Di
given polynomial.
PraCTiCe seT 3.4 (Textbook Page No. 48) Points to Remember:

ol
(1) For x = 0 find the value of the polynomial  remainder Theorem:

x2 – 5x + 5. Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater
ho
solution: than or equal to one and let ‘a’ be any real

p(x) = x2 – 5x + 5 number. If p(x) is divided by the polynomial
(x + a), then p(–a) is the remainder.
Sc
\ p(0) = 02 – 5 × 0 + 5
 Factor Theorem:
\ p(0) = 5
\ The value of given polynomial when x = 0 is 5 Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than
or equal to one and let ‘a’ be any real number,
M
(2) if p(y) = y2 – 3 y + 1 then find p . then (x – a) is a factor of p(x) if the remainder

solution: p(a) = 0. Conversely, if p(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a
S.
p(y) = y2 – 3 y+1 factor of p(x).
\ p(3 ) = (3 )2 – 3 ×3 +1
V.
= 18 – 18 + 1 PraCTiCe seT 3.5 (Textbook Page No. 53)

\ p(3 )=1 (1) Find the value of the polynomial 2x – 2x3 + 7
\ The value of given polynomial when using given values for x.
y=3 is 1 (i) x=3
(3) if p(m) = m3 + 2m2 – m + 10 then p(a) + p (–a) = ? solution:
solution: p(x) = 2x – 2x3 + 7
Polynomials 49
\ p(3) = 2(3) – 2(3)3 + 7 =1–2–1

= 6 – 54 + 7 \ p(1) = –2
= –48 + 7 p(0) = (0)4 – 2(0)2 – (0)
\ p(3) = – 41 =0–0–0
(ii) x = –1 \ p(0) = 0
©
solution: p(–2) = (–2)4 – 2(–2)2 – (–2)
p(x) = 2x – 2 x3 + 7 = 16 – 8 + 2
be
\ p(–1) = 2(–1) – 2(–1)3 + 7 \ p(–2) = 10
= –2 + 2 + 7
(3) if the value of the polynomial m3 + 2m + a is 12
\ p(–1) = 7
utu
for m = 2, then find the value of a.
(ii) x=0 solution:
solution: p(m) = m3 + 2m + a
3
p(x) = 2x – 2 x + 7 p(2) = (2)3 + 2(2) + a
Yo
\ p(0) = 2(0) – 2(0)3 + 7 =8+4+a
=0–0+7 \ p(2) = 12 + a
\ p(0) = 7 But p(2) = 12 ...(Given)
(2) For each of the following polynomial, find p(1),
p(0) and p (–2).
st \
\
12 + a = 12
a =0
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3
(i) p(x) = x
(4) for the polynomial mx2 – 2x + 3 if p(–1) = 7 then
solution:
find m.
p(1) = 13
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solution:
\ p(1) = 1
p(x) = m x2 – 2x + 3
3
p(0) = 0
p(–1) = m (–1)2 – 2(–1) + 3
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\ p(0) = 0 =m+2+3
p(–2) = (–2)3 \ p(–1) = m + 5
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\ p(–2) = –8 But p(–1) = 7 ...(Given)

2
(ii) p(y) = y – 2y + 5 \ m+5 =7
Sc
solution: \ m =7–5
\ 2
p(1) = (1) – 2(1) + 5 \ m =2
=1–2+5
(5) Divide the first polynomial by the second
\ p(1) = 4
M
polynomial and find the remainder using

\ p(0) = (0)2– 2(0) + 5 remainder theorem.
(x2 – 7x + 9); (x + 1)
S.
=0–0+5 (i)
\ p(0) = 5 solution:
\ 2
p(–2) = (–2) – 2(–2) + 5 p(x) = x2 – 7x + 9
V.
=4+4+5 Divisor = x + 1
\ p(–2) = 13 Put x = –1 in p(x)
\ p(–1) = (–1)2 – 7(–1) + 9
(iii) p(x) = x4 – 2x2 – x
solution: =1+7+9
p(1) = (1)4 – 2(1)2 – (1) \ p(–1) = 17

By remainder theorem, p(–1) = remainder solution:

\ Remainder = 17 p(x) = x2 + 2x – 3
(ii) (2x3 – 2x2 + ax – a); (x – a) Put x = –3 in p(x)
solution: \ p(–3) = (–3)2 + 2(–3) – 3
p(x) = 2x3 – 2x2 + ax – a =9–6–3
©
Divisor = x – a \ p(–3) = 0
Put x = a in p(x) As p(–3) = 0,
be
\ p(a) = 2(a)3 – 2(a)2 + a(a) – a \ By factor theorem, x + 3 is a factor
= 2a3 – 2a2 + a2 – a of x2 + 2x – 3.
\ p(a) = 2a3 – a2 – a
utu
(8) if (x – 2) is a factor of (x3 – mx2 + 10x – 20) then
By remainder theorem, p(a) = remainder find the value of m.
\ Remainder = 2a3 – a2 – a solution:
(54m3 + 18m2 – 27m + 5); (m – 3) p(x) = x3 – mx2 + 10x – 20
Yo
(ii)
solution: Put x = 2 in p(x)
p(m) = 54m3 + 18m2 – 27m + 5 \ p(2) = (2)3 – m(2)2 + 10(2) – 20
Divisor = m – 3 = 8 – 4m + 20 – 20
\
Put m = 3 in p(m)
p(m) = 54(3)3 + 18(3)2 – 27(3) + 5
st \ p(2) = 8 – 4m
As p(x – 2) is a factor of p(x),
ge
= 1458 + 162 – 81 + 5 \ By factor theorem, p(2) = 0
\ p(m) = 1544 \ 8 – 4m = 0
\
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By remainder theorem, p(m) = remainder 8 = 4m
\ Remainder = 1544 \ =m
\ m =2
(6) if the polynomial y3 – 5y2 + 7y + m is divided
ol
by y + 2 and the remainder is 50 then find the (9) By using factor theorem in the following
value of m. examples, determine whether q(x) is a factor
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solution: of p(x) or not.
p(y) = y3 – 5y2 + 7y + m (i) p(x) = x3 – x2 – x – 1 ; q(x) = x – 1

Sc
Divisor = y + 2 solution:
Put y = –2 in p(y) p(x) = x3 – x2 – x – 1
\ p(–2) = (–2)3 – 5(–2)2 + 7(–2) + m Put x = 1 in p(x)

\ p(1) = (1)3 – (1)2 – (1) – 1
M
= –8 – 20 – 14 + m
\ p(–2) = – 42 + m =1–1–1–1
\ p(1) = –2
S.
By remainder theorem, p(–2) = remainder

\ Remainder = – 42 + m As p(1) 0,
But remainder = 50 \ By factor theorem, x – 1 is not a factor

V.
of x3 – x2 – x – 1.
\ – 42 + m = 50
\ m = 50 + 42 (ii) p(x) = 2x3 – x2 – 45 ; q(x) = x – 3
\ m = 92 solution:
p(x) = 2x3 – x2 – 45
(7) Use factor theorem to determine whether
Put x = 3 in p(x)
x + 3 is factor of x2 + 2x – 3 or not.
Polynomials 51
\ p(3) = 2(3)3 – (3)2 – 45 \ p(2) = 4n – 10 + m

= 54 – 9 – 45 As x – 2 is a factor of p(x),
\ p(3) = 0 \ By factor theorem p(2) = 0
As p(3) = 0, \ 4n – 10 + m = 0
\ By factor theorem, x – 3 is a factor \ m + 4n = 10 ... (I)
©
2
of 2x3 – x2 – 45. Now, p(x) = nx – 5x + m
(10) if (x31 + 31) is divided by (x + 1) then find the Put x = in p(x)
be
remainder. 2
solution: \ p = n –5 +m
utu
p(x) = x31 + 31
=n× – +m
Divisor = x + 1
Put x = –1 in p(x) \ p = – +m
\
Yo
31
p(–1) = (–1) + 31
As x – is a factor of p(x),
= – 1 + 31
\ p(–1) = 30 \฀ By factor theorem p =0
By remainder theorem, p(–1) = remainder
\฀ ฀
\ Remainder = 30 st \฀ ฀
– +m =0
=0
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(11) Show that m – 1 is a factor of m21 – 1 and m22 – 1.
solution: \ n – 10 + 4m = 0
p(m) = m21 – 1 \ 4m +n = 10 ...(II)
Di
Put m = 1 in p(m) Adding equation I and II
\ p(1) = (1)21 – 1 m + 4n = 10
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=1–1 4m + n = 10
\ p(1) = 0 5m + 5n= 20
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As p(1) = 0, by factor theorem, Dividing both sides by 5

(m – 1) is a factor of m21 – 1. \฀ ฀฀฀m + n = 4 ...(III)
Now, p(m) = m22 – 1 Subtracting equation I from II
Sc
Put m = 1 in p(m) 4m + n = 10
\ p(1) = (1)22 – 1 m + 4n = 10
(–) (–) (–)
=1–1 3m – 3n = 0
M
\ p(1) = 0 \฀ ฀฀฀฀m – n= 0 [Dividing both sides by 3]

As p(1) = 0, by factor theorem, \฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀m = n
S.
...(IV)
(m – 1) is a factor of m22 – 1. \฀ ฀฀m + n = 4 [from III, IV]
(12) if x – 2 and x – \฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀2m = 4
V.
both are the factors of the

\฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀m = 2
polynomial nx2– 5x + m, then show that m = n = 2
\฀ m = n = 2 [from III]
solution:
p(x) = nx2 – 5x + m (13) (i) if p(x) = 2 + 5x then p(2) + p (–2) – p (1)
Put x = 2 in p(x) solution:
\ p(2) = n(2)2 – 5(2) + m p(x) = 2 + 5x
\ p(2) = 2 + 5(2)
e.g. 3x2 + 7x + 2
= 2 + 10
= 3x2 + 6x + x + 2
\ p(2) = 12 ...(I)
= 3x (x + 2) + 1 (x + 2)
\ p(–2) = 2 + 5(–2)
= (x + 2) (3x + 1)
= 2 – 10
©
\ p(–2) = –8 ...(II)
PraCTiCe seT 3.6 (Textbook Page No. 54)
\ p(1) = 2 + 5(1)
be
=2+5 (1) Find the factors of the polynomials given
\ p(1) = 7 ...(III) below.
\ p(2) + p(–2) – p(1) = 12 + (–8) – 7 (i) 2x2 + x – 1
utu
[from I, II, III] solution:
\ p(2) + p(–2) – p(1) = –3 2x2 + x – 1
(ii) if p(x) = 2x2 – 5 x + 5 then p(5 ) = 2x2 + 2x – x – 1
Yo
solution: = 2x (x + 1) – 1 (x + 1)
p(x) = 2x2 – 5 x+5 = (x + 1) (2x – 1)
\ p(5 ) = 2(5 )2 – 5 (5 )+5 (ii) 2m2 + 5m – 3

= 2 × 75 – 75 + 5
= 150 – 75 + 5
st
solution:
2m2 + 5m – 3
ge
\ p(5 ) = 80 = 2m2 + 6m – m – 3
= 2m (m + 3) – 1 (m + 3)
Di
= (m + 3) (2m – 1)
(1) using factor theorem show that: (iii) 12x2 + 61x + 77
(i) (x – 1) is factor of 2x4 + 9x3 + 6x2 – 11x – 6 solution:
(ii) (x + 4) is factor of x2 + 10x + 24
ol
12x2 + 61x + 77
(iii) (x – 2) is factor of x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 4 = 12x2 + 28x + 33x + 77
ho
(2) using remainder theorem, find the remainder = 4x (3x + 7) + 11 (3x + 7)

when: = (3x + 7) (4x + 11)
(i) 3
Sc
4x + 5x – 10 is divided by x – 3
(iv) 3y2 – 2y – 1
(ii) x3 – ax2 + 2x – a is divided by x – a
solution:
(iii) 3x2 + x + 7 is divided by x + 2
3y2 – 2y – 1
M
ansWers = 3y2 – 3y + y – 1
= 3y (y – 1) + 1(y – 1)
(1) (i) Factor (ii) Factor (iii) Not a factor
S.
= (y – 1) (3y + 1)
(2) (i) 113 (ii) a (iii) 17
(v) x2 + 4x +
V.
solution:
Points to Remember: x2 + 4x +
 Factorisation of Polynomials: = x2 +3x + x +

The polynomial in the form ax2 + bx + c can be = x (x + ) + 1(x + )
factorised by spliting the middle term. = (x + )( x + 1)
Polynomials 53
\฀ (x2 – 6x)2 – 8 (x2 – 6x + 8) – 64

(vi) x2 – 3x + 4
= m2 – 8(m + 8) – 64
solution:
= m2 – 8m – 64 – 64
x − 6x + 8
2
= = m2 – 8m – 128
= m2 – 16m + 8m – 128
2
©
2
= (x – 6x + 8)
= m (m – 16) + 8 (m – 16)
= (x2 – 4x – 2x + 8 = (m – 16) (m + 8)
be
Resubstituting the value of m we get
= [x(x – 4) –2(x – 4)]
(x2 – 6x)2 – 8 (x2 – 6x + 8) – 64
= (x – 4) (x – 2) = (x2– 6x – 16) (x2– 6x + 8)
utu
= [x2– 8x + 2x – 16] [x2– 4x – 2x + 8]
(2) Factorize the following polynomials.
= [x(x – 8) + 2 (x – 8)] [x(x – 4) – 2 (x – 4)]
(i) (x2 – x)2 – 8 (x2 – x) + 12
= (x – 8) (x + 2) (x – 4) (x – 2)
solution:
Yo
(x2 – x)2 – 8 (x2 – x) + 12 (iv) (x2 – 2x + 3) (x2 – 2x + 5) – 35
Let x2 – x = m solution:
\฀ (x2 – x)2 – 8 (x2 – x) + 12 = m2 – 8m + 12 (x2 – 2x + 3) (x2 – 2x + 5) – 35
= m2 – 6m – 2m + 12
= m (m – 6) – 2 (m – 6)
st Let x2 – 2x = m
\฀ (x2 – 2x + 3) (x2 – 2x + 5) – 35
ge
= (m + 3)(m + 5) – 35
= (m – 6) (m – 2)
= m2 + 5m + 3m + 15 – 35
= m2 + 8m – 20
Di
(x2– x)2 – 8 (x2– x) + 12 = (x2– x – 6) (x2– x – 2)

= m2 + 10m – 2m – 20
= [x2– 3x + 2x – 6] [x2– 2x + x – 2]
= m (m + 10) – 2 (m + 10)
= [x(x – 3) + 2 (x – 3)] [x(x – 2) + 1 (x – 2)]
= (m + 10) (m – 2)
ol
= (x – 3) (x + 2) (x – 2) (x + 1)
(ii) (x – 5)2 – (5x – 25) – 24
ho
(x2 – 2x + 3) (x2 – 2x + 5) – 35
solution:
= (x2– 2x + 10) (x2– 2x – 2)
(x – 5)2 – (5x – 25) – 24
(v) (y + 2) (y – 3) (y + 8) (y + 3) + 56
Sc
= (x – 5)2 – 5(x – 5) – 24
solution:
Let x – 5 = m
(y + 2) (y – 3) (y + 8) (y + 3) + 56
\฀ (x – 5)2 – 5(x – 5) – 24 = m2 – 5m – 24
= (y – 3) (y + 8) (y + 2) (y + 3) + 56
= m2 – 8m + 3m – 24
M
= (y2 + 5y – 24) (y2 + 5y + 6) + 56

= m (m – 8) + 3 (m – 8)
Let y2 + 5y = m
S.
= (m – 8) (m + 3)
\฀ (m – 24) (m + 6) + 56
= m2 + 6m – 24m – 144 + 56
(x – 5)2 – (5x – 25) – 24 = (x– 5 – 8) (x– 5 + 3)
V.
= m2 – 18m – 88
= (x – 13) (x – 2)
= m2 – 22m + 4m – 88
(iii) (x2 – 6x)2 – 8 (x2 – 6x + 8) – 64 = m (m – 22) + 4 (m – 22)
solution: = (m – 22) (m + 4)
2 2 2
(x – 6x) – 8 (x – 6x + 8) – 64 Resubstituting the value of m we get
Let x2 – 6x = m (y + 2) (y – 3) (y + 8) (y + 3) + 56
= (y2 + 5y – 22) (y2 + 5y + 4) (v) 3(x2 – 5x)2 – 2(x2 – 5x + 5) – 6

= (y2 + 5y – 22) (y2 + 4y + y + 4) (vi) (y2 + 5y)2 – 2(y2 + 5y) – 24
= (y2 + 5y – 22) [y(y + 4) + 1 (y + 4)] (vii) 3(x2 – 6x)2 – 8(x2 – 6x + 3) – 40
= (y2 + 5y – 22) (y + 4) (y + 1) (viii) (a2 – 2a + 3) (a2 – 2a + 5) – 35
(vi) (y 2 + 5y) (y2 + 5y – 2) – 24 ansWers
©
solution:
(1) (i) (x + )( x + 1) (ii) (a + 17 b) (a – 3 b)
(y2 + 5y) (y2 + 5y – 2) – 24
(iii) (2x + 3) (x – 5)
be
(iv) (3a – 2b) (a – 3b)
Let y2 + 5y = m
(v) (x2 – 5x + 2) (3x2 – 15x – 8)
\฀ (y + 5y) (y + 5y – 2) – 24 = m (m – 2) – 24
2 2
(vi) (y + 1) (y + 4) (y + 6) (y – 1)
utu
= m2 – 2m – 24
(vii) 2(x2 – 6x + 4) (x2 – 6x – 8)
2
= m – 6m + 4m – 24
(viii) (a2 – 2a + 10) (a2 – 2a – 2)
= m (m – 6) + 4 (m – 6)
= (m – 6) (m + 4) ProBleM seT - 3 (Textbook Page No. 55)
Yo
Resubstituting the value of m we get (1) Write the correct alternative answer for each
\฀ (y + 5y) (y + 5y – 2) – 24
2 2
= (y2 + 5y – 6) (y2 + 5y + 4) (i) Which of the following is a polynomial?
2 2
= (y + 6y – y – 6) (y + 4y + y + 4)
= [y(y + 6) – 1 (y + 6)] [y (y + 4) + 1 (y + 4)]
st
ans: (D)
(A) (B) – 3x (C) x–2 + 7 (D) x2 +
ge
= (y + 6) (y – 1) (y + 4) (y + 1)
(ii) What is the degree of the polynomial ?
2
(vii) (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 5) – 6 (A) (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 0
Di
solution: ans: (D)

2
(x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 5) – 6 (iii) What is the degree of the 0 polynomial?
= (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 4) (x – 5) – 6 (A) 0 (B) 1
ol
= (x – 5) (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 4) – 6 (C) undefined (D) Any real number

2 2
= (x – 8x + 15) (x – 8x + 16) – 6
ho
ans: (C)
Let x2 – 8x = m
(iv) What is the degree of the polynomial 2x2 + 5x3 + 7?
\฀ (m + 15) (m + 16) – 6
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 7
Sc
= m2 + 16m + 15m + 240 – 6

ans: (A)
= m2 + 31m + 234
= m2 + 18m + 13m + 234 (v) What is the coefficient form of x3 – 1?
= m (m + 18) + 13 (m + 18) (A) (1, –1) (B) (3, –1)

M
= (m + 18) (m + 13) (C) (1, 0, 0, –1) (D) (1, 3, –1)
Resubstituting the value of m we get ans: (C)

S.
(x – 3) (x – 4)2 (x – 5) – 6 (vi) p(x) = x2 – 7 x + 3 then p (7 )=?

= (x2 – 8x + 18) (x2 – 8x + 13) (A) 3 (B) 7
V.
(C) 42 +3 (D) 49
ProBleMS for PracTice ans: (A)
(1) Factories: (vii) When x = – 1, what is the value of the polynomial
(i) 2
x + 3x + 2
(ii) a + 14ab – 51b2 2x3 + 2x?
(iii) 2x2 – 7x – 15 (iv) 3a2 – 11ab + 6b2 (A) 4 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) –4
ans: (D)
Polynomials 55
(viii) If x – 1, what is a factor of the polynomial 3x2 + (5) Write the index form of the polynomial using
mx then find the value of m. variable x from its coefficient form.
(A) 2 (B) –2 (C) –3 (D) 3 (i) (3, –2, 0, 7, 18)
ans: (C) solution:
(ix) Multiply (x2 – 3) (2x – 7x3 + 4) and write the The polynomial (3, –2, 0, 7, 18)
©
degree of the product contains 5 coefficients
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 0 \ The degree of the polynomial is 5 – 1 = 4
be
ans: (A) \ The index form of the given polynomial is
(x) Which of the following is a linear polynomial? 3x4– 2x3 + 0x2 + 7x + 18
(A) x+ 5 (B) x2+ 5 (C) x3 + 5 (D) x4 + 5 (ii) (6, 1, 0, 7)
utu
ans: (A) solution:
The polynomial (6, 1, 0, 7)
(2) Write the degree of the polynomial for each of
the following. contains 4 coefficients
Yo
solution: \ The degree of the polynomial is 4 – 1 = 3
\ The index form of the given polynomial is
Polynomial Degree
6x3 + x2 + 0x + 7
(i) 5 + 3x4 4
(ii)
(iii)
7
ax7 + bx9
0
9
st
(iii) (4, 5, –3, 0)
solution:
ge
The polynomial (4, 5, –3, 0)
(3) Write the following polynomials in standard
contains 4 coefficients
form.
\ The degree of the polynomial is 4 – 1 = 3
Di
(i) 4x2 + 7x4– x3 – x + 9

\ The index form of the given polynomial is
solution:
4x3 + 5x2 – 3x + 0
4x2 + 7x4– x3 – x + 9
ol
Standard form : 7x4– x3 + 4x2 – x + 9 (6) add the following polynomials.

(ii) p + 2p3+ 10p2 + 5p4 – 8 (i) 7x4– 2x3 + x +10; 3x4+ 15x3 + 9x2 – 8x + 2
ho
solution: solution:
p + 2p3+ 10p2 + 5p4 – 8 7x4– 2x3 + x +10 + 3x4+ 15x3 + 9x2 – 8x + 2

= 7x4+ 3x4– 2x3 + 15x3 + 9x2 + x – 8x + 10 + 2
Standard form : 5p4 + 2p3+ 10p2 + p – 8
Sc
= 10x4+ 13x3 + 9x2 – 7x + 12

(4) Write the following polynomial in coefficient
(ii) 3p3q + 2p2q + 7; 2p2q + 4pq – 2p3q
form.
solution:
(i) x4 + 16
M
3p3q + 2p2q + 7+ 2p2q + 4pq – 2p3q

solution:
= 3p3q – 2p3q + 2p2q + 2p2q + 4pq + 7
p(x) = x4 + 16
S.
4 3 2
= p3q + 4p2q + 4pq + 7
p(x) in index form = x + 0x + 0x + 0x + 16
p(x) in coefficient form = (1, 0, 0, 0, 16) (7) Subtract the second polynomial from the first.
V.
(i) 5x2 – 2y + 9; 3x2 + 5y – 7

(ii) m5 + 2m2+ 3m + 15
solution:
solution:
5x2 – 2y + 9 – (3x2 + 5y – 7)
p(x) = m5 + 2m2+ 3m + 15
5 4 3 2
= 5x2 – 2y + 9 – 3x2 – 5y + 7
p(x) in index form = m + 0m + 0m + 2m + 3m + 15
= 5x2 – 3x2 – 2y – 5y + 9 + 7
p(x) in coefficient form = (1, 0, 0, 2, 3, 15)
= 2x2 – 7y + 16
(ii) 2x2 + 3x + 5; x2 – 2x + 3 As (x + 3) is a factor of p(x),

solution: \ By factor theorem, p(–3) = 0
2 2
2x + 3x + 5 – (x – 2x + 3) \ 6m – 6 = 0
= 2x2 + 3x + 5 – x2 + 2x – 3 \ 6m = 6
= 2 2
2x – x + 3x + 2x + 5 – 3 \ m =1
©
2
= x + 5x + 2
(11) at the end of the year 2016, the population of
(8) Multiply the following polynomials. villages Kovad, Varud, chikhali is 5x2 – 3y2,
be
(i) (m3 – 2m + 3) (m4 – 2m2 + 3m + 2) 7y2 + 2xy and 9x2 + 4xy respectively. at the
beginning of the year 2017, x2 + xy – y2, 5xy and
solution:
3x2 + xy persons from each of the three villages
(m3 – 2m + 3) (m4 – 2m2 + 3m + 2)
utu
respectively went to another village for education
= m3 (m4 – 2m2+ 3m + 2) – 2m (m4 – 2m2 + 3m + 2) then what is the remaining total population of
+ 3 (m4 – 2m2 + 3m + 2) these three villages?
= m7 – 2m5 + 3m4 + 2m3– 2m5 + 4m3 – 6m2 – 4m
solution:
Yo
+ 3m4 – 6m2 + 9m + 6
Total population of three villages at the end of
= m7 – 4m5 + 6m4 + 6m3 – 12m2 + 5m + 6
year 2016.
(ii) (5m3 – 2) (m2 – m + 3) = 5x2 – 3y2 + 7y2 + 2xy + 9x2 + 4xy
solution:
(5m3 – 2) (m2 – m + 3) st =
=
5x2 + 9x2– 3y2 + 7y2 + 2xy + 4xy
14x2 + 4y2 + 6xy
ge
3 2 2
= 5m (m – m + 3) – 2 (m – m + 3) Total population of three villages left for
5 4 3 2
= 5m – 5m + 15m – 2m + 2m – 6 Education at the beginning of year 2017.
= x2 + xy – y2 + 5xy + 3x2 + xy
(9) Divide polynomial 3x3 – 8x2 + x + 7 by x – 3 using
Di
synthetic method and write the quotient and = x2 + 3x2 – y2 + xy + 5xy + xy

remainder. = 4x2 – y2 + 7xy
solution: Remaining total population of three villages at
ol
3
Dividend = 3x – 8x + x + 7 2 the end of year 2017.
Dividend in coefficient form = (3, –8, 1, 7) = 14x2 + 4y2 + 6xy – (4x2 – y2 + 7xy)
ho
Comparing divisor x – 3 with x – a. \ a = 3 = 14x2 + 4y2 + 6xy – 4x2 + y2 – 7xy

3 3 –8 1 7 = 14x2 – 4x2 + 4y2 + y2 + 6xy – 7xy
Sc
9 3 12 = 10x2 + 5y2 – xy
3 1 4 19 (12) Polynomials bx 2 + x + 5 and bx 3 – 2x + 5
Quotient in coefficient form is (3, 1, 4) are divided by polynomial x – 3 and the
remainders are m and n respectively. if
M
\ Quotient = 3x2 + x + 4
m – n = 0 then find the value of b.
Remainder = 19
solution:
S.
(10) for which the value of m, x + 3 is the factor of the p(x) = bx2 + x + 5
polynomial x3 – 2mx + 21 ?
Divisor = (x – 3)
V.
solution:
Put x = 3 in p(x)
p(x) = x3 – 2mx + 21
\฀ ฀฀p(3) = b(3)2 + (3) + 5
Put x = –3 in p(x)
\฀ ฀฀p(3) = 9b + 8
\฀ p(–3) = (–3)3 – 2m(–3) + 21
By Remainder theorem, p(3) = remainder
= –27 + 6m + 21
\฀ Remainder = 9b + 8
\฀ p(–3) = 6m – 6
Polynomials 57
\฀ m = 9b + 8 ... (I) \฀ A = 6m + 3n + 10 – (4m + 2n + 3)

q(x) 3
= bx – 2x + 5 \฀ A = 6m + 3n + 10 – 4m – 2n – 3
Divisor = (x – 3) \฀ A = 2m + n + 7
Put x = 3 in q(x) \฀ 2m + n + 7 should be added to 4m + 2n + 3
\฀ q(3) = b(3) – 2(3) + 53 to get 6m + 3n + 10
©
= 27b – 6 + 5 MCQ’s
\฀ p(3) = 27b – 1
(1) 5 × (2x + 3y) = ...........................
be
By Remainder theorem, q(3) = remainder
(A) 5x (5xy) (B) 10x2 + 15xy
\฀ Remainder = 27b – 1
(C) 10x2 (3y) (D) 10x + 15y
\฀ ฀n = 27b – 1 ... (II)
utu
(2) The numerical factor of the term is called as ......
Now, m – n = 0 [Given]
(A) Coefficient of the term (B) Simplification
\ 9b + 8 – (27b – 1) = 0 [from I and II] (C) Remainder (D) Quotient
\ 9b + 8 – 27b + 1 = 0 (3) The coefficient of the variable should be ...........
Yo
\ –18b + 9 =0 (A) Real numbers (B) Non real numbers
(C) Polynomial (D) expression
\ b =
(4) The degree of polynomial 5m2n – 3 is ...............
\ b=
(13) Simplify: st
(5)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3
2
(D) 4
The value of polynomial x + 2x + 5 when x = a is
ge
(8m2 + 3m – 6) – (9m – 7) + (3m2 – 2m + 4) ......................
solution: (A) a3 + 2a2 + a + 5 (B) a2 + 2a + 5

(C) – 3 (D) a2 + a + 10
(8m2 + 3m – 6) – (9m – 7) + (3m2 – 2m + 4)
Di
(6) Dividend = ...........................

= 8m2 + 3m – 6 – 9m + 7 + 3m2 – 2m + 4
(A) Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
= 8m2 + 3m2 + 3m – 9m – 2m – 6 + 7 + 4
(B) Divisor + Quotient + Remainder
11m2 – 8m + 5
ol
= (C) Divisor × Remainder + Quotient

(14) Which polynomial is to be subtracted from (D) Divisor – Quotient + Remainder
ho
x2 + 13x + 7 to get the polynomial 3x2 + 5x – 4? (7) Using Remainder theorem, find the remainder
solution: when 3x2+ x + 7 is divided by x + 2 ................ .
Let p(x) be subtracted from x2 + 13x + 7 to get (A) 19 (B) 17 (C) 21 (D) 23
Sc
3x2 + 5x – 4 (8) 5t+ 25t2 = .................. .

\฀ x2 + 13x + 7 – p(x) = 3x2 + 5x – 4 (A) 5t (2 + 5t) (B) 5t (1 + 5t)
\฀ x + 13x + 7 – (3x + 5x – 4) = p(x)
2 2 (C) 5t (1 – 5t) (D) 5t (2 – 5t)
M
\฀ x2 + 13x + 7 – 3x2 – 5x + 4 = p(x) (9) 2x2+ 3x – 5 = .................. .

\฀ – 2x2 + 8x + 11 = p(x) (A) (2x – 5) (x – 1) (B) (2x + 5) (x – 1)
S.
\฀ p(x) = – 2x + 8x + 11
2 (C) (2x – 5) (x + 1) (D) (2x + 5) (x + 1)
\฀ – 2x2 + 8x + 11 should be subtracted from (10) Express the following polynomials in the index
x2 + 13x + 7 to get 3x2 + 5x – 4. form taking ‘x’ as a variable: (2, 0, 0, –4) ...........
V.
(A) 2x3 + 0x2 + 0x – 4 (B) 2x– 4

(15) Which polynomial is to be added to 4m + 2n + 3 (C) 2x3 + 4 (D) 2x4 + 0x3 + 0x2 – 4
to get the polynomial 6m + 3n + 10 ?
(11) Express the following polynomials in the
solution: coefficent form: x5 + 3x2 ......................
Let A be added to 4m + 2n + 3 to get 6m + 3n + 10
(A) (5, 3) (B) (1, 3)
\฀ (4m + 2n + 3) + A = 6m + 3n + 10 (C) (1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0) (D) (5, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0)
(12) Write the simplest form of the product: (18) Rahul’s monthly salary is ` 2p2 + p – 3. His annual
(x – 5) (2x + 3) ...................... expenditure is ` 14p2 + 6p – 10. Find his annual
(A) 2x2 + 7x + 15 (B) 2x2 + 7x – 15 savings.
(C) 2x2 – 7x – 15 (D) 2x2 – 7x + 15 (A) 10p2 + 6p – 26 (B) 10p2 – 6p + 26
(13) Find the value of ‘a’ if (x – 2) is factor of (C) 16p2 + 7p – 13 (D) 16p2 – 7p + 13
©
2x3 – 6x2 + 5x + a (19) Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose two
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 3 (C) a = –2 (D) a = –3 adjacent sides are 5x2 + 2xy – 3; 2x2 – 6xy + 1
(14) Find the value of the polynomial x2 + 2x + 5 when (A) 7x2 – 4xy – 2 (B) 7x2 + 4xy + 2
be
x = –1. (C) 14x2 – 8xy + 4 (D) 14x2 – 8xy – 4
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 6 (D) –4 (20) Write the simplest form of the product:
(x + 6y) (x + 3y)
utu
(15) If the value of the polynomial x2 – mx + 7 is 35
when x = 2 then find m. (A) x2 + 9xy + 18y2 (B) x2 – 9xy + 18y2
(C) x2 – 9xy – 18y2 (D) x2 + 9xy – 18y2
(A) m = 12 (B) m = 13 (C) m = –12 (D) m = –13
(16) Find the value of the polynomial y3 – 5y – 2y2 +
Yo
3 when y = –2. ansWers
(A) –7 (B) –3 (C) 3 (D) 7 (1) (D) (2) (A) (3) (A) (4) (C) (5) (B)
(17) If P(x) = 2x – 3x + 4x – 5 find the remainder
3 2
(6) (A) (7) (B) (8) (B) (9) (B) (10) (A)
when P(x) is divided by, x – 2
(A) 7 (B) – 7 (C) 3 (D) –3 st
(11) (C)
(16) (B)
(12) (C)
(17) (A)
(13) (C)
(18) (A)
(14) (A) (15) (C)
(19) (D) (20) (A)
ge
Di
ol
ho
Sc
M
S.
V.
Polynomials 59
aSSiGNMeNT - 3
Q.1. Attempt any TWo of the following:
©
(2)
(1) Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:
(a) (b) xyz + xy – z
be
(2) Write the following polynomial in the coefficient form:
2m4 – 3m2 + 7
(3) Add: 2x2 + 3x + 5;
utu
x2 – 2x + 3
Q.2. Attempt any TWo of the following: (4)
(1) Subtract the second polynomial from the first:
Yo
x2 – 9x + ; –19x + + 7x2
(2) Factorise: 2m2 + 5m – 3
(3) Express the following polynomials in index form taking x as a variable:
(a) (6, 1, 0, 7) (b) (–2, 2, –2, 2)
(1)
Q.3. Attempt any TWo of the following: st
Divide the first polynomial by the second polynomial and express as
(6)
ge
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder:
x3 – 64; x – 4
Di
(2) When y3 – 5y2 + 7y + m is divided by y + 2 the remainder is 50. Find m.

(3) Use factor theorem to determine whether x – 3 is a factor of x3 – x2 – x + 1
(4) Multiply : (m3 – 2m + 3) (m4 – 2m2 + 3m + 2)
ol
Q.4. Attempt any oNe of the following: (4)

(1) Use synthetic division to divide the first polynomial by the second polynomial and find
ho
quotient and remainder:

x4 – 5x2 – 4x; x+3
(2) Factorise: (y2 – 3y)2 – 5 (y2 – 3y) – 50
Sc

(1) Factorise: (y + 2) (y – 3) (y + 8) (y + 3) + 56
When bx2 + x + 5 and bx3 – 2x + 5 are divided by x – 3 then m and n are remainders
M
(2)
respectively. If m – n = 0 then find the value of b.
S.
V.
4 Ratio and Proportion

19 × 2
= 19 × 3 = 2
3
Points to Remember: =2:3
©
(iii) 52, 78
 Ratio:
Solution:
be
Comparison of two quantities by division is
Ratio of 52 to 78 = 52
called ratio, i.e. stating first quantity is how 78
many times that of the second one. 26 × 2
= 26 × 3 = 2
3
utu
 Properties of ratio: =2:3
(a) The ratio of a to b is written as a : b or a . Here is (2) Find the reduced form of the ratio of the first
b
(first term) is called predecessor and b ( second quantity to second quantity.
term) is called successor.
Yo
(i) 700 `, 308 `
(b) If a ratio having second term 100 then such ratio
Solution:
is called percentage.
Ratio of 700 ` to 308 ` = 700
(c) If both the terms of a ratio are multiplied or 308
divided by a non zero number, then the ratio = 28 × 25 = 25
remains unchanged.
(d) Two quantities of the ratio must be of the same kind
st 28 × 11 11
= 25 : 11
ge
(ii) 14 `, 12 ` and 40 paised
and the units of measurement must be the same.
Solution:
(e) A ratio has no unit, it is simply a number.
14 ` = 14 × 100 [1 ` = 100 paise]
Di
 Proportion:
= 1400 paise
When a = c , the numbers a, b, c, d are in
b d 12 ` 40 paise = 12 × 100 + 40 [1 ` = 100 paise]
proportion.
= 1240 paise
ol
1400
Ratio of 1400 paise to 1240 = 1240
MaSteR Key QueStion Set - 4
ho
4 × 35
= 140 = 4 × 31
124
PRaCtiCe Set 4.1 (Textbook Page No. 61) = 35 = 35 : 31
31
Sc
(iii) 5 litre, 2500 mld

(1) From the following pairs of numbers, find the
reduced form of ratio of first number to second Solution:
number. 5 litre = 5 × 1000 ml (1 l = 1000 ml)
M
(i) 72, 60 = 5000 ml

Solution: Ratio of 5000 ml to 2500 ml
S.
60 = 5000 = 50
2500 25
12 × 6 6 2
= 12 × 5 = = =2:1
5 1
V.
=6:5 (iv) 3 years 4 months, 5 years 8 monthsd

(ii) 38, 57 Solution:
Solution: 3 years 4 months = 3 × 12 + 4
[1 year = 12 months]
57 = 40 months
(60)
Ratio and Proportion 61
5 years 8 months = 5 × 12 + 8 (iv) 52 : 100

= 68 months Solution:
40 52 : 100 = 52
Ratio of 40 months to 68 months = 68
100
4 × 10
= 4 × 17 = 10 4 × 13
= 4 × 25 = 13
17 25
= 10 : 17
©
= 13 : 25
(v) 3.8 kg, 1900 gmd (v) 0.64%
Solution: Solution:
be
3.8 kg = 3.8 × 1000 [1 kg = 1000 gm] 0.64% = 0.64
100
= 3800gm 64 = 16 × 4
=
utu
Ratio of 3800gm to 1900gm = 3800 10000 16 × 625
1900
= 4 = 4 : 625
= 38 = 2 625
19 1
= 2:1 (4) Three persons can build a small house in 8
days. To build the same house in 6 days, how
Yo
(vi) 7 minutes 20 seconds, 5 minutes 6 seconds.d many persons are required?
Solution: Solution:
7 minutes 20 seconds = 7 × 60 + 20 [1 min. = 60 sec.] Suppose x men will construct the house in 6 days.
= 440 seconds
5 minutes 6 seconds = 5 × 60 + 6 st Number of men
Number of days
3
8
x
6
ge
= 306 seconds It is an inverse proportion
440
Ratio of440 seconds to 306 senconds = 306 \ 3×8=x×6
= 2 × 220 = 220 \ x= 3×8
Di
2 × 103 103 6
\ x=4
= 220 : 103
Hence, 4 men will construct the house in 6 days
(3) Express the following percentages as ratios in
ol
the reduced form. (5) Convert the following ratios into percentage.
(i) 75 : 100
ho
(i) 15 : 25
Solution: Solution:
75 25 × 3
75 : 100 = 100 = 15 : 25 = 15
25 × 4
25
Sc
= 3 = 3:4
4 15 × 4 60
= =
25 × 4 100
(ii) 44 : 100
= 60%
Solution:
(ii) 47 : 50
M
44 : 100 = 44
100 Solution:
4 × 11
= 4 × 25 = 11 = 47
S.
25 47 : 50
50
= 11 : 25 47 × 2 94
= =
(iii) 6.25% 50 × 2 100
V.
Solution: = 94%
6.25% = 6.25 (iii) 7

100 10
625 Solution:
= 625 =
10000 625 × 16 7 = 7 × 10
= 1 = 1 : 16 10 10 × 10
16 = 70 = 70%
100
(iv) 546 According to given condition

600 14 + x = 5
Solution: 10 + x 4
546 = 546 ÷ 6 \฀ 4 (14 + x) = 5 (10 + x)
600 600 ÷ 6
91 \฀ 56 + 4x = 50 + 5x
= = 91%
100 \฀ 56 – 50 = 5x – 4x
©
7
(v)
16 \฀ 6 =x
Solution: \฀ x =6
be
7 = 7 × 100
16 16 × 100 \ After 6 years, ratio of ages of Vatsala and
= 700 = 43.75 Sara will be 5 : 4
16 × 100 100
The ratio of present ages of Rehana and her
utu
(8)
= 43.75%
mother is 2 : 7. After 2 years, the ratio of their
ages will be 1 : 3. What is Rehana’s present age?
OR 7 =
16 Solution:
Yo
Let the common multiple of the given ratio be x.
The ratio of the present ages of Rehana and her
= = 43.75
100 mother is 2 :7.
= 43.75%
\
(6) The ratio of ages of Abha and her mother is
2 : 5. At the time of Abha’s birth her mothers,
st

Their present ages are 2x years and 7x years
respectively
After 2 years, Rehana’s age = (2x + 2) years
ge
age was 27 years. Find the present ages of Abha
Mother’s age = (7x + 2) years
and her mother.
According to given condition
Di
Solution: 2x + 2
= 1
Let the common nultiple of the given ratio be x. 7x + 2 3
\฀ 3 (2x + 2) = 7x + 2
The ratio of ages of Abha and her mother is 2 : 5.
\฀ 6x + 6 = 7x + 2
ol
\ Their ages are 2x years and 5x years

respectively \฀ 6 – 2 = 7x – 6x
\฀
ho
According to the given contidion 4 =x

5x – 2x = 27 \฀ x =4
\ 3x = 27 2x = 2 × 4 = 8
Sc
\ x =9 \ Present age of Rehana is 8 years.

2x = 2 × 9 = 18 and 5x = 5 × 9 = 45
\ Present age of Abha and her mother is PRoblEmS FoR PRACTiCE
18 years and 45 years respectively.
Find the reduced form of the ratio of the first
M
(1)
(7) Present ages of Vatsala and Sara are 14 years quantity to second quantity.
and 10 years respectively. After how many
S.
(i) 55cm, 2 metres (ii) 3.5kg, 6500gm

years the ratio of their ages will become 5 : 4? (iii) 3min 54 sec, 2 min. 6 sec.
Solution: (iv) ` 11, `15 and paise 40
V.
Let the number of years for which the ratio of (2) express the following percentages as ratio in
their ages will be 5 : 4 be x. the reduced form:
Present ages of Vatsala and Sara are 14 years and (i) 108 : 100 (ii) 25 : 100 (iii) 60 % (iv) 225%
10 years respectively.
(3) Convert the following ratios into percentage:
After x years, Vatsala’s age = (14 + x) years
(i) 14 : 20 (ii) 9 (iii) 5 (iv) 3 : 50
Sara’s age = (10 + x) years 25 16
(4) two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 5. if 7 is added (ii) The ratio of circumference of circle with radius
to each number then the ratio becomes 11 : 16. r to its area.
Find the numbers. Solution:
(5) the ratio of the present ages of mother and son Ratio of circumference of circle to area of circle
is 12 : 5. the mother’s age at the time of birth of Circumference
=
©
the son was 21 years. Find their present ages. Area of circle
2pr 2
= =
anSweRS pr2 r
be
= 2:r
(1) (i) 11: 40 (ii) 7 : 13 (iii) 13 : 7 (iv) 5 : 7
(iii) The ratio of diagonal of a square to its side, if
(2) (i) 27 : 25 (ii) 1 : 4 (iii) 3 : 5 (iv) 9 : 4
the length of side is 7 cm.
utu
(3) (i) 70% (ii) 36% (iii) 31.25% (iv) 6%
Solution:
(4) 15 and 25 (5) 36 years and 15 years
Side of a square = 7 cm.
Ratio of diagonal of a square to it’s side
Points to Remember: Diagonal of a square
Yo
= side
 order relation between the ratios: =
Consider two ratios a and c
b d
(i) If a × d > b × c then >a
b d
c
(ii) If a × d < b × c then a < c

st =
=
ge
b d
(iii) If a × d = b × c then = c
a = :1
b d
(iv) The lengths of sides of a rectangle are 5 cm and
Di
3.5cm. Find the ratio of its perimeter to area.

PRaCtiCe Set 4.2 (Textbook Page No. 63) Solution:
(1) Using the property a = ak , fill in the For rectangle, l = 5cm, and b = 3.5cm
ol
b bk
blanks substituting proper numbers in the Perimeter of rectangle = 2 [l + b]
following. = 2 [5 + 3.5]
5 = .... = 35 = ....
ho
(i)
7 28 .... 3.5 = 2 × 8.5
Solution: = 17 cm ...(I)
5 = 20 = 35 = 2.5
Sc
7 28 49 3.5 Area of rectangle = l×b
(ii) 9 = 4.5 = .... = .... = 5 × 3.5

14 ..... 42 3.5 = 17.5 cm2 ...(II)
Solution:
Ratio of perimeter to area of rectangle
M
9 = 4.5 = 27 = 2.25
14 7 42 3.5
= 17 [From I, II ]
17.5
(2) Find the following ratios:
S.
(i) The ratio of radius to circumference of the circle. = 170

175
Solution: = 5 × 34
V.
5 × 35
Ratio of radius of circle to its circumference
radius = 34
35
= Circumference = 34 : 35
r 1
= =
2p (3) Compare the following pairs of ratios:
2pr
= 1 : 2p (i) ,
Solution:
× =
, =
× = and × =
=
3×3=9=
©
Now, =
Now, <
\ × = ×
\ × <3×3
be
\ =
\ <
utu
(v) ,
(ii) ,
Solution:
Solution: ,
Yo
, ฀฀ 9.2 × 7.1= 65.32
3 × = × × 3.4 × 5.1= 17.34
Now, 65.32 > 17.34
=
= st \
\
9.2 × 7.1 > 3.4 × 5.1
ge
5 × = × × >
= (4)
(i) AbCD is a parallelogram. The ratio of A
Di
=
and b of this parallelogram is 5 : 4. Find the
Now, < measure of b.
\ 3 × <5 × Solution:
ol

\ < \฀ m A = 5x° and m B = 4x°
ho
ABCD is a parallelogram
(iii) , \ m A + m B = 180° [Adjacent angles
Sc
of a parallelogram are supplementary]

Solution:
\ 5x + 4x = 180
, \ 9x = 180
\฀฀ 5 × 121 = 605 \ x = 180
M
9
17 × 18 = 306 \ x = 20
4x = 4 × 20 = 80
S.
Now, 605 > 306

\ The measure of B is 80°.
\ 5 × 121 > 17 × 18
(ii) The ratio of present ages of Albert and Salim
V.
\ > is 5 : 9. Five years hence ratio of their ages will

be 3 : 5. Find their present ages.
Solution:
(iv) ,
Solution:
The ratio of present ages of Albert and Salim is 5 : 9.
, Their present ages are 5x years and 9x
years respectively. 31x + 23x = 216

After five years, \ 54x = 216
Albert’s age = (5x + 5) years \ x = 216
54
Salim’s age = (9x + 5) years
\ x=4
31x = 31 × 4 = 124 and 23x = 23 × 4 = 92
©
5x + 5 = 3
9x + 5 5 \ The two numbers are 124 and 92.
\฀ 5 (5x + 5) = 3 (9x + 5)
(v) if the product of two numbers is 360 and their
be
\฀ 25x + 25 = 27x + 15 ratio is 10 : 9, then find the numbers.
\฀ 25 – 15 = 27x – 25x Solution:
\฀
utu
10 = 2x Let the common multiple of the given ratio be x.
\฀ 10 = x The ratio of two numbers is 10 : 9.
2
\฀ x =5 \ The two numbers are 10x and 9x.
\ The present ages of Albert and Salim are
Yo
25 years and 45 years respectively. 10x × 9x = 360
(iii) The ratio of length and breadth of a rectangle is \ 90x2 = 360
3 : 1, and its perimeter is 36cm. Find the length \ x2 = 360
90
and breadth of the rectangle.
Solution: st \
\
2
x =4
x = 2 [Taking positive square root]
ge
10x = 10 × 2 = 20 and 9x = 9 × 2 = 18
The ratio of the length and breadth of a rectangle
\ The two numbers are 20 and 18.
is 3 : 1.
Di
The length = 3x cm and the breadth = x cm. (5) if a : b = 3 : 1 and b : c = 5 : 1 then find the
Perimeter of rectangle = 2 [length + breadth]
value of (i) (ii)
= 2 [3x + x]
ol
Solution:
= 2 × 4x a = 3 ...[Given]
b 1
ho
= 8x cm
\ a = 3b ...(I)
b = 5 ...[Given]
Perimetre of rectangle = 36 cm c 1
Sc
\ b = 5c ...(II)
\ 8x = 36
Now, a = 3b ...[From I]
\ x = 36
8 = 3 × 5c ...[From II]
\ x = 4.5
\ a = 15c
M
3x = 3 × 4.5 = 13.5
\ Here a = 15c and b = 5c
\ The length and breadth of the rectangle
S.
are 13.5cm and 4.5 cm respectively.

(i) =
(iv) The ratio of two numbers is 31 : 23 and their
V.
sum is 216. Find these numbers. =

Solution:
= (9)3
= 729
The ratio of two numbers is 31 : 23.
The two numbers are 31x and 23 x.
(ii) = (15c)
2
According to given condition 7×5c × c

(2) the adjacent sides of a rectangle are in the ratio

=
5 : 3 and the area of the rectangle is 29.4 sq.m.
= Find the length and breadth of the rectangle.
(3) Present ages of Shreya and Kavita are in the
(6) if = 0.4 × 0.04 × b then find the ratio 3 : 4. Five years after the ratio of their ages
ratio a .
©
will be 4 : 5. Find their present ages.
b
Solution: (4) if a : b = 7 : 8 and b : c = 12 : 7 then find a : c in
= 0.4 × 0.04 × the simplest form.
be
Squaring both the sides we get,
anSweRS
=
(i) 9 < 3 (ii) 5 >
utu
\ 0.04 × 0.4 × a = 0.16 × 0.0016 × b (1)
7 2 4
a
\
0.16 × 0.0016
=
b (iii) 2.5 < 3 (iv) >
7 8
0.4 × 0.04
a
Yo
\ = (2) Length 7cm and breadth 4.2 cm
b
= 0.16 × 0.1 (3) Shreya’s age is 15 years and Kavita’s age is 20 years.
= 0.016 (4) 3:2
=
st Points to Remember:
ge
 Properties of Equal Ratio:
a
\
b
= • invertendo:
If a = c
Di
= 2 : 125
b d
(7) (x + 3) : (x + 11) = (x – 2) : (x + 1) then find the then by invertendo.
value of x. b = d
a c
ol
Solution:
• Alternendo:
(x + 3) : (x + 11) = (x – 2) : (x + 1) [Given]
If a = c
ho
\ x+3 = x–2 b d
x + 11 x+1 then by alternendo.
\ (x + 3) (x + 1) = (x – 2) (x + 11) If a = b
\ c d
Sc
x2 + x + 3x + 3 = x2 + 11x – 2x – 22
• Componendo:
\ 4x + 3 = 9x – 22
If a = c
\ 3 + 22 = 9x – 4x b d
Adding 1 on both sides
\ 25 = 5x
M
If a + 1= c + 1
\ 5x = 25 b d
a+b = c+d
\ x = 25 ....(i)
S.
5 b d
This result is called componendo.
\ x =5
• Dividendo:
V.
PRoblEmS FoR PRACTiCE If a = c

b d
(1) Compare the following pairs of ratios Subtracting 1 on both sides
(i) , (ii) , If a – 1= c – 1
b d
\฀ a – b = c–d ....(ii)
b d
(iii) , (iv) , This result is called dividendo.
method iii
• Componendo-dividendo: a = 7 ...(I) (Given)
dividing (i) and (ii) b 3
a+b c+d Divide each term of 5a + 3b by b we get,
5a – 3b
b d
=
a–b c–d
©
b d 5a + 3b =
a+b = c+d 5a – 3b
\฀
a–b c–d
be
This result is called componendo-dividendo.
=
PRaCtiCe Set 4.3 (Textbook Page No. 70)
utu
(1) if a = 7 then find the values of the following
b 3
ratios: = ... (from I)
Yo
(i) 5a + 3b
5a – 3b
Solution:
method i =
a = 7
b 3
\฀ 5 × a = 5 × 7
...(Given)
...[Multiplying by 5 ]
st = 35 + 9
35 – 9
ge
3 b 3 3 3
=
\฀ 5 a = 35
3b 9 \ 5a + 3b = 22
Di
\฀ 5a + 3b = 35 + 9 ... [By Componendo- 5a – 3b 13

5a – 3b 35 – 9 dividendo]
(ii)
= 44
26
ol
Solution:
\ 5a + 3b = 22 a = 7 ...(Given)
5a – 3b 13 b 3
ho
method ii \ = 49 ...[Squaring both sides]

9
a= 7 2 ×
b 3
...(Given) = 2 × 49 ...[Multiplying by 2 ]
Sc
3 3 9 3
a= b ...[By alternendo]
\ = 98
7 3
27
Let a = b = m
7 3
\ = ... [By Componendo-
\ a = 7m and b = 3m
M
dividendo]
5a + 3b =
5a – 3b \ = 125
S.
71
35m + 9m
=
35m – 9m
(iii)
V.
= Solution:
a = 7 ...(Given)
= b 3
\ 5a + 3b = 22 \ = 343 ...[Cubing both sides]

27
5a – 3b 13
\ = 343 – 27 ... [By dividendo]
27
\ 7a + 3b = 6
\ = 316 7a – 3b 1
27
\ 7a – 3b = 1 ... [By Invertendo]
7a + 3b 6
(iv) 7a + 9b
7a – 9b
b 2 − 2a2
Solution: (iii)
b 2 + 2a2
©
a = 7 ...(Given)
b 3 Solution:
a = 3
\฀ ฀฀฀ × a = 7 × 7
7 ...[Multiplying by 7 ] b 5
...(From (i))
9 b 9 3 9
be
\฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ 7a = 49 = 9 ...[Squaring both sides]
9b 27 25
7a + 9b = 49 +27 ... [By Componendo- = 25 ...[By Invertendo]
utu
7a – 9b 49 – 27 9
dividendo]
76 \฀฀ 1 × = 1 × 25 ...[Multiplying by 1 ]
= 2 2 9 2
22
25
\ 7a + 9b = 38 \฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ = 18
Yo
7a – 9b 11
\ = 25 + 18 ... [By Componendo-
(2) if = 47 then find the values of the 25 – 18
dividendo]
7
following ratios: \ = 43
(i) a
b
st b2 − 2 a2
7
ge
Solution: \ = 7 ... [By Invertendo]
= 47 ...(Given) b + 2a
2 43 2
7
(iv)
Di
\ = 47+7
47–7
Solution:
... [By Componendo-dividendo] a = 3 ...(From (i))
b 5
ol
\ = 54
40 = 27 ...[Cubing both sides]
125
ho
54 125
\ = 40 = ...[By Invertendo]
27
54
\ = 40 × 8 \฀฀ 1 × = 1 × 125 ...[Multiplying by 1 ]
30 2 2 27 2
Sc
\ = 9
25 \฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ = 125
54
\ a = 3 ...[Taking positive square root]
b 5 \ = 125 + 54 ... [By Componendo-
125 – 54
M
dividendo]
(ii) 7a – 3b
7a + 3b \ = 179
71
S.
Solution:
a = 3
b 5
...(From (i)) \ = 71 ... [By Invertendo]
179
V.
\฀ 7 × a = 7 × 3 ...[Multiplying by 7 ]
3 b 3 5 3 (3) if 3a + 7b = 4 then find the value of the ratio
7a 3a – 7b 3
\฀ = 7
3b 5
.
7a + 3b = 7 + 5 ... [By Componendo-
7a – 3b 7–5
dividendo] Solution:
= 12 3a + 7b = 4 ...(Given)
2 3a – 7b 3
\ = 4+3 \ = ...[Dividing by x2]

4–3
... [By Componendo-dividendo] \ 12x – 20 = 8x + 12
\ 12x – 8x = 12 + 20
\ = 7
1 \ 4x = 32
\
©
6a 7 x =8
\ 14b = 1
\ x = 0 or x = 8 is the solution of given
a 7 14
\฀ b= 1 × 6
equation.
be
a 49
\ b = 3 2x + 3
(ii) = x–5
= 2401 Solution:
utu
...[Squaring both sides]
9
= 2x + 3 ...(Given)
\฀฀ 3 × = 3 × 2401 ...[Multiplying by 3 ] x–5
7 7 9 7
If x = 0, then we get, 63 ≠ 3
12 –5
Yo
\฀ ฀฀฀฀ = 343 \฀฀ x ≠ 0
3
\ = 343 + 3 ... [By Componendo- \ =
343 – 3
dividendo]
346 ...[By alternendo]
\
=
= 173
340
st \฀ 1 ×
5x
= 1 ×
5x
ge
170
...[Multiplying by 1 ]
5x
\ = 170 ... [By Invertendo]
173 \฀ =
Di
(4) Solve the following equations:

\฀฀
(i) =
ol
=
Solution:
... [By dividendo]
ho
= 10 x + 15x + 63 − 10 x − 15x
2 2
\฀
1 × = 1× 10 x 2 + 15x
4 4 5x 2 − 25x + 12 − 5x 2 + 25x
Sc
...[Multiplying by 1 ] ฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀=
4 5x 2 − 25x
\ = \฀ ฀=
M
\ \฀ ฀=
\฀ ฀ ฀ ฀=
S.
=
... [By dividendo] \ 63(x – 5) = 12 (2x + 3)
\ 63x – 315 = 24x + 36
V.
\฀ ฀= \ 63x – 24x = 36 + 315

\ 39x = 351
\฀ ฀=฀
\ x = 351
฀฀ Now for x = 0, the equation is evidently satisfied. 39
\ x =9
\฀ x = 0 is one of the solution
\ x = 9 is the solution of given equation.
When x ≠ 0, the x2 ≠ 0
(iii) = 17 \฀ = ...[Squaring both sides]

8
Solution:
= 17 ...(Given) \ = 25
8 9
[(2x + 1) 2 + (2x – 1)2] + [(2x + 1) 2 – (2x – 1)2] \ 9(4x + 1) = 25 (x + 3)
\
©
[(2x + 1) 2 + (2x – 1)2] – [(2x + 1) 2 – (2x – 1)2] \ 36x + 9 = 25x + 75
\ 36x – 25x = 75 – 9
= 17 + 8.
be
17 – 8 \ 11x = 66
...[By Componendo-dividendo]
\ x = 66
11
(2 x + 1) + (2 x − 1) +(2 x + 1) − (2 x − 1)
2 2 2 2
\ x =6
= 25
utu
\฀
(2 x + 1) + (2 x − 1) − (2 x + 1) + (2 x − 1)
2 2 2 2 9 \ x = 6 is the solution of given equation.
\฀ = 25
9 (v) = 61
36
Yo
\฀฀ = 25 Solution:
9
= 61
\฀฀ = 5 ...[Taking positive 36
3
square root]
\
\
3(2x + 1) = 5 (2x – 1) st \ = 61
36
ge
6x + 3 = 10x – 5
\฀ = 61 – 36
\ 3 + 5 = 10x – 6x 36
...[By dividendo]
\ 8 = 4x
Di
\ 8 =x \฀ = 25
4 36
\ 2 =x
\฀ = 25
\ x =2 36
ol
\ x = 2 is the solution of given equation. \฀ = 5 ...[Taking positive

6
square root]
ho
\ 6(4x + 1)= 5 (2x + 3)

(iv) = 4
1 \ 24x + 6= 10x + 15
Solution: \
Sc
24x – 10x= 15 – 6
= 4 \ 14x = 9
1 \ x = 9
14
\ 9
M
\ x= is the solution of given equation.

14
= 4 + 1.
S.
4–1 (vi) = 61
189
...[By Componendo-dividendo] Solution:
V.
= 61
189
\฀ = 5
3
189
\ = ...[By Invertendo]
61
\฀ = 5
3
\฀
\฀ = 5
3
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ = 189 + 61
. and if l, m, n ....... are non zero numbers such
189 – 61
...[By Componendo-dividendo] that lb + md + nf + ........... ≠ 0 then each ratio
al + mc + ne + ....
\฀ = 250 = lb + md + nf +....
128
Consider the ratios 2 , 3 , 4 all of them are
\฀ = 125 4 6 8
©
64 equal because all have the same value 1 .
2
\฀฀
(3x – 4)3
= 125 ...[Taking cube root] 2= 3=4= 1
(x + 1)3 64 4 6 8 2
be
3x – 4 5
\฀฀ x+1 = 4
Adding numerator and adding denominator of
first three ratios.
\ 4(3x – 4) = 5 (x + 1)
2+3+4= 9 = 1
utu
\ 12x – 16 = 5x + 5
4 + 6 + 8 18 2
\ 12x – 5x = 5 + 16 Subtracting the numerators and subtracting
\ 7x = 21 denominator of first three ratios.
\ x = 21 2 – 3 – 4 = –5 = 1
Yo
7 4 – 6 – 8 –10 2
\ x =3 Adding the first and second numerator and
\ x = 3 is the solution of given equation. subtracting with third numerator and doing the
same operation with denominator.
PRoblEmS FoR PRACTiCE
(1) if x = 13 then find the value of:
st 2+3–4 = 1
4+ 6–8 2
Multiplying the 2nd ratio by 2 and then doing
ge
y 6 2
the following operation.
3x + 5y
(i)
3x – 5y
(ii) 2 + 2(3) – 4 = 4 = 1
4 + 2 (6) – 8 8 2
Di
a Multiplying 1st ratio by 2 , 2nd by 3 and 3rd by 4

(2) if = 113 find the value of b 2 3 4
13 and doing the following operation.
(3) Solve the following equations: 2(2) – 3(3) – 4(4) = 4 – 9 – 16 = – 21 = 1
2(4) – 3(6) – 4(8) 8 – 18 – 32
ol
– 42 2
x+7
(i) = x+9 (ii) =3 As we have seen above, for all the operations
done to the numerators and the denominators,
ho
(iii) = 13 the value of ratio remains the same.

12
Sc
anSweRS PRaCtiCe Set 4.4 (Textbook Page No. 73)
(1) (i) 23 : 3 (ii) 259 : 79 (1) Fill in the blanks of the following:
(2) a = 3 x = y = 3x + 5y = 7x – 9y
b 5 (i)
7 3 ............. .............
M
(3) (i) 1 (ii) 17 (iii) 3 Solution:

3 5 x = y = 3x + 5y = 7x – 9y
7 3 36 22
S.
a = b = c = a – 2b + 3c = ................
Points to Remember: (ii)
3 4 7 ....... 6 – 8 + 14
V.
Solution:
 Theorem on equal ratios: a = b = c = a – 2b + 3c = 2a – 2b + 2c
a c a c a+c 3 4 7 16 6 – 8 + 14
If = then = = b + d
b d b d
(2) 5m – n = 3m + 4n then find the values of the
This property is known as Theorem on Equal
following expressions:
ratios.
a c e
In general, If = = ....., (i)
b d f
Solution: \฀ From I, II, III we get,

\ 5m – n = 3m + 4n y–z z–x x–y
= =
\ 5m – 3m = 4n + n a(b – c) b(c – a) c(a – b)
\ 2m = 5n
x y z
\ m = 5 ...(I) (ii) if 3x – y – z = 3y – z – x = 3z – x – y and
n 2
x + y + z ≠ 0 then show that the value of each
©
\ = ...[Squaring both sides] ratio is equal to 1.
\ = 25 Solution:
be
4 x y z
Let 3x – y – z = 3y – z – x = 3z – x – y = k
\ = 25 + 4 ...[By Componendo-
25 – 4 By theorem on equal ratios we get,
dividendo]
utu
x+y+z
\ = 29 k = 3x – y – z + 3y – z – x + 3z – x – y
21
x+y+z
3m + 4n k = x+y+z
(ii)
Yo
3m – 4n
\฀ k = 1 [x + y + z ≠ 0]
Solution:
m \ Each ratio is equal to 1.
\ = 5 ...(From I)
n 2
3× m ax + by bx + az ay+ bz
\ = 3 × 5 ...[Multiplying by 3 ] (iii) if
\
4 n
3m =
4 2
15
4
st x + y = x + z = y + z and
x + y + z ≠ 0 then show that 2
a+ b
ge
4n 8
Solution:
\ 3m + 4n = 15 + 8 ...[By Componendo-
3m – 4n 15 – 8 ax + by bx + az ay + bz
dividendo] Let x+y = x+z = y+z =k
Di
\ 3m + 4n = 23 By theorem on equal ratios we get,

3m – 4n 7 ax + by + bx + az + ay + bz
\฀ k =
(3) x+y+x+z+y+z
(i) if a (y + z) = b(z + x) = c(x + y) and out of a, b, c
ol
ax + ay + az + bx+ by + bz
\ k=
no two of them are equal then show 2x + 2y + 2z
y–z z–x x–y a (x + y + z) + b (x + y + z)
ho
that, a(b – c) = b(c – a) = c(a – b) \ k= 2 (x + y + z)

Solution:
(a + b) (x + y + z)
a (y + z) = b(z + x) = c(x + y) ...(Given) \ k= 2 x+y+z
( )
Sc
a(y + z) b(z + x) c(x + y) (a + b)

\฀ = = ...(Dividing \ k= [x + y + z ≠ 0]
abc abc abc 2
each ratio by abc)
y+z z+x x+y \ Each ratio is equal to (a + b) .
\฀ = = 2
M
bc ac ab
y+z z+x x+y y+z z+x x+ y
Let฀ = = =k (iv) if a = b = c then show that
bc ac ab
S.
By theorem on equal ratios we get x y z

(x + y) – (z + x) x + y – z – x y–z b+c–a= c+a–b= a+b–c.
k= = = ...(I) Solution:
ab – ac ab – ac a(b – c)
V.
y + z z + x x+ y
Similarly, by theorem on equal ratios Let a = b = c =k
(y + z) – (x + y) y + z – x – y z – x By theorem on equal ratios we get,
k= = = . . . (II)
bc – ab bc – ab b(c – a) z + x + x + y – (y + z)
\฀ k =
Similarly, by theorem on equal ratios b+c–a
z+x+x+y–y–z
(z + x) – (y + z) z + x – y – z x – y \ k=
k= = = . . . (III) b+c–a
2x
ac – bc ac – bc c(a – b) \ k= ... (I)
b+c–a
Similarly, by theorem on equal ratios

4x – 5
x + y + y + z – (z + x) Let = 2x + 3 = k
\฀ k =
c+a–b – 4x (4x – 5)
x+y+y+z–z–x k= = – 4x (2x + 3)
\ k=
c+a–b
a am
2y ...[ = , m ≠ 0]
\ k= ... (II) b bm
©
c+a–b By theorem on equal ratios
Similarly, by theorem on equal ratios
k=
y + z + z + x – (x + y)
be
\฀ k =
a+b–c
\ k=
y+z+z+x–x–y
\ k=
a+b–c 9
utu
2z \ k = 21
\ k= ... (III)
a+b–c
4x – 5 9
From I, II, III we get, \ 2x + 3 = 21
2x 2y 2z \ 21(4x – 5) = 9 (2x + 3)
Yo
= =
b+c–a c+a–b a+b–c
\ 84x – 105 = 18x + 27
x = y = z
\ \ 84x – 18x = 27 + 105
b+c–a c+a–b a+b–c
\ 66x = 132
...[Multiplying each ratio by 1 ]
3x – 5y x + 5z y–z
(v) if 5z +3y = y – 5x = x – z then show that
2
st \
\
x = 132
x =2
66
ge
x \ x = 2 is the solution of given equation.
each ratio is .
y
Solution: y+8
Di
3x – 5y x + 5z y – z (ii) = 1 + 2y
Let 5z +3y = y – 5x = x – z = k
Solution:
3x – 5y x + 5z 5(y – z) y+8
\฀ k = 5z +3y = y – 5x = 5(x – z) Let = 1 + 2y = k
ol
a am
...[ = , m ≠ 0] – 5y (y + 8)
b bm k= = – 5y (1 + 2y)
ho
By theorem on equal ratios.

a am
3x – 5y + x + 5z + 5(y – z) ...[ = , m ≠ 0]
k = b bm
5z + 3y + y – 5x + 5(x – z) By theorem on equal ratios
Sc
3x – 5y + x + 5z + 5y –5z
\ k = 5z + 3y + y – 5x + 5x – 5z k=
4x
\ k = 4y 5 y 2 + 40 y - 12 - 5 y 2 - 40 y
\ k=
M
x
\ k= y 5 y + 10 y 2 - 4 - 5 y - 10 y 2
–12 12
x \ k= –4 = 4
S.
\ Each ratio is equal

y
.
\ k=3
y+8
(4) Solve: \ =3
V.
1 + 2y
4x – 5
(i) = 2x + 3 \ y + 8= 3(1 + 2y)
Solution: \ y + 8= 3 + 6y
4x – 5 \ 8 – 3= 6y – y
= 2x + 3
\ 5 = 5y
9 –5 5
If x = 0 then we get 21 ≠ \฀x ≠ 0 \ =y
3 5
\ 1 =y \ (12 + x), (16 + x) and (21 + x) are in continued

proportion
\ y =1
12 + x 16 + x
\ y = 1 is the solution of given equation. \ 16 + x = 21 + x
\ (12 + x) (21 + x) = (16 + x) (16 + x)
PRoblEmS FoR PRACTiCE
©
\ 252 + 12x + 21x + x2 = 256 + 16x + 16x + x2
x y z
(1) if y + z – x = z + x – y = x + y – z and \ 252 + 33x = 256 + 32x
\ 33x – 32x = 256 – 252
be
x + y + z ≠ 0 then show that each ratio is equal to 1.
2x – 3y z–y x + 3z \ x =4
(2) if 3z + y = z – x = 2y – 3x then show that The number to be added is 4.
x
utu
each ratio is y . (2) if (28 – x) is the mean proportional of (23 – x)
x y z and (19 – x) then find the vaue of x.
(3) if x + 2y + z = y +2z + x = z + 2x + y and
Solution:
x + y + z ≠ 0 then show that each ratio is equal
Yo
\ (28 – x)2 = (23 – x) (19 – x)
1 \ 784 – 56x + x2 = 437 – 23x – 19x + x2
to 4 .
a b c \ 784 – 56x = 437 – 42x
(4) if y + z – x = z + x – y = x + y – z then show
\ – 56x + 42x = 437 – 784
x y z
that b + c = c + a = a + b .
st \ – 14x = – 347
– 347
ge
\ x = – 14
Points to Remember: \ x = 14
347
Di
 Continued Proportion: (3) Three numbers are in continued proportion,

If a, b, c are in continued proportion then, whose mean proportional is 12 and the sum
a b
= . i.e. b2 = ac. of the remaining two numbers is 26, then find
ol
b c these numbers.
Here b is called geometric mean or mean
Solution:
proportional between a and c. If five numbers
ho
are in continued proportion then we can Let a, b, c, are in continued proportion.

a b
consider them as a, ak, ak2, ak3, ak4. \ =
b c
Sc
K – method: i.e. b2 = ac ... (I)

a c Here b = 12 and a + c = 26 ...[Given]
(i) If = .= k (k ≠ 0) then a = bk, c = dk.
b d \ 2
12 = ac ...[From I]
a b
(ii) If = .= k then b = ck, a = ck 2. \ 122 = (26 –c) × c ...[Q a + c = 26]
b c
M
In this method, we assume each ratio is equal to \ 144 = 26c – c 2
k. This is the simple method to solve problems \ c2 – 26c + 144 =0

S.
on equal ratios. \ 2
c – 18c – 8c+ 144= 0
\ c2 – 18c – 8c+ 144= 0
V.
PRaCtiCe Set 4.5 (Textbook Page No. 77) \ c (c – 18) – 8 (c – 18) = 0

\ (c – 18) (c – 8) = 0
(1) Which number should be added from 12, \ c – 18 = 0 or c – 8 = 0
16 and 21 so that resultant numbers are in
\ c = 18 or c = 8
continued proportion?
If c = 18 then a = 26 – 18 = 8
Solution:
If c = 8 then a = 26 – 8 = 18
Let the number to be subtracted be x.
\ Three numbres in continued proportion LHS = (ab + bc)2

are 18, 12, 8 or 8, 12, 18 = [b (a + c)]2
(4) if (a + b + c) (a – b + c) = a2 + b2 + c2 show that = b2 (a + c)2
a, b, c are in continued proportion. = b2 (a2 + 2ac + c2)
Solution: = (ck)2 [(ck 2)2 + 2× ck 2× c + c2]
©
(a + b + c) (a – b + c) = a2 + b2 + c2 = c2 k2 (c 2 k4 + 2c2 k2 + c2)
\ a2 – ab + ac + ab – b2 + bc + ac – bc + c2 = a2 + b2 + c2 = c2 k2 × c 2 (k4 + 2k2 + 1)
\ ac + ac – b2 = b2 = c4 k2 (k4 + 2k2 + 1)
be
\ 2ac = b2 + b2 \ LHS = RHS
\ 2ac = 2b2 \ (a2 + b2) (b2 + c2) = (ab + bc)2
\ ac = b2
utu
\ b2 = ac a+ c
(iii) = b
\฀ b is the mean proportional of a and c.
Solution:
\฀ a, b, c are in continued proportion.
LHS =
a b
Yo
(5) if = and a, b, c > 0 then show that,
b c
Solution: =
a b
\฀ =
b c =
a b
Let
\฀
= =k
b c
b = ck, a = ck2
...(k ≠ 0)
st =
ge
(i) (a + b + c) (b – c) = ab – c2
=
Solution:
a+c
Di
LHS = (a + b + c) (b – c) RHS =
b
= (ck2 + ck + c) (ck – c)
= c (k2 + k + 1) c (k – 1) =
ol
= c2 (k – 1) (k2 + k + 1)
=
RHS = ab – c2
ho
= ck2 × ck – c2 =
= c2k3 – c2 \ LHS = RHS
2 3
= c (k – 1) a+c
\
Sc
= b
= c2 (k – 1) (k2 + k + 1)
....[Using a3 – b3 = (a–b) (a2 + ab + b2)] x+y
\ LHS = RHS (6) Find mean proportional of x – y ,
\ (a + b + c) (b – c) = ab – c2 Solution:
M
Let mean proportion of x + y and be b.

(ii) (a2 + b2) (b2 + c2) = (ab + bc)2 x–y
S.
Solution: x+y
\฀ b2 = ×
LHS = (a2 + b2) (b2 + c2) x–y
= [(ck2)2 + (ck)2 ] [(ck)2 + c2] x+y ( x − y)( x + y)
\฀ b2 =
V.
×
x–y
= (c2k4 + c 2 k2 ) (c2k2 + c2) x2 y 2
= c2k2(k2 + 1). c2 (k2 + 1) ....[Using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= c4k2(k2 + 1) (k2 + 1) ( x + y)( x + y)
฀฀ \฀ b2 =
4 2 2 2
= c k (k + 1) x2 y 2
= c4k2(k4 + 2k2 + 1) \฀ b2 =
....[Using (a+b)2= (a2 + 2ab + b2)]
x+y (2) For the following numbers write the ratio of

\฀ b = ....[Taking square root]
xy first number to second number in the reduced
x+y
\฀ is mean proportional of x + y form:
xy x–y
(i) 21, 48
and .
Solution:
21
©
Ratio of 21 to 48 =
PRoblEmS FoR PRACTiCE 3×7 7
48
= =
3 × 16 16
Which number should be subtracted from
be
(1) = 7 : 16
each of the numbers 13, 25 and 55 so that the
(ii) 36, 90
resulting numbers would be in continued
proportion? Solution:
utu
36
(2) if a, b, c are in continued proportion then prove Ratio of 36 to 90 =
90
that (ab + bc + ac)2 = ac (a + b + c)2. 18 × 2 2
= 18 × 5 =
5
(3) (x – 4) is geometric mean of (x – 5) and (x – 2) =2:5
Yo
find the value of x.
(iii) 65, 117
(4) if (x + y )2, m and (x – y )2 are in continued
Solution:
proportion then determine m. 65
Ratio of 65 to 117 = 117
(1) 5 (3) 6
anSweRS
(4) x2 – y2
st 13 × 5
= 13 × 9 =
=5:9
5
9
ge
(iv) 138, 161
PRobleM Set - 4 (Textbook Page No. 77)
Solution:
Select the appropriate alternative answer for 138
Di
(1) Ratio of 138 to 161 = 161

the following quesions. 23 × 6 6
= 23 × 7 =
(i) If 6 : 5 = y : 20 then what will be value of y? 7
=6:7
ol
(A) 15 (B) 24 (C) 18 (D) 22.5

(v) 114, 133
ans. (B)
Solution:
ho
(ii) What is the ratio of 1 mm to 1 cm? 114

Ratio of 114 to 133 = 133
(A) 1 : 100 (B) 10 : 1 (C) 1 : 10 (D) 100 : 1 19 × 6 6
= 19 × 7 =
ans. (A) 7
Sc
=6:7
(iii) The ages of Jatin, Nitin and Mohasin are 16, 24
(3) Write the following ratios in the reduced form.
and 36 years respectively. What is the ratio of
Nitin’s age to Mohasin’s age? (i) Radius to the diameter of a circle.
M
(A) 3 : 2 (B) 2 : 3 (C) 4 : 3 (D) 3 : 4 Solution:

r
ans. (B) Ratio of radius to diameter of a circle = d
r
S.
1
= 2r =
(iv) 24 Bananas were distributed between Shubham and 2
Anil in the ratio 3 : 5, then how many bananas did =1:2
V.
Shubham get? (ii) The ratio of diagonal to the length of a rectangle,

(A) 8 (B) 15 (C) 12 (D) 9 having length 4cm and breadth 3cm.
ans. (D) Solution:
(v) What is the mean proportional of 4 and 25? Now, (Diagonal)2 = (Length)2 + ( Breadth)2
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12 ...... [Pythagoras theorem]
ans. (C) = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9
(Diagonal)2 = 25 b2 = 122= 144

Diagonal = 5 cm ac = 9 × 16 = 144
5
\ Ratio of diagonal to length of a rectangle = \ b2 = ac
4
=5:4 If b2 = ac then a, b, c are not in continued
proportion.
(iii) The ratio of perimeter to area of a square, having
©
side 4cm. \ 9, 12, 16 are in continued proportion.
Solution: (iv) 3, 5, 8.
be
Side of the square = 4cm Solution:
Perimeter of a square = 4 × side Let a = 3, b = 5 and c = 8
=4×4 b2 = 52 = 25
utu
= 16 cm2 ac = 3 × 8 = 24
Area of a square = side 2
\ b2 ≠ ac
=42 If b2 ≠ ac then a, b, c are not in continued
Yo
= 16 cm proportion.
ratio of perimeter to area of a square = 16 \ 3, 5, 8 are not in continued proportion.
16
(5) a, b, c are in continued proportion. if a = 3 and
c = 27 then find b.
=
1
1 st
Solution:
ge
=1:1 a, b, c are in continued proportion. ...[Given]
(4) Check whether the following numbers are in \ b2 = ac
continued proportion.
Here a = 3 and c = 27 ...[Given]
Di
(i) 2, 4, 8.
\ b = 3 × 27
2
Solution: \ b2 = 81
Let a = 2, b = 4 and c = 8 \ b=9 ...[Taking square root]
ol
b2 = 42= 16
(6) Convert the following ratios into percentages.
ac = 2 × 8 = 16
ho
(i) 37 : 500
\ b2 = ac
Solution:
If b2 = ac then a, b, c are in continued proportion. 37
37 : 500 =
Sc
\ 2, 4, 8 are in continued proportion. 500

37 ÷ 5
=
(ii) 1, 2, 3. 500 ÷ 5
Solution: = 7.4
100
M
Let a = 1, b = 2 and c = 3 = 7.4 %

b2 = 22 = 4 5
(ii)
S.
ac = 1 × 3 = 3 8
Solution:
\ b2 ≠ ac 5 5 × 100
=
If b2 ≠ ac then a, b, c are not in continued 8 × 100
V.
8
proportion. 5 × 25
=
2 × 100
\ 1, 2, 3 are not in continued proportion.
2.5 × 25
=
(iii) 9, 12, 16. 100
= 62.5
Solution:
100
Let a = 9, b = 12 and c = 16 = 62.5 %
22 170 170 ÷ 2
(iii) = 256 =
30 256 ÷ 2
Solution: 85
22 22 × 100 = = 85:128
= 30 × 100 128
30
220 (iii) 5 dozen, 120 units
= 3 × 100
©
Solution:
73.33 5 dozen = (5 × 12) units [1 dozen = 12 units]
= 100
= 60 units
be
= 73.33 % 60
5 ฀฀ \฀ Ratio of 60 units to 120 units = 120
(iv)
16 1
Solution: = 2 = 1: 2
utu
5 5 × 100
= 16 × 100 (iv) 4 sq.m, 800 sq.cm
16
5 × 25 Solution:
= 4 × 100
4m2 = (4 × 10000) cm2 [1 m2 = 10000 cm2]
125
Yo
= 4× 100 = 40000 cm2
40000
31.25 ฀฀ \฀ Ratio of 40000cm2 to 800 cm2 = 800
=
100 400 50
= 31.25 % = 8 = 1
(v) 144
1200 st = 50: 1
1.5 kg, 2500 gm

ge
Solution: (v)
144 = 12 × 12 Solution:
1200 12 × 100
1.5 kg = (1.5 × 1000) gm [1 kg = 1000 gm]
Di
12
= = 1500 gm
100
1500
= 12 % ฀฀ \฀ Ratio of 1500 gm to 2500 gm = 2500
15 3
Write the ratio of first quantity to second
ol
(7) = = 5
25
quantity in the reduced form.
= 3:5
1024 mb, 1.2Gb [(1024 mb = 1 Gb)]
ho
(i)
a 2
Solution: (8) if = then find the values of the following
b 3
1 expressions.
\฀ Ratio of 1 G.B. to 1.2 G.B. =
1.2
Sc
10 4a + 3b
= 12 (i) 3b
Solution:
5 a 2
=
6 b = 3 ... [Given]
M
= 5:6 4 a 4 2 4
3 ×b = 3 × 3 ... [Multiplying by 3 ]
(ii) 17 Rupees, 25 Rupees 60 paise
S.
4a 8
Solution: \฀ = 9
3b
` 17 = (17 × 100) paise [`1 = 100 paise] 4a + 3b 8 +9
\฀ = 9 ... [By componendo]
V.
3b
= 1700 paise
4a + 3b 17
` 25 and 60 paise = (25 × 100 + 60) paise \฀ = 9
3b
= (2500 + 60) paise
= 2560 paise (ii)
1700 Solution:
฀฀ \฀ Ratio of 1700 paise to 2560 paise = 2560
a 2
b = 3 ... [Given]
4
\ = 9 ... [Squaring both sides] =
5 5 4 5
2 × = 2 × 9 ... [Multiplying by 2 ] =
10
\฀ = 9
=
©
10 + 9
\฀ ฀ = ... [By componendo- = k2
10 – 9
dividendo]
19
be
\฀ ฀ = RHS =
1
=
(iii)
utu
Solution: =
a 2
b = 3 ... [Given]
=
\
Yo
= ... [cubing both sides] = k2
8 \ LHS = RHS
\ =
27
8 + 27 \ =
\฀ ฀ = ... [By componendo]
\฀ ฀ =
35
27
27
st a
ge
(ii) = b
7b – 4a
(iv)
7b + 4a Solution:
Solution:
Di
a 2 LHS =
b = 3 ... [Given]
b 3
a = 2 ... [By Invertendo] =
ol
7 b 7 3 7
4 ×a = 4 × 2 ... [Multiplying by 4 ]
=
ho
7b 21
\฀ = 8
4a 2 2 2
7b + 4a 21 + 8 = k (b + 5 d )
\฀ = 21– 8 ... [By componendo-
7b – 4a ( b 2 + 5 d 2)
Sc
dividendo]
7b + 4a 29 =
\฀ = 13
7b – 4a
=k
7b – 4a 13
\฀ = 29 (By Invertendo) a
7b + 4a RHS = b
M
(9) if a, b, c, d are in proportion, then prove that bk

= b
S.
(i) = =k
Solution: \ LHS = RHS
V.
a, b, c, d are in proportion ... [Given] a

a c \ = b
\ b = d
a c
Let b = d = k ... (k ¹ 0)
(iii) =
\฀ a = bk, c = dk Solution:
= (By alternendo)
LHS =
ck (k – 2)
LHS = = c (k + 2)(k – 2) ... Using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a –b)
RHS = k
= k+2
\ LHS = RHS
a a – 2b
= \ a + 2b = a – 4c
©
b a–b
= (ii) =
b+c a–c
be
Solution:
b
LHS = LHS = b + c
ck
= ck + c
utu
RHS =
ck
= c (k + 1)
=
= k
Yo
= k+1
a–b
b2 ( k 2 − k + 1) RHS = a – c
=
d 2 ( k 2 − k + 1)
=
฀฀
RHS =
\ LHS = RHS
st =
ge
ck (k – 1)
\ = = c (k + 1)(k – 1) ... Using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a –b)
k
c 2 + cd + d 2 = k+1
Di
i.e. =
c 2 - cd + d 2 \ LHS = RHS
(10) if a, b, c, are in continued proportion, then b a–b
\ =
b+c a–c
prove that
ol
a a – 2b 2x + 3
(i) a + 2b = a – 4c (11) Solve : = 3x + 2
Solution:
ho
Solution:
a, b, c, d are in continued proportion ... [Given] method - i
a b 42 3
\ = If x = 0 then we get 58 ≠ 2 .
b c
\ x≠0
Sc
a b
Let b = c = k ... (k ¹ 0) 2x + 3
\ =
\฀ b = ck, a = ck2 3x + 2
a
LHS = \฀฀ =฀ ฀฀
a + 2b
M
฀฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀... [By Alternendo]

=
1 1
S.
\ 6x × = 6x ×
= 1
฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀ ... [Multiplying by 6x]
12 x 2 + 18 x + 42
V.
k=
k+2 ฀฀ \฀฀ =฀
12 x 2 + 18 x
a – 2b
RHS = a – 4c ฀฀ \฀฀
=
฀฀ ฀ ฀ =
= ... [By Dividendo]
Solution:
฀฀ \฀฀ 2x – 3y z–y x + 3z
Let = = =k
3z + y z–x 2y – 3x
฀฀ ฀ ฀฀ ฀฀ =฀ 2x – 3y – 3 (z – y) x + 3z
k = = =
3z + y – 3 (z – x) 2y – 3x
฀฀ \฀฀ =฀ a am
...[ b = bm , x ≠ 0]
©
42 58 By theorem on equal ratios we get,
\฀ ฀ 6x (2x+ 3) = 6x (3x+ 2)
2x – 3y – 3 (z – y) + x + 3z
k =
be
42 58 3z + y – 3 (z – x) + 2y – 3x
\฀ ฀ = 3x+ 2 2x – 3y – 3z + 3y + x + 3z
2x+ 3 =
3z + y – 3z + 3x + 2y – 3x
\ 42 (3x+2) = 58 (2x+ 3)
3x
utu
\ 126x + 84 = 116x + 174 =
3y
\ 126x – 116x = 174 – 84 x
90 k =
\ x = y
10 x
\฀ Here each ratio is
Yo
\ x=9 y
\฀ x = 9 is the solution of given equation. (13) if = = , then prove that
method ii x y z
a = b = c
Let =
2x + 3
3x + 2 =k
st
Solution:
Let = = =k
ge
\ =
By theorem on equal ratios we get,
a am
...[ b = bm , m ≠ 0] k =
Di
By theorem on equal ratios we get,

=
k =
ol
=
=
ho
42 =
= 58
21 \฀ k =
k = 29
Sc
2x + 3 21
\฀ ฀ = Now, =
3x+ 2 29
\ 29 (2x+3) = 21(3x+ 2) ax + by + cz
\ =
\ 58x + 87 = 63x + 42 by + cz
M
... [By Alternendo]

\ 87 – 42 = 63x – 58x
ax + by + cz – (by + cz)
\ 45 = 5x \
S.
by + cz
\ 5x = 45 =
45
\ x = ... [By dividendo]
5
V.
ax + by + cz – by – cz
\ x=9 \ =
by + cz
\฀ x = 9 is the solution of given equation.
ax
2x – 3y z–y x + 3z \ =
(12) if = = , then prove that by + cz
3z + y z–x 2y – 3x
x \ = ... [By Alternendo]
every ratio is y .
x 63
\ = ... [I] (8) = ................... %
a 60
cz + ax (A) 125 (B) 70 (C) 17 (D) 105
Now, =
c 2 + a2 (9) The ratio of 63, 36 in the least form is ...........
ax + by + cz (A) 1 : 4 (b) 7 : 4 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2
\ =
cz + ax (10) The ratio of two numbers is 3 : 5 and their sum
©
... [By Alternendo]
360. The numbers are ................ .
ax + by + cz – (cz + ax)
\ (A) 70 and 80 (B) 180 and 80
cz + ax
be
= (C) 135 and 225 (D) 120 and 240
a 5 a–b
... [By dividendo] (11) If = then the value of is ............. .
b 8 b
ax + by + cz – cz – ax 3 –3 5 2
utu
\ = (A) (B) (C) (D)
cz + ax 8 8 8 8
by
\ = (12) The mean proportion of 6 and 24 is ........ .
cz + ax
(A) 12 (B) 14 (C) 17 (D) 16
\
Yo
= ... [By Alternendo]
p 6 3p + 4q
y (13) If = then the value of is .....
\ = ... [II] q 5 3p – 4q
b 17 18 19 –19
Similarly we can prove (A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 1 1
z
c
=
\฀ From I, II, III we get,

... [III]
st
(14) The ratio of 8 years 4 months and 11 years 8
months is ........... .
ge
(A) 6 : 5 (B) 7 : 5 (C) 5 : 7 (D) 1 : 4
x y z
= = (15) What number must be added to each term of the
a b c
ratio 2 : 5 so that it may become equal to 5 : 6?
Di
MCQ’s
(A) 13 (B) 12 (C) 11 (D) 14
(1) The ratio of 161 to 115 in the simplest form is (16) The mean proportion of ak and ak is ...... . 3
......... . (B) a2k2 (C) ak2 (D) a2k

ol
(A) ak
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 2 : 3 (C) 7 : 5 (D) 6 : 5 (17) 3 / 5 is equivalent to ............. .
5
ho
(2) ........... (A) 30% (B) 50% (C) 60% (D) 35%
4
3x + 5y 23 x
(A) > (B) < (C) = (D) can’t say (18) If = then = ............. .
3x – 5y 3 y
p 6
Sc
(3) If = then the value of = ..... 6 23 3 13

q 5 (A) (B) (C) (D)
13 3 23 6
18 17 91
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
3 2 125 (19) The gemometric mean of 20 and 45 is .......... .
(4) If 4.8, 6.0, x and 8.5 are in proportion then the (A) 30 (B) 45 (C) 900 (D) 400
M
value of x is ........... .
a5
(A) 7.2 (B) 6.8 (C) 5.6 (D) 4.9 (20) The geometirc mean of 28 and is ........ .
S.
b
(5) The ratio of ` 11 and ` 15 and paise 40 is ........ . (A) 4ab (B) 2ab (C) 2a2b (D) 4ab2
(A) 5 : 7 (B) 6 : 5 (C) 1 : 5 (D) 7 : 5
anSweRS
V.
(6) The adjacent sides of a rectangle are in the ratio

5 : 3 and the area of the rectangle is 29 : 4 sq. cm. (1) (C) (2) (A) (3) (D) (4) (B) (5) (A)
The length of rectangle is ......................... cm. (6) (A) (7) (D) (8) (D) (9) (B) (10) (C)
(A) 7 (B) 4.2 (C) 5.6 (D) 9 (11) (B) (12) (A) (13) (D) (14) (C) (15) (A)
(7) The mean proportional of 8 and 32 is ......... (16) (C) (17) (C) (18) (D) (19) (A) (20) (B)
(A) 12 (B) 14 (C) 17 (D) 16
ASSiGNmENT - 4
Time : 1 Hr. marks : 20
©
(2)
(1) Find the ratio of the first number to second one in its simplest form :
114, 133
be
a 5 a–b
(2) If = then find the value of
b 8 b
(3) Write down the following precentage in the simplest form of the ratio: 6.25%
utu
(1) Determine the order relation between the following pairs of ratios:
,
Yo
(2) Which number should be added to each of the numbers 12, 16 and 21 so that the resulting
numbers would be in continued proportion?
(3) The length of rectangular field is 1.2 km and its breadth is 400 m. Find the ratio of the
length to its breadth.
Q.3. Attempt any TWo of the following: st (6)

ge
(1) Present ages of Shreya and Kavita are in the ratio 2 : 7. Two years after the ratio of their
ages will be 1 : 3. Find their present ages.
a b c
(2) If x – 2y + 3z = y – 2z + 3x = z – 2x + 3y and x + y + z ≠ 0 then show that each ratio
Di
a+b+c
is
2(x + y + z)
ol
47 a
(3) If = 7 then find the value of .
b
ho
Q.4. Attempt any oNE of the following: (4)
(1) Solve: =
Sc
ax + by bx + az ay + bz
(2) If = = and x + y + z ¹ 0 then show
x+y x+z y+z
a+b
that each ratio is 2
M
Q.5. Attempt any oNE of the following: (4)

y z x a b c
(1) If b + c – a = c + a – b = a + b – c then show that z + x = x + y = y + z
S.
61
(2) Solve: =
189
V.
5 Linear Equations in Two Variables

(3) Solve the following sets of simultaneous
equations.
Points to Remember:
©
(i) x + y = 4 ; 2x – 5y = 1
 Linear Equation in two variables: Solution:
x+y=4 ... (I)
be
An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, where
a, b, c are real numbers such that a 0, b 0 is 2x – 5y = 1 ... (II)
called a general form of linear equation in two Multiplying equation (I) by 5
utu
variables x and y. (if and only if a and b both are \ 5x + 5y = 20 ... (III)
not zero at the same time)
Adding equation (II) and (III)
e.g. 3x + y = 5, 2x – 5y = 7 are linear equations
2x – 5y = 1
in two variables.
Yo
5x + 5y = 20
• Every linear equation in two unknowns has an
7x = 21
unlimited number of solutions.
• Two or more different linear equations having \ x =
unique set of solutions are called simultaneous \ x=3
equations.
 Methods of Solving Simultaneous equations:
st Substituting the value of x in equation (I)
\ 3+y=4
ge
There are mainly two algebraic methods of \ y=4–3
solving simultaneous equations.
\ y=1
(i) Method of elimination by equating coefficients.
Di
\ x = 3 and y = 1 is the solution of given

(ii) Method of elimination by substitution. equations
(ii) 2x + y = 5 ; 3x – y = 5
ol
MaStEr KEy QuEStion SEt - 5 Solution:

2x + y = 5 ... (I)
ho
PraCtiCE SEt 5.1 (Textbook Page No. 86) 3x – y = 5 ... (II)

(1) By using variables x and y form any five linear Adding equation (I) and (II)
equations in two variables.
Sc
2x + y = 5
Solution: 3x – y = 5
(i) x+y =3 (ii) 2x – 7y = 1 (iii) x + 3y = 10 5x = 10
(iv) 3x – y = 5 (v) 4x + 3y = 9
\ x=
M
(2) Write five solutions of the equation x + y = 7. \ x=2

S.
Solution: Substituting the value of x in equation (I)

x+y =7 \ 2x + y = 5
x = 1 and y = 6, x = 7 and y = 0 \ 2(2) + y = 5
V.
x = –2 and y = 9, x = –1 and y = 8 \ 4+y=5

x = 0 and y = 7 are the solution of given equations. \ y=5–4
There can be infinite values that will satisfy the \ y=1
given equation, x + y = 7 \ x = 2 and y = 1 is the solution of given
\ The equation has infinite solutions. equations.
(84)
Linear Equations in Two Variables 85
(iii) 3x – 5y = 16 ; x – 3y = 8 (v) 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ; x – 5y = 11
Solution: Solution:
3x – 5y = 16 ... (I) 2x + 3y + 4 = 0
x – 3y = 8 ... (II) \ 2x + 3y = – 4 ... (I)
Multiplying equation (II) by 3 x – 5y = 11 ... (II)
©
\ 3x – 9y = 24 ... (III) Multiplying equation (II) by 2
Subtracting equation (I) from (III) \ 2x – 10y = 22 ... (III)
be
3x – 9y = 24 Subtracting equation (I) from (III)
3x – 5y = 16 2x – 10y = 22
(–) (+) (–) 2x + 3y = – 4
utu
–4y = 8 (–) (–) (+)
\ y =– –13y = 26
\ y=–2 \ y =–
Yo
Substituting value of y in equation (II) \ y=–2
\ x – 3(– 2) = 8 Substituting the value of y in equation (II)
\ x+6=8 \ x – 5(–2) = 11
\
\ x=2
x=8–6
st \
\
x + 10 = 11
x = 11 – 10
ge
\ x = 2 and y = –2 is the solution of given \ x=1
equations. \ x = 1 and y = –2 is the solution of given
(iv) 2y – x = 0 ; 10x + 15y = 105 equations.
Di
Solution: (vi) 2x – 7y = 7 ; 3x + y = 22
2y – x = 0 Solution:
\ – x + 2y = 0
ol
... (I) 2x – 7y = 7 ... (I)

10x + 15y = 105 ... (II) 3x + y = 22 ... (II)
ho
Multiplying equation (I) by 10 Multiplying equation (II) by 7

\ –10x + 20y = 0 ... (III) \ 21x + 7y = 154 ... (III)
Adding equation (II) and (III) Adding equation (I) and (III)
Sc
10x + 15y = 105 2x – 7y = 7

–10x + 20y = 0 21x + 7y = 154
35y = 105 23x = 161
M
\ y = \ x =
\ \
S.
y=3 x=7
Substituting the value of y in equation (I) Substituting the value of x in equation (II)
\ –x + 2(3) = 0 \ 3(7) + y = 22
V.
\ –x + 6 = 0 \ 21 + y = 22
\ –x = –6 \ y = 22 – 21
\ x=6 \ y =1
\ x = 6 and y = 3 is the solution of given \ x = 7 and y = 1 is the solution of given
equations. equations.

ProBlemS For PracTIce
x + 2y = 70
Solve the following simultaneous equations.
x – 2y = –10
(i) 4m + 3n = 18, 3m – 2n = 5
2x = 60
(ii) – x + 2y = 0, 10x + 15y = 105
\ x=
©
(iii) 2x – y – 3 = 0, 4x – y – 5 = 0
\ x = 30
(iv) 3y – 2x = 9, 2x + 5y = 15
Substituting the value of x in equation (II)
be
\ 30 – 2y = –10
anSwErS
\ – 2y = –10 – 30
(i) m = 3, n = 2 (ii) x = 6, y = 3
\ – 2y = – 40
utu
(iii) x = 1, y = –1 (iv) x = 0, y = 3
\ 2y = 40
\ y =
Points to Remember: \
Yo
y = 20
 applications of Simultaneous linear equations: \ There are 30 notes of rupees 5 and 20
notes of rupees 10 in an envelope.
Some of the real life problems can be expressed
in mathematical form by using linear equations (2) The denominator of a fraction is 1 more than
in two variables. While dealing with such
problems, we must follow the steps given st twice its numerator. If 1 is added to numerator
and denominator respectively, the ratio of
ge
below: numerator to denominator is 1 : 2. Find the
(i) Make assumptions, using two variables. (say x fraction.
and y) Solution:
Di
(ii) From the given information, frame two equations

According to the first condition,
in terms of two variables.
y = 2x + 1
(iii) Solve the equations.
ol
∴ 2x + y = 1 ..... (I)
According to the second condition,
PraCtiCE SEt 5.2 (Textbook Page No. 90)
ho
1
=
x+1
(1) In an envelope there are some 5 rupee notes y+1 2
and some 10 rupee notes. Total amount of these ∴ 2 (x + 1) = 1 (y + 1)
Sc
notes together is 350 rupees. Number of 5 rupee ∴ 2x + 2 = y + 1

notes are less by 10 than twice number of 10 ∴ 2x – y = 1 – 2
rupee notes. Then find the number of 5 rupee ∴ 2x – y = – 1 ... (II)
and 10 rupee notes.
There can be infinite values that will satisfy
M
Solution: the given condition. One such possible value

Let the number of 5 rupee notes be x and that of is x = 4 and y = 9.
S.
10 rupee notes be y.
∴฀ The fraction is
4
According to first condition 9
V.
5x + 10y = 350 ... (I) (3) The sum of ages of Priyanka and Deepika is 34
According to second condition years. Priyanka is elder to Deepika by 6 years.
x = 2y – 10 Then find their today’s ages.
\ x – 2y = –10 ... (II) Solution:
Dividing both sides of equation (I) by 5 Let Priyanka’s present age be x years and present
age of Deepika be y years.
\ x + 2y = 70 ... (III)
According to first condition \ Number of lions and peacocks in a zoo

x + y = 34 ... (I) are 20 and 30 respectively.
According to second condition (5) Sanjay gets fixed monthly income. Every year
x=y+6 there is a certain increment in his salary. After
\ x–y=6 ... (II) 4 years, his monthly salary was rs. 4500 and
©
after 10 years his monthly salary became 5400
Adding equation (I)and (II)
rupees, then find his original salary and yearly
x + y = 34 increment.
be
x–y=6 Solution:
2x = 40 Let the fixed monthly salary of Sanjay be ` x and
\ x= the annual increment be ` y.
utu
\ x = 20 According to first condition
Substituting the value of x in equation (I) x + 4y = 4500 ... (I)
\ 20 + y = 34 According to second condition
Yo
\ y = 34 – 20 \ x + 10y = 5400 ... (II)
Subtracting equation (I) from (II)
\ y = 14
x + 10y = 5400
\ Present age of Priyanka and Deepika are
20 years and 14 years respectively.
st x + 4y = 4500
(–) (–) (–)
ge
(4) The total number of lions and peacocks in a
6y = 900
certain zoo is 50. The total number of their
legs is 140. Then find the number of lions and \ y =
peacocks in the zoo.
Di
\ y = 150
Solution:
Substituting the value of y in equation (II)
Let the number of lions be x and number of
\ x + 10(150) = 5400
peacocks be y.
ol
\ x + 1500 = 5400
According to first condition
\ x = 5400 – 1500
ho
x + y = 50 ... (I)
\ x = 3900
Each lion has 4 legs and each peacock has 2
\ Sanjay’s fixed salary is `3900 and the
According to second condition
Sc
annual increment is `150.

\ 4x + 2y = 140 ... (II)
Dividing both sides of equation (II) by 2 (6) the price of 3 chairs and 2 tables is 4500 rupees
and price of 5 chairs and 3 tables is 7000 rupees,
\ 2x + y = 70 ... (III)
then find the price of 2 chairs and 2 tables.
M
Subtracting equation (I) from (III)

Solution:
2x + y = 70
Let the cost of each chair be `x and the cost of
S.
x + y = 50 each table be `y.

(–) (–) (–) According to first condition
V.
x = 20 3x + 2y = 4500 ... (I)

\ x = 20 According to second condition
Substituting the value of x in equation (I) \ 5x + 3y = 7000 ... (II)
\ 20 + y = 50 Multiplying equation (I) by 3 and eqution (II) by 2
\ y = 50 – 20 9x + 6y = 13500 ... (III)
\ y = 30 10x + 6y = 14000 ... (IV)
Subtracting equation (III) from (IV) Substituting the value of x in equation (I)
10x + 6y = 14000 \ 6+y =9
9x + 6y = 13500 \ y =9–6
(–) (–) (–) \ y =3
x = 500 \ 10y + x = 10 (3) + 6
©
\ x = 500 = 30 + 6
Substituting the value of x in equation (I) = 36
be
\ 3(500) + 2y = 4500 \ The required two digit number is 36.
\ 1500 + 2y = 4500
(8) In Δ ABC, the measure of angle A is equal to the
\ 2y = 4500 – 1500
sum of the measures of B and C. also the
utu
\ 2y = 3000 ratio of measures of B and C is 4 : 5. then
\ y= find the measures of angles of the triangle.
\ y = 1500 Solution:
Yo
Now 2x = 2 × 500 = 1000 and Let the measure of B be xº and the measure of
C be yº.
2y = 2 × 1500 = 3000
\ The measure of A = (x + y)º [Given]
\ Cost of 2 chairs and 2 tables = ` (3000 + 1000)
= ` 4000.
st In D ABC
m A+m B+m C = 180º
ge
Q.7. The sum of the digits in a two-digits number
[Angle sum property of a triangle]
is 9. The number obtained by interchanging
the digits exceeds the original number by 27. (x + y)º + xº + yº = 180º
Find the two-digit number. \
Di
2x + 2y = 180
Solution: \ x + y = 90 ... (I)
Let the digit in units place be x and digit in tens \ According to given condition
place be y.
ol
=
\ The number is 10y + x
\ 5x = 4y
ho
x+y=9 ... (I) \ 5x – 4y = 0 ... (II)
The number obtained by interchanging the Multiplying equation (I) by 4

Sc
digits = 10x + y. 4x + 4y = 360 ... (III)
According to second condition Adding equation (II) and (III)

10x + y = 10y + x + 27 5x – 4y = 0
M
\ 10x – x + y – 10y = 27 4x + 4y = 360

\ 9x – 9y = 27 ... (II) 9x = 360
S.
Multiplying equation (I) by 9 \ x=

9x + 9y = 81 ... (III)
\ x = 40º
V.
Substituting the value of x in equation (I)

9x – 9y = 27
\ 40 + y = 90
9x + 9y = 81
18x = 108 \ y = 90 – 40
\ y = 50º
\ x =
\ x + y = 40º + 50º
\ x=6
= 90º For each wrong answer, 1 mark is deducted.

\ In D ABC, m A = 90º, m B = 40º, and \ For y wrong answers, y marks are
m C = 50º deducted.
(9) Divide a rope of length 560 cm into 2 parts
\ 2x – y = 90 ... (II)
such that twice the length of the smaller part
©
Adding equation (I) and (II)
is equal to of the larger part. Then find the
x + y = 60
length of the larger part.
be
2x – y = 90
Solution:
3x = 150
Let the length of smaller part of rope be x cm
and larger part be y cm. \ x=
utu
According to first condition \ x = 50
x + y = 560 ... (I) Substituting the value of x in equation (I)
\ According to second condition \ 50 + y = 60
Yo
2x = y \ y = 60 – 50
\ 6x = y \ y = 10
\ 6x – y = 0 ... (II) \ Yashwant gave 10 wrong answers.
x + y = 560
st ProBlemS For PracTIce
ge
6x – y = 0 (1) In Δ ABC, a = xº, B = 3x2 and C = yº. if
3y – 5x = 30. Prove that the triangle is right
7x = 560
angled.
Di
\ x=
560
(2) a man starts his job with a certain monthly
salary and a fixed increment every year. If his
7
\ x = 80
Substituting the value of x in equation (I) salary will be ` 11,000 after 2 years and ` 14,000
ol
after 4 years of his service. what is his starting

\ 80 + y = 560
salary and what is the annual increment?
\
ho
y = 560 – 80
(3) 5 books and 7 pens together cost ` 79 whereas
\ y = 480 7 books and 5 pens together cost ` 77. Find the
\ The length of larger part of rope is 480 cm. cost of 1 book and 2 pens.
Sc
(10) In a competitive examination, there were 60 (4) Find the four angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
questions. The correct answer would carry 2 aBcD in which a = (2x – 10)º, B = (2y – 20)º,
marks, and for incorrect answer 1 mark would C = (2y + 30)º, D = (3x + 10)º.
M
be subtracted. Yashwnat had attempted all the (5) a man gets ` 100 per day if he works, but he
questions and he got total 90 marks. Then how is fined by ` 10 per day if he is absent. in the
S.
many questions he got wrong? whole month of april he received ` 1,900 only.
Solution: How many days did he work?
Let the number of correct answers given by
V.
Yashwant be x and wrong answers be y.

anSwErS
According to first condition (1) x = 30º, y = 60º
x + y = 60 ... (I) (2) Starting salary is ` 8,000 and increment is
For each correct answer, 2 marks are given. ` 1,500. (3) ` 6, ` 14
\ For x correct answers, 2x marks are (4) 30º, 80º, 130º, 100º (5) 20 days
obtained.
ProBlem set - 5 (Textbook Page No. 91)

2x – 4y = –2 ... (III)
Subtracting equation (III) from (II)
(1) choose the correct alternative answers for the
2x – y = 7
following questions.
2x – 4y = –2
(i) If 3x + 5y = 9 and 5x + 3y = 7 then what is the
(–) (+) (+)
value of x + y?
©
3y = 9
(A) 2 (b) 16 (C) 9 (D) 7
ans. (A) \ y =
be
(ii) ‘When 5 is subtracted from length and breadth of \ y=3
the rectangle, the perimeter becomes 26.’ What Substituting the value of y in equation (II)
is the mathematical form of the statement?
\
utu
2x – (3) = 7
(A) x – y = 8 (b) x + y = 8
\ 2x = 7 + 3
(C) x + y = 23 (D) 2x + y = 21
\ 2x = 10
ans. (C)
\
Yo
(iii) Ajay is younger than Vijay by 5 years. Sum of x=
their ages is 25 years. What is Ajay’s age? \ x=5
(A) 20 (b) 15 (C) 10 (D) 5 \ x = 5 and y = 3 is the solution of given
ans. (C) equations.
(2) Solve the following simultaneous equations. st

(iii) x + y = 11; 2x – 3y = 7
ge
(i) 2x + y = 5; 3x – y = 5 Solution:
Solution: x + y = 11 ... (I)
2x + y = 5 ... (I) 2x – 3y = 7 ... (II)

Di
3x – y = 5 ... (II) Multiplying equation (I) by 3
Adding equation (I) and (II) 3x + 3y = 33 ... (III)

ol
2x + y = 5
2x – 3y = 7
3x – y = 5
3x + 3y = 33
ho
5x = 10
5x = 40
\ x =
\ x =
\
Sc
x=2
\ x=8
\ 2 (2) + y = 5
\ 8 + y = 11
\ 4+y =5
M
\ y = 11 – 8
\ y = 5–4
\ y = 3
\ y=1
S.

equations.
equations.
V.
(iv) 2x + y = –2; 3x – y = 7
(ii) x – 2y = –1; 2x – y = 7
Solution:
Solution:
2x + y = –2 ... (I)
x – 2y = –1 ... (I)
3x – y = 7 ... (II)
2x – y = 7 ... (II)
Multiplying equation (I) by 2
2x + y = –2
3x – y = 7
\ x=
5x = 5
\ x=4
\ x=
\ x=1
\ 4 + 2y = 10
©
\ 2y = 10 – 4
\ 2(1) + y = –2
\ 2y = 6
\ 2 + y = –2
be
\ y =
\ y = –2 – 2
\ y=3
\ y=–4
utu
\ x = 1 and y = – 4 is the solution of given
equations.
equations.
(v) 2x – y = 5; 3x + 2y = 11 (3) By equating coefficients of variables, solve the
following equations.
Yo
Solution:
(i) 3x – 4y = 7; 5x + 2y = 3
2x – y = 5 ... (I)
Solution:
3x + 2y = 11 ... (II)
3x – 4y = 7 ... (I)
4x – 2y = 10
... (III)
st 5x + 2y = 3
Multiplying equation (II) by 2
... (II)
ge
10x + 4y = 6 ... (III)
3x + 2y = 11
Adding equation (I) and (III)
4x – 2y = 10
3x – 4y = 7
Di
7x = 21
10x + 4y = 6
\ x=
13x = 13
\ x=3
ol
\ x=
\ x=1
\
ho
3(3) + 2y = 11
\ 9 + 2y = 11
\ 5(1) + 2y = 3
\ 2y = 11 – 9
\
Sc
5 + 2y = 3
\ 2y = 2
\ 2y = 3 – 5
\ y= \ 2y = –2
\ y=1
\ y =
M

\ y=–1
equations.
\ x = 1 and y = –1 is the solution of given
S.
(vi) x – 2y = –2; x + 2y = 10 equations.

Solution:
(ii) 5x + 7y = 17; 3x – 2y = 4
V.
x – 2y = –2 ... (I)
Solution:
x + 2y = 10 ... (II) 5x + 7y = 17 ... (I)
Adding equation (I) and (II) 3x – 2y = 4 ... (II)
x – 2y = –2 Multiplying equation (I)by 2 and equation (II) by 7
x + 2y = 10 10x + 14y = 34 ... (III)
2x = 8 21x – 14y = 28 ... (IV)
Adding equation (III) and (IV) 4x + 16y = 64

10x + 14y = 34 4x + y = 34
21x – 14y = 28 (–) (–) (–)
31x = 62 15y = 30
\ x= \ y=
©
\ x = 2
\ y=2
Substituting the value of y in equation (I)
be
\ 5(2) + 7y = 17
\ 4x + 2 = 34
\ 10 + 7y = 17
\ 7y = 17 – 10 \ 4x = 34 – 2
\
utu
\ 7y = 7 4x = 32
\ y = \ x =
\ y=1 \ x=8
Yo
\ x = 2 and y = 1 is the solution of given \ x = 8 and y = 2 is the solution of given
equations. equations.
(iii) x – 2y = –10; 3x – 5y = –12 (4) Solve the following simultaneous equations.

Solution:
x – 2y = –10 ... (I) st
(i)
Solution:
+ = 4; + =1
ge
3x – 5y = –12 ... (II)
+ =4 (Given)
Multiplying both sides of equation by 12
3x – 6y = –30 ... (III)
\ 4x + 3y = 48 ... (I)
Di
Subtracting equation (II) from (III)

– =1 (Given)
3x – 6y = –30
3x – 5y = –12 Multiplying both sides of equation by 4
ol
(–) (+) (+) \ 2x – y = 4 ... (II)

ho
–y = –18 Multiplying equation (II) by 3
\ y = 18 \ 6x – 3y = 12 ... (III)
Substituting the value of y in equation (I) Adding equation (I) and (III)
Sc
\ x – 2(18) = –10 4x + 3y = 48
\ x – 36 = –10 6x – 3y = 12
\ x = –10 + 36 10x = 60
M
\ x =
60
\ x = 26 10
\ x = 26 and y = 18 is the solution of given \ x = 6
S.
equations. Substituting the value of x in equation (II)

(iv) 4x + y = 34; x + 4y = 16 \ 2(6) – y = 4
V.
Solution: \ 12 – y = 4
4x + y = 34 ... (I) \ –y = 4 – 12
x + 4y = 16 ... (II) \ –y = – 8
Multiplying equation (II) by 4 \ y=8
4x + 16y = 64 ... (III) \ x = 6 and y = 8 is the solution of given
Subtracting equation (I) from (III) equations.
(ii) + 5y = 13; 2x + = 19 \ m=
Solution: \ m=2
+ 5y = 13 Substituting the value of m in equation (III)
Multiplying both the sides by 3 \ 2(2) + 3n = 13
\ ... (I)
©
x + 15y = 39 \ 4 + 3n = 13
2x + = 19 \ 3n = 13 – 4
Multiplying both the sides by 2 \ 3n = 9
be
\ 4x + y = 38 ... (II)
\ n =
\ n=3
\
utu
4x + 60y = 156 ... (III)
Resubstituting the values of m and n.
Subtracting equation (II) from (III)
4x + 60y = 156 \ = 2 and = 3
4x + y = 38
Yo
\ x = and y=
(–) (–) (–)
59y = 118 \ x = and y = is the solution of given
\ y = equations.
\ y=2
Substituting the value of y in equation (I) st
(5) a two digit number is 3 more than 4 times the
sum of its digits. If 18 is added to this number,
ge
\ x + 15 (2) = 39 the sum is equal to the number obtained by
\ x + 30 = 39 interchanging the digits. Find the number.
\ x = 39 – 30 Solution:
Di
\ x=9 Let the digit in units place be x and digit in tens

\ x = 9 and y = 2 is the solution of given place be y.
equations. \ The number = 10y + x
ol

(iii) + = 13; – = –2
ho
Solution: 10y + x = 4 (x + y) + 3
\ 10y + x = 4x + 4y + 3
+ = 13 ... (I)
\ x – 4x + 10y – 4y = 3
Sc
– = –2 ... (II) \ – 3x + 6y = 3
Dividing both sides by 3
Substituting = m and = n in equation \ – x + 2y = 1 ... (I)
M
(I) and (II) The number obtained by interchanging the digits

2m + 3n = 13 ... (III) = 10x + y
S.
5m – 4n = –2 ... (IV) According to second condition

Multiplying equation (III) by 4 and equation (IV) 10y + x + 18 = 10x + y
by 3 \ x – 10x + 10y – y = – 18
V.
8m + 12n = 52 ... (V) \ – 9x + 9y = – 18

15m – 12n = –6 ... (VI)
Dividing both sides by 9
Adding equation (V) and (VI)
\ –x+y =–2 ... (II)
8m + 12n = 52
Subtracting equation (II) from (I)
15m – 12n = –6
– x + 2y = 1
23m = 46
–x+ y =–2 Now 2y = 2 × 7= 14

(+) (–) (+) \ Cost of 1 book is ` 6 and two pens is ` 14.
y = 3
(7) The ratio of incomes of two persons is 9 : 7.
Substituting the value of y in equation (I) The ratio of their expenses is 4 : 3. Every person
\ – x + 2(3) = 1 saves rupees 200, find the income of each.
©
\ –x+6=1 Solution:
\ –x=1–6 Let the income of two persons be `x and `y.
\ According to first condition
be
– x = –5
\ x=5
=
\ The original number = 10y + x
utu
= 10(3) + 5 \ 7x = 9y
= 30 + 5 \ 7x – 9y = 0 ... (I)
= 35 Saving made by each person = `200.
Yo
\ The required two digit number is 35. \ Expenditure of the two persons are
`(x – 200) and ` (y –200) respectively.
(6) The total cost of 5 books and 7 pens is 79 rupees
and the total cost of 7 books and 5 pens is 77
rupees. Find the cost of 1 book and 2 pens.
Solution: st =
\ 3 (x – 200) = 4 (y – 200)
ge
Let the cost of each book be ` x and the cost of
\ 3x – 600 = 4y – 800
each pen be ` y.
\ 3x – 4y = – 800 + 600
\
Di
3x – 4y = –200 ... (II)

\ 5x + 7y = 79 ... (I)
Multiplying equation (I) by 3 and
equation (II) by 7
7x + 5y = 77 ... (II)
ol
21x – 27y = 0 ... (III)

Multiplying equation (I) by 7 and equation (II) by 5
21x – 28y = – 1400 ... (IV)
35x + 49y = 553 ... (III)
ho
Subtracting equation (IV) from (III)

35x + 25y = 385 ... (IV)
21x – 27y = 0
Subtracting equation (IV) from (III)
21x – 28y = – 1400
Sc
35x + 49y = 553

(–) (+) (+)
35x + 25y = 385
y = 1400
(–) (–) (–)
24 y = 168 \ y = 1400
M

\ y =
\ 7x – 9 (1400) = 0
\
S.
y=7
\ 7x – 12600 = 0
\ 7x = 12600
\ 5x + 7(7) = 79
V.
\ 7x =
\ 5x + 49 = 79
\ x = 1800
\ 5x = 79 – 49
\ Monthly income of two persons are
\ 5x = 30
` 1800 and ` 1400.
\ x =
(8) If the length of a rectangle is reduced by 5
\ x=6 units and its breadth is increased by 3 units,
then the area of the rectangle is reduced by 9 (9) The distance between two places a and B on
square units. If length is reduced by 3 units road is 70 kilometres. a car starts from a and
and breadth is increased by 2 units, then the the other from B. If they travel in the same
area of rectangle will increase by 67 square direction, they will meet after 7 hours. If they
units. Then find the length and breadth of the travel towards each other they will meet after
rectangle. 1 hour, then find their speeds.
©
Solution: Solution:
Let the length of a rectangle be x units and Let the speed of the car starting from A be x
be
breadth be y units. km/hr. and the speed of the car starting from
Area of rectanlge = length × breadth b be y km/hr. [x > y].
=x×y case I:
utu
= xy x km/hr y km/hr
According to first condition A 70km b C
(x – 5) (y + 3) = xy – 9
As shown in above figure, both cars are moving in
Yo
\ xy + 3x – 5y – 15 = xy – 9 the same direction and they meet at C after 7 hours.
\ 3x – 5y – 15 = – 9 Then, AC – bC = Ab
\ 3x – 5y = – 9 + 15 i.e. Distance covered by car A in 7 hours.
\ 3x – 5y = 6
... (I)
st \
– Distance covered by car b is 7 hour = 70 km
7x – 7y = 70 [Distance = speed × time]
ge
(x – 3) (y + 2) = xy + 67 \ x – y = 10 ... (I)
\ xy + 2x – 3y – 6 = xy + 67 Case ii
Di
\ 2x – 3y = 67 + 6 x km/hr y km/hr
\ 2x – 3y = 73 ... (II)
A C b
Multiplying equation (I) by 2 and equation (II) 70km
ol
by 3
As shown in figure, both cars are mvoing in
6x – 10y = 12 ... (III) opposite directions and they meet at C after 1
ho
6x – 9y = 219 ... (IV) hour.

Subtracting equation (III) from (IV) Then AC + BC = AB
i.e. Distance covered by car A in 1 hour.
Sc
6x – 9y = 219
6x – 10y = 12 + Distance covered by car b is 1 hour = 70 km
\ x + y = 70 ... (II)
(–) (+) (–)
y = 207
M
x – y = 10
x + y = 70
\
S.
3x – 5(207) = 6
2x = 80
\ 3x – 1035 = 6
\ x = 40
\ 3x = 6 + 1035
V.
Substituting value of x in equation (II)

\ 3x = 1041 40 + y = 70
\ x =
1041 \ y = 70 – 40
\ \
3
x = 347 y = 30
\ The length and the breadth of rectangle are \ Speed of car starting from A is 40 km/hr
347 unit and 207 unit respectively. and speed of car starting from b is 30 km/hr.
(10) The sum of a two digit number and the number \ x =9–6
obtained by interchanging its digits is 99. If \ x=3
digits differ by 3 then find the number.
The two digit number = 10y + x
Solution:
= 10(6) + 3
Let the digit in units place be x and digit in ten’s
= 60 + 3
©
place be y.
= 63
\ The two digit number is 10y + x.
\ The two digit number is either 36 or 63.
The number obtained by interchanging the
be
digits = 10x + y
MCQ’s
Standard form of linear equations in two
utu
10y + x + 10x + y = 99 (1)
\ 11x + 11y = 99 variables is ...................... .
\ x+y =9 ... (I) (A) ax2 + bx + c = 0 (b) ax + by + c = 0

(C) ax + bx + c = 0 (D) ay + by = c
[Dividing both sides by 11]
Yo
(2) ................... is the solution of equations
Here, digits differ by 3. So there are two cases.
2x – y = 5, 3x + 2y = 11
case I: x > y
(A) x = 1, y = 3 (b) x = 3, y = 1
\ x–y =3 ... (II) (C) x = 4, y = 7 (D) x = 2, y = 3
x+y =9
st
(3) Frame linear equation in two variables:
Difference between two complementary angles
ge
x–y =3 is 6.
2x = 12 (A) x + y = 6 (b) x – y = 6
Di
(C) x – y = 90 (D) x – y = 180

\ x=6
Substituting the value of x in equation (I) (4) One of the solution of equation 3x – y = 5 is
...................... .
\ 6+y =9
ol
(A) x = 0, y = 5 (b) x = 5, y = 0
\ y =9–6
(C) x = –5, y = 0 (D) x = 0, y = –5
\ y=3
ho
(5) If 5x + 7y = 17; 7x + 5y = 19 then the value of x – y is

The two digit number = 10y + x ...................... .
= 10(3) + 6 (A) 2 (b) 4 (C) 1 (D) 7
Sc
= 30 + 6 (6) The sum of the numerator and the denominator

= 36 of a fraction is 12. If the denominator is increased
by 3, the fraction becomes . The fraction is
1
case II: x < y
...................... .
M
\
2
y–x =3
\ (A) (b) (C) (D)
5 4 3 7
–x + y = 3 ... (III)
S.
7 7 5 18
Adding equation (I) and (III) (7) The degree of equation 6x – 7y = 0 is .................. .
x+y =9 (A) 2 (b) 3 (C) 0 (D) 1
V.
–x + y = 3 (8) An equation in which the highest power of

2y = 12 the variable is one, that equation is called as
\ y = ................... .
(A) quadratic equation
\ y=6
(b) simultaneous equation
Substituting the value of y in equation (I) (C) linear equation (D) degree
\ x+6 =9
(9) Frame linear equation in two variables : A two (16) Solve the following simultaneous equation:
digit number is 3 more than six times the sum 2x + y = 5; 3x – y = 5
of its digits ................... . (A) x = 1, y = 2 (b) x = 2, y = 1
(A) 5x + 4y = – 3 (b) 5x – 4y = – 3 (C) x = 1, y = 3 (D) x = 3, y = 1
(C) 5x – 4y = 3 (D) 5x + 4y = 3 (17) Convert the given equation in standard form:
©
(10) Solve the following. 3
x + y = 13 .
2 1
3
Sum of the ages of Monali and Sonali is 29 years.
2 3
(A) 9x + 4y = 80 (b) 4x + 9y = 80
Monali is younger than Sonali by 3 years (by
be
(C) 4x – 9y = –80 (D) –9x – 4y = 80
considering Monali’s age be x years and Sonali’s
age be y years) ................... . (18) Frame linear equation in two variables:
The age of father (x) at the time of the birth of his
(A) x = 13 and y = 16 (b) x = 16 and y = 13
utu
son (y) was 30.
(C) x = 12 and y = 17 (D) x = 17 and y = 12
(A) x + y = 30 (b) x – y = + 30
(11) Solve the following. x – 2y = – 3; x + 2y = 10
(C) x – y = –30 (D) –x + y = 30
(A) x = 4, y = 3 (b) x = 3, y = 4
(19) Solve the following:
Yo
(C) x = 5, y = 2 (D) x = 2, y = 5
– x + 2y = 0; 10x + 15y = 105
(12) Convert the given equation in standard form:
(A) x = 6, y = –3 (b) x = –3, y = 6
+ = 4.
(C) x = 6, y = 3 (D) x = 3, y = –6
(A) 4x – 3y = 48
(C) 4x + 3y = 48
(13) Solve the following:
(b) 4x + 3y = 12
(D) 4x – 3y = 12 st
(20) Frame linear equation in two variables:
The sum of a two digit number and the number
ge
obtained by interchanging the digits is 99.
5 books and 7 pens together cost ` 79 whereas
(Let the digit in unit’s place be x and digit in ten’s
7 books and 5 pens together cost ` 77. Find the
place be y)
Di
cost of 1 book and 2 pens. (Let the cost of book

(A) x + y = 19 (b) 10x + 10y = 9
be ` x and cost of pen be ` y)
(C) x + y = 99 (D) x + y = 9
(A) x = 16 or y = 14 (b) x = 6 or y = 14
ol
(C) x = 4 or y = 16 (D) x = 14 or y = 16 anSwErS

(14) If 4x + 3y = 24; 3x + 4y = 25 then the value of
(1) (b) (2) (b) (3) (b) (4) (D) (5) (C)
ho
x + y is ........... .
(6) (A) (7) (D) (8) (C) (9) (A) (10) (A)
(A) 9 (b) 17 (C) 5 (D) 7
(11) (A) (12) (C) (13) (b) (14) (D) (15) (D)
(15) If x = 1, y = a is the solution of the equation
Sc
(16) (b) (17) (A) (18) (b) (19) (C) (20) (D)
x + 3y = 10, then find ‘a’ ........... .
(A) a = 9 (b) a = 1 (C) a = 2 (D) a = 3
M
S.
V.
aSSIGNmeNT - 5
Time : 1 Hr. marks : 20
©
(2)
(1) Write any two linear equations in two variables using the variable m and n.
(2) Write any two solutions of the equation x – y = 5.
be
(3) If x + y = 14 and x – y = 2 then find the value of x.
utu
(1) Solve : x – y = 1; x + y = 3
(2) Frame linear equation in two variables representing the following information.
The sum of two numbers is 125 and their difference is 25.
Find the value of x + y for the given equations: 9x + 11y = 78; 11x + 9y = 82.
Yo
(3)

(1) Solve the following simultaneous equation by substitution method:
3x – 4y – 15 = 0; y+x+2=0
(2) st
3 chairs and 2 tables together cost ` 4,500 whereas 5 chairs and 3 tables cost ` 7,000.
ge
Find the cost of 2 chairs and 2 tables.
(3) Solve: + 5y = 13; 2x + = 19.

Di
(1) Solve the following simultaneous equations:

2y – x = 0; 10x + 15y = 105.
ol
(2) The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 sq. units if its length is reduced by 5 units and the
breadth is increased by 3 units. If we increase the length by 3 units and breadth by 2 units, the
area is increased by 67 sq. units. Find the length and breadth of rectangle.
ho
Solve:
Sc
(1) + = 13; – = –2.
(2) Points A and B are 70 km apart on a highway. A car starts from A and another car starts from
b at the same time. If they travel in the same direction, they meet in 7 hours, but if they travel
towards each other they meet in one hour. What are their speeds?
M
S.
V.
6 Financial Planning
(2) Sumit borrowed a capital of ` 50,000 to start
his food products business. In the first year
Points to Remember:
©
he suffered a loss of 20%. He invested the
q Savings: remaining capital in a new sweets business
and made a profit of 5%. How much was his
After spending on the necessities of the
be
profit or loss computed on his original capital?
present, everyone tries to save money to make
provisions for the future needs. That is what Solution:
we call ‘Saving’ money. Total capital invested = ` 50,000
utu
q Investments: Loss at the end of first year = 20%
In order to protect our savings or even to make ∴ Loss = 20% of ` 50,000
them grow, we keep them as fixed deposits or 20 × 50,000
=
Yo
buy immovable properties such as a house, 100
land etc. That is what we call ‘investment’.
= ` 10,000
q Financial Planning:
Remaining capital = ` 50,000 – ` 10,000
Every investor, first spends the amount = ` 40,000
required to meet primary necessities and
saves the remaining amount. One also uses
st Profit at the end of second year = 5%
ge
∴ Profit = 5% of ` 40,000
these savings to make a carefully considered
5
investments. This is called Financial Planning. = × 40,000
100
Di
= ` 2000
MASTER KEY QUESTION SET - 6 Total capital at the end of second year
= ` 40,000 + ` 2000 = ` 42,000
ol
PRACTICE SET - 6.1 (Textbook Page No. 98) Now, total capital invested = ` 50,000 and total
capital at the end of second year = ` 42000
(1) Alka spends 90% of the money that she
ho
receives every month, and saves ` 120. How ∴ Loss = ` 50,000 – ` 42,000
much money does she get monthly? = ` 8000
Solution: Loss ´100
Loss % =
Sc
Capital invested
Let the total amount received by Alka each
month be ` x. =
8000 ´100
50 , 000
Alka’s expenditure = 90% of the total amount
∴ Loss % = 16.
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∴ Alka’s saving = (100 – 90)%

∴ Sumit incurred 16% loss on the original
= 10% of the total amount
capital.
S.
But she saves `120 per month ........ [Given]

(3) Nikhil spent 5% of his monthly income on his
∴ 10% of x = 120 children's education, invested 14% in shares,
V.
10 deposited 3% in a bank and used 40% for his

∴ × x = 120
100 daily expenses. He was left with a balance of
` 19,000. What was his income that month?
∴ x = 120 ´100
10 Solution:
∴ x = 1200 Let the monthly income of Nikhil be ` x.
∴ Amount received by Alka each month is `1200. Nikhil’s total expenditure and investments
(99)
= (5 + 14 + 3 + 40)% = 40,000 × 0.1664
= 62% C.I = ` 6656

6656 ´100
Amount left with Nikhil after expenditure and Percentage of Interest =
40 , 000
investments = 16.64%
= (100 – 62)% ∴ Mr. Sayyed earned 16.64% profit on his
©
= 38% investment in bank.
But ` 19,000 left with Nikhil after expenditure (ii) Mr. Fernandes investment
be
and investment .......[Given] Amount invested in Mutual fund = ` 1,20,000
∴ 38% of x = ` 19,000 Amount received after 2 years = ` 1,92,000
∴ 38 × x = 19000
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100 ∴ Profit earned = ` 1,92,000 – ` 1,20,000
19000´100 = ` 72,000
∴ x=
38 72000
Percentage of Profit = × 100
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∴ x = 50,000 120000
∴ Nikhil’s monthly salary is ` 50,000. = 60%
(4) Mr. Sayyad kept ` 40,000 in a bank at 8% ∴ Mr. Fernandes earned 60% Profit on his
compound interest for 2 years. Mr. Fernandes investment in Mutual funds.
invested ` 1,20,000 in a mutual fund for
2 years. After 2 years, Mr. Fernandes got
st ∴ The investment made by Mr. Fernandes in
Mutual fund is more profitable.
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` 1,92,000. Whose investment turned out to be
more profitable? (5) Sameera spent 90% of her income and donated
3% for socially useful causes. If she is left
Di
Solution:
with ` 1750 at the end of the month, what was
(i) Mr. Sayyad’s investmnet:
her actual income?
P = 40,000, r = 8, n = 2
Solution:
ol
C.I. = A–P
Let the Sameera's monthly income be ` x.
ho
 
n
Total monthly expenditure and donation to
= P 1 + r  – P
 100  social work
= (90 + 3)%
Sc
 r 
n 
=  
P 1 + 
 − 1
 = 93%
 100  
∴ Amount left with Sameera = (100 – 93)%
 8  − 1
2
= 
40,000 1 +  = 7%
M

 100   But amount left with Sameera is ` 1750
 108  2  ...[Given]
S.
= 40,000   − 1
 100 
 
 ∴ 7% of x = 1750
∴ 7 × x = 1750
V.
 2  100
= 40,000 (1.08) − 1
  1750´100
∴x=
7
= 40,000 (1.08 + 1) (1.08 −1)
∴ x = 25000
∴ Sameera's monthly income is ` 25000.
= 40,000  2.08×0.08
Financial Planning 101
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE Financial year and Assessment year will be clear
from the table below.
(1) Mr. Ashok Kept ` 1,50,000 in a Bank at 7%
Financial Year Assessment Year
compound interest for 3 years. Mr. John
invested ` 1,20,000 in a mutual fund for 2016-17 : 01-04-2016 to
2017-18
31-03-2017
©
3 years. After 3 years, Mr John received
` 1,80,000. Whose investment turned out to be 2017-18 : 01-04-2017 to
2018-19
more profitable? 31-03-2018
be
(2) Mahek spent 7% of her income on her children's q Permanent Account Number (PAN): Every
education, invested 20% in mutual funds, tax payer gets a unique ten digit alphanumeric
deposited 13% in a bank and used 35% for her number from the Income Tax Department.
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daily expenses. She was left with a balance of That is called as Permanent Account Number
` 15000. What was her income that month? (PAN). It is binding to write PAN number on
the challan used for paying our income tax to
(3) Farhan started his business by investing
the IT department or Income Tax Returns and
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` 75,000. In the fist year he made a profit of
other official correspondence.
20%. He invested the total capital in a new
q Computation of Income tax:
business and made a loss of 12%. How much
As income tax is a tax leived on income, it is
was his profit or loss computed on his original
capital?
st necessary to know about the different sources
of income.
ge
ANSWER There are five main heads of income.
(1) Income from salary.
(1) Mr. John investment was more profitable.
(2) Income from house/property.
Di
(2) ` 60,000
(3) Income from business or profession.
(3) Profit of ` 4,200 on his original capital
(4) Income from Capital gain.
(5) Income from other sources.
ol
Points to Remember: • Important consideration for computing the

ho
income tax payable by a salaried employee:

q Income tax:
The total annual income (Gross Total Income)
Income tax is paid directly by the taxpayer to the is taken into account for calculating the tax
government hence, it comes under direct tax. payable. According to the sections 80C, 80D,
Sc
An assessee: Any person liable to pay income 80G etc. of the Income Tax Act some deductions
tax according to the Income Tax Rules is termed can be availed from the total annual income.
an assessee.
General Provident Fund
Financial year: The period of one year during
M
(GPF) Sukanya Samruddhi

which the taxable income has been earned Mutual fund Scheme for girls ` 1.5 lakh
is called a financial year. In our country, at
S.
Investment in the Post

present, the financial year is from 1st April to Department for 5 years.
31st March. Housing
Deductions
fom annual
V.
National Savings
Assesssment year: The financial year Loan
income according
(Principal) Certificate Scheme (NSC)
immediately following a particular financial to various rules.
Public
year is called the assessment year. The tax
Provident Life insurance policy
payable for the previous financial year is Fund (P.P.F) (LIP)
calculated during the current year. i.e. the Tution fees
assessment year. (for 2 children) Health Insurance
The amount remaining after these deductions income. This is called the basic exemption limit.
are made, is called taxable income. Income tax • Farmer's income from agricultural produce is
is levied on this taxable income. exempt from taxation.
Every year, the rules for computing income tax • Under section 80 D, installments of premium
are changed. Hence, it is important to know for health insurance are exempt from taxation
©
the latest rules when actually calculating the
• Generally, the maximum premissible deduction
tax payable.
to various kinds of savings under section 80C
• No tax is levied up to a certain limit of taxable is Rs. 1,50,000.
be
Tax rates according to age of taxpayers are fixed in each year's budget. Samples of tables showing tax rates
for different income slabs are given below.
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Table I
Individuals (up to the age of 60 years)
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Secondary and
Taxable Income slabs
Income Tax Education cess Higher Education
(In Rupees)
cess
Up to 2,50,000 Nil Nil Nil
2,50,001 to 5,00,000
fifty thousand) st
5% (On taxable income minus two lakh 2% of Income tax 1% of Income tax
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` 12,500 + 20% (On taxable income minus 2% of Income tax 1% of Income tax
5,00,001 to 10,00,000
five lakh)
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` 1,12,500 + 30% (On taxable income 2% of Income tax 1% of Income tax

More than 10,00,000
minus ten lakh)
(Surcharge equal to 10% of income tax payable by individuals having an annual income of 50 lakh to one
ol
crore rupees and 15% of income tax by individuals having an annual income
greater than one crore rupees)
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Table II
Senior citizens (Age 60 to 80 years)

Sc
Secondary and
(In Rupees)
cess
M
5% (On taxable income minus 2% of Income 1% of Income tax

3,00,001 to 5,00,000
three lakh) tax
S.
` 10,000 + 20% (On taxable income minus 2% of Income 1% of Income tax

5,00,001 to 10,00,000 tax
five lakh)
V.
` 1,10,000 + 30% (On taxable income 2% of Income 1% of Income tax

More than 10,00,000
minus ten lakh) tax
Table III
Super senior citizens (Age above 80 years)
Secondary and
(In Rupees)
cess
©
2% of Income tax 1% of Income tax
be
5,00,001 to 10,00,000 20% (On taxable income minus Five lakh)
` 1,10,000 + 30% (On taxable income 2% of Income tax 1% of Income tax

More than 10,00,000 minus ten lakh)
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(ii) NSC = ` 15000
PRACTICE SET 6.2 (Textbook Page No. 106)
` 51000
(1) Observe the table given below. Check and Under Section 80C, maximum deduction limit
decide, whether the individuals have to pay
income tax
st is ` 1,50,000
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(3) Amount donated to PM's relief fund (according
Solution: to section 80G) = ` 12,000
Sr. Individuals Age Taxable Will have (4) Taxable income
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No. income to pay

= (1) – [(2) + (3)]
(`) income
tax or not = 5,04,000 – [51,000 + 12,000]
1. Miss. Nikita 27 ` 2,34,000 NO = ` 4,41,000
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(5) From table I, Taxable income is in the slab

2. Mrs. Kulkarni 36 ` 3,27,000 YES
2,50,001 to 5,00,000.
ho
3. Miss. Mehta 44 ` 5,82,000 YES ∴ Income tax = (Taxable income – 2,50,000) × 5

100
4. Mr. Bajaj 64 ` 8,40,000 YES
= (4,41,000 – 2,50,000) × 5
Sc
5. Mr. Desilva 81 ` 4,50,000 NO 100

= 1,91,000 × 5
(2) Mr. Kartarsingh (age 48 years) works in a 100
private company. His monthly income after = ` 9550
M
deduction of allowances is Rs. 42,000 and

2
every month he contributes Rs. 3000 to GPF. Education cess = 9550 × = ` 191
100
S.
He has also bought Rs. 15,000 worth of NSC

(National Savings Certificate) and donated 1
Higher education cess = 9550 ×
100
Rs. 12,000 to the PM's Relief Fund. Compute
V.
his income tax. = ` 95.50

Solution:
Total income tax = 9550 + 191 + 95.50
(1) Total yearly income = ` 42,000 × 12
= ` 5,04,000 = ` 9836.50
(2) Investment under section 80 C : ∴Mr. Kartarsingh has to pay income tax of
(i) GPF = ` 3000 × 12 = ` 36000 ` 9836.50
∴ Remaining Income = (100 – 60)%

= 40%
(1) Observe the table given below. Check and Mr. Shekhar paid ` 300 from his remaining
decide whether the individuals have to pay
income tax. income to an orphanage and left with ` 3,200.
∴ 40% of x – 300 = 3200
©
Sr Taxable Income
Individuals Age
No. (`) ∴ 40 × x = 3200 + 300
100
(1) Miss. Seema 25 2,20,000
∴ 40 × x = 3500
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(2) Mr. Anand 32 2,85,000 100
(3) Mrs. Bhagwan 82 5,35,000 3500´100
∴ x=
40
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(4) Mrs. Shahane 67 3,00,000
∴ x = 8750
(5) Mr. Ejaj 40 4,80,000
∴ The income of Mr. Shekhar is ` 8750.
(2) Mr. Albert's gross annual income is ` 5,00,000.
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His annual savings in this year are as follows: (3) Mr. Hiralal invested ` 2,15,000 in a Mutual Fund.
(i) L.I.C. premium ` 70,000 He got ` 3,05,000 after 2 years. Mr. Ramniklal
invested ` 1,40,000 at 8% compound interest
(ii) Constitution towards GPF ` 12000
for 2 years in a bank. Find out the percent gain
(iii) Donates to PM'S Refief Fund ` 30,000
of each of them. Whose investment was more
(iv) NSC ` 10,000, compute his income tax.
st profitable?
ge
ANSWERS Solution:
(i) Mr. Hiralal's investment:
(1) No income tax (1), (4)
Amount invested in Mutual fund = ` 2,15,000
Income tax to be paid (2), (3), (5)
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Amount received after 2 years = ` 3,05,000

(2) ` 6592
∴ Profit earned = ` 3,05,000 – ` 2,15,000
PROBLEM SET - 6 (Textbook Page No. 107) = ` 90,000
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(1) Write the correct alternative answer for each 90000 ´100
Profit Percentage =
of the following questions: 2 , 15 , 000
ho
(i) For different types of ivestments what is the = 41.86

maximum permissible amount under section ∴ Mr. Hiralal earned 41.86% profit on his
80C of income tax? investment in mutual fund.
Sc
(A) ` 1,50,000 (B) ` 2,50,000 (C) ` 1,00,000 (ii) Mr. Ramniklal's investment:
(D) ` 2,00,000 P = 1,40,000, r = 8, n = 2
Ans. (A) C.I. = A – P
M
(ii) A person has earned his income during the n

 
financial year 2017-18. Then his assessmnet = P 1 + r  − P
 100 
S.
year is ...
 n 
(A) 2016-17 (B) 2018-19 (C) 2017-18 (D) 2015-16 
= P 1 + r  − 1
Ans. (B)  100  
V.
(2) Mr. Shekhar spends 60% of his income. From  

2 
= 1, 40 , 000 1 + 8  − 1
balance he donates ` 300 to an orphanage. He  100  
is then left with ` 3,200. What is his income?
 2 
Solution: = 1, 40 , 000 (1.08) − 1
 
Let the income of Mr. Shekhar be ` x
Expenditure = 60% = 1, 40 , 000 (1.08 + 1)(1.08 −1)
 
= 1,40,000 [ 2.08 × 0.08 ] ∴ Balance income = (100 – 50)% = 50%

= 1,40,000 × 0.1664 Balance income in ` = 50% of x
C.I. = ` 23296 = 50 × x
100
23296 ´100
Percentage of Interest = =` x
140000 2
©
= 16.64 He gave 10% of the balance income as donation
∴ Mr. Ramniklal earned 16.64% profit on hs to school.
be
investment in Bank. ∴ Donation given to school = 10% of x
2
∴ Investment made by Mr. Hiralal in Mutual
fund is more profitable. = 10 × x
100 2
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(4) At the start of a year there were ` 24,000 in a
=`
x
savings account. After adding ` 56,000 to this, 20
entire amount was invested in the bank at He still had 1,80,000 with himself
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7.5% compound interest. What will be the total
∴ x – = 1,80,000
x
amount after 3 years? 2 20
Solution: 10 x - x
∴ = 1,80,000
P = 24000 + 56000 = 80000, r = 7.5, n = 3. 20
 
A = P 1 + r 
 100 
n
st ∴ 9x = 1,80,000 × 20
ge
1, 80 , 000´20
 
3 ∴ x=
= 80,000 1 + 7.5  9
 100 
∴ x = 4,00,000
Di
3
 75 
= 80,000 1 + ∴ Income of Mr. Manohar is ` 4,00,000.
 1000 
(6) Kailash used to spend 85% of his income. When
ol
3
 
= 80,000 1 + 3  his income increased by 36% his expenses also
 40 
increased by 40% of his earlier expenses. How
ho
3
 
= 80,000  43 
much percentage of his earning he saves now?
 40  Solution:
Let the income of Kailash be ` 100.
Sc
79507
= 80,000 ×
64000 Expenditure of Kailash is 85% of his income.
= ` 99383.75 ∴ Expenditure = ` 85 and Saving = (100 – 85) = ` 15
∴ ` 99383.75 will be obtained after 3 years. His income is increased by 36%
M
(5) Mr. Manohar gave 20% part of his income to ∴ Income after increment = 100 + 36
his elder son and 30% part to his younger son. = ` 136
S.
He gave 10% of the balance as donation to a

When income was increased by 36%,
school. He still had ` 1,80,000 for himself. What
expenditure also increases by 40% of previous
V.
was Mr. Manohar's income?

expenditure.
Solution:
∴ Increase in expenditure = 40% of ` 85
Let the income of Mr. Manohar be x
∴ Part of income given to elder son and younger son =
40
× 85
= (20 + 30)% 100
= 50% = ` 34
∴ Present expenditure = ` (85 + 34) ∴ 64x + 85x + 120x = 8,07,000

= ` 119 ∴ 269x = 8,07,000
Now, Present savings = ` 136 – ` 119 8 , 07 , 000
∴ x=
= ` 17 269
∴ x = 3000
Percentage of present savings = 17 ´100
©
136 ∴ Savings done by Ramesh = 16 × 3000 = ` 48,000
= 12.5 ∴ Savings done by Suresh = 17 × 3000 = ` 51,000
be
∴ Kailash's present saving is 12.5% ∴ Savings done by Preeti = 12 × 3000 = ` 36,000
(7) Total income of Ramesh, Suresh and Preeti is (8) Compute the income tax payable by following
` 8,07,000 The percentages of their expenses are individuals:
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75%, 80% and 90% respectively. If the ratio of (i) Mr. Kadam who is 35 years old and has taxable
their savings is 16 : 17 : 12, then find the annual income of ` 13,35, 000.
saving of each them. Solution:
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Solution: Taxable income = ` 13,35,000
Saving done by Ramesh = (100 – 75)% = 25% From table I, Taxable income is above 10,00,000.
Saving done by Suresh = (100 – 80)% = 20% ∴ Income Tax = ` 1,12,500 + 30% (30% of taxable
Saving done by Preeti = (100 – 90)% = 10% income minus 10 lakhs)
Ratios of their savings = 16 : 17 : 12 st ∴ 13,35,000 – 10,00,000 = 3,35,000

ge
Let the common multiple be x
∴ Saving done by Ramesh = ` 16x Income Tax = 1,12,500 + 3,35,000 × 30
100
Saving done by Suresh = ` 17x and
Di
= 1,12,500 + 1,00,500
Saving done by Preeti = ` 12x = ` 2,13,000
That means,
Education cess : 2,13,000 × 2 = ` 4260
ol
25% of yearly income of Ramesh = 16x 100

1
∴ 25 × yearly income of Ramesh = 16x Higher Education cess : 2,13,000 × = ` 2130
ho
100
100
100 ∴ Total income tax = 2,13,000 + 4260 + 2130
∴ Yearly income of Ramesh = 16x ×
25 = ` 2,19,390
Sc
= ` 64x ∴ Mr. Kadam has to pay income tax of ` 2,19,390.

20% of yearly income of Suresh = ` 17x (ii) Mr. Khan is 65 years of age and his taxable
∴ 20 × yearly income of Suresh = 17x income is ` 4,50,000.
M
100 Solution:
100
∴ yearly income of Suresh = 17x × Taxable income = 4,50,000 from table II, Taxable
20
S.
income is in the slab 3,00,001 to 5,00,000.

= ` 85x
Income tax = (Taxable income – 3,00,000) × 5
10% of yearly income of Preeti = ` 12x 100
V.
= (4,50,000 – 3,00,000) × 5
∴ 10 × yearly income of Preeti = 12x 100
100 5
= 1,50,000 ×
100 100
∴ Yearly income of Preeti = 12x ×
10
= ` 7500
= ` 120x 2
Education cess : 7500 × = ` 150
But, Their total yearly income is ` 8,07,000 100
Higher education cess : 7500 × 1 = ` 75 (8) How much percent of surchange is payable by
100
individuals having an annual income of ` 50
∴ Total income tax = 7500 + 150 + 75 lakh to one crore rupees?
= ` 7725 (A) Nil (B) 5%
∴ Mr. Khan has to pay income tax of ` 7725. (C) 10% (D) 20%
How much percent of surcharge is payable by
©
(iii) Miss Varsha (Age 26 years) has a taxable (9)
individuals having an annual income of more
income of ` 2,30,000.
than one crore rupees?
Solution:
be
(A) Nil (B) 5%
Age of Varsha is 26 years. (C) 10% (D) 15%
Taxable income = ` 2,30,000
(10) What will be education cess payable on income
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According to table I, income tax upto income tax of ` 5000?
` 2,50,000 is nil. (A) ` 100 (B) ` 200
Here ` 2,30,000 < ` 2,50,000
(C) ` 250 (D) ` 500
∴ Varsha is not liable to pay income tax.
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(11) If amount of income tax is ` 4000, then total tax
payable will be
MCQ’s
(A) ` 4080 (B) ` 4100
(1) If 90% of income is used for daily expense 3% is
(C) ` 4120 (D) ` 4140
deposited in bank. How much percent of income
is held in hand?
(A) 10% (B) 7% (C) 97% (D) 5%
st
(12) Which individuals are considered as super
senior citizens?
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(2) If 5% of income is ` 15000. Then what is the (A) Age above 65 years (B) Age above 70 years.
income of that individual? (C) Age above 75 years (D) Age above 80 years.
Di
(A) ` 75000 (B) ` 750000 (13) For an individual (age 55 years), if annual
(C) ` 30000 (D) ` 300000 income is ` 5,50,000 and deduction under section
(3) Which of he following is a Direct tax? 80C is ` 1,80,000. Then amount of taxable income
will be
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(A) Profession Tax (B) Excise duty

(C) VAT (D) GST (A) ` 3,70,000 (B) ` 4,00,000
(C) ` 5,50,000 (D) ` 7,30,000
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(4) Maximum permissible deduction to various

kind of savings under section 80C is (14) Education cess is levied in
(A) ` 1,00,000 (B) ` 1,20,000 (A) Annual income(B) Taxable income
Sc
(C) ` 1,25,000 (D) ` 1,50,000 (C) Income tax (D) Deduction

(5) For an individual (age 45 years) having annual (15) Secondary and Higher education cess is levied on
taxable income of ` 3,50,000 how much percent
of income tax is applicable? (A) Annual income(B) Taxable income
M
(A) Nil (B) 5% (C) Income tax (D) Education cess.

(C) 10% (D) 2% (16) Calculate 5% of ` 1,60,000.
S.
(6) How much percent of education cess is (A) ` 4000 (B) ` 8000
applicable on amount of income tax? (C) ` 12000 (D) ` 16000
(A) Nil (B) 1%
V.
(17) Calculate 2% of ` 8000

(C) 2% (D) 3%
(A) ` 80 (B) ` 100
(7) How much percent of Secondary and Higher
(C) ` 150 (D) ` 160
Education cess is applicable on amount of
income tax? (18) Calculate 30% of ` 6,30,000
(A) Nil (B) 1% (A) ` 1,69,000 (B) ` 1,79,000
(C) 2% (D) 3% (C) ` 1,89,000 (D) ` 1,99,000
(19) Compute income tax payable by Mr. Pathak (Age

ANSWER
75 years) and his taxable income is ` 4,50,000.
(A) ` 7,500 (B) ` 22,500 (1) (B) (2) (D) (3) (A) (4) (D)
(C) ` 20,000 (D) ` 8,000
(5) (B) (6) (C) (7) (B) (8) (C)
(20) Compute income tax payable by Miss Leena
(9) (D) (10) (A) (11) (C) (12) (D)
(Age 28 years) has a taxable income of ` 2,45,000.
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(13) (B) (14) (C) (15) (C) (16) (B)
(A) ` 2450 (B) ` 4900
(C) ` 245 (D) ` 0 (17) (D) (18) (C) (19) (A) (20) (D)
be
ASSIGNMENT – 6
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Q.1. Solve the following: (6)
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(1) Alka spends 90% of the money that she receives every month, and saves ` 120. How much
money does she get monthly?
(2) Write the correct alternative answer for each of the following questions.
(i) For different types of investments what is the maximum permissible amount under
section 80C of income tax? st
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(a) ` 1,50,000 (b) ` 2,50,000 (c) ` 1,00,000 (d) ` 2,00,000
(ii) A person has earned his income during the financial year 2017-18. Then his assessment
year is....
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(a) 2016-17 (b) 2018-19 (c) 2017-18 (d) 2015-16

(3) From the details given below, check whether Mr. Desilva has to pay income tax?
(a) Age : 81 (b) Taxable income is ` 4,50,000
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(1) Nikhil spent 5% of his monthly income on his children's education, invested 14% in shares,
deposited 3% in a bank and used 40% for his daily expenses. He was left with a balance of
` 19,000. What was his income that month?
Sc
(2) Mr. Kartarsingh (age 48 years) works in a private company. His monthly income after deduction
of allowances is ` 42,000 and every month he contributes ` 3000 to GPF. He has also bought
` 15,000 worth of NSC (National Savings Certificate) and donated ` 12,000 to the PM's Relief
Fund. Compute his income tax.
M

(1) Total income of Ramesh, Suresh and Preeti is 8,07,000 rupees. The percentages of their expenses
S.
are 75%, 80% and 90% respectively. If the ratio of their savings is 16 : 17 : 12, then find the
annual saving of each them.
V.
(2) Sumit borrowed a capital of ` 50,000 to start his food products business. In the first year he
suffered a loss of 20%. He invested the remaining capital in a new sweets buisness and made
a profit of 5%. How much was his profit or loss computed on his original capital?
vvv
7 Statistics
Division No. of boys No. of girls Total

Points to Remember:
©
A 35 25 60
q Sub-divided Bar diagram: B 30 25 55
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For the data given we draw one single total bar C 20 30 50
and divide it into boys and girls. D 15 25 40
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st
ge
Di
ol
ho
Sc
Points to Remember:
M
q Percentage bar diagram:

S.
For the data given we put divisions on horizontal line and percentage on vertical line. We draw bars
upto 100% for each division and like subdivided bar diagram we divide it into percentage of boys and
percentage of girls.
V.
(109)
Divisions No. of boys No. of girls Total % of boys

A 20 30 50 20
× 100 = 40%
50
B 24 36 60 24
× 100 = 40%
©
60
C 35 35 70 35
× 100 = 50%
be
70
D 36 24 60 36
× 100 = 60%
60
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Y
100
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Scale :
On Y axis
90 1 cm = 10 %
80
70 st Girls
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Percentage
60 Boys
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50
40
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30
ho
20
10
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X´ X
0 A B C D
Divisions
M
Y´
S.
MASTER KEY QUESTION SET - 7 Year No. of Trucks No. of Buses

V.
2005-2006 47 9
PRACTICE SET - 7.1 (Textbook Page No. 111) 2007-2008 56 13
2008-2009 60 16
*(1) The following table shows the number of
Buses and Trucks in nearest lakh units. Draw 2009-2010 63 18
percentage bar-diagram. (Approximate the
percentage to the nearest integer)
Statistics 111
Solution:
Year Number Number Total % of trucks % of buses

of trucks of buses
47
2005-2006 47 9 56 × 100 ≈ 84% 100 – 84 = 16%
56
©
56
2007-2008 56 13 69 × 100 ≈ 81% 100 – 81 = 19%
69
be
60
2008-2009 60 16 76 × 100 ≈ 79% 100 – 79 = 21%
76
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63
2009-2010 63 18 81 × 100 ≈ 78% 100 – 78 = 22%
81
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Y
100 Scale :
On Y axis
1 cm = 10% vehicles
90
80 st trucks
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70 buses
60
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% of vehicles
50
ol
40
30
ho
20
Sc
10
X´ X
0
2005-06 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
M
Y´ Years
S.
*(2) In the table given below, the information Year Permanent Temporary
V.
is given about roads. Using this draw Roads (L Roads (Lakh

sub-divided and percentage bar-diagram akh km.) km.)
(Approximate the percentages to the nearest 2000-2001 14 10
integer) 2001-2002 15 11
2003-2004 17 13
2007-2008 20 19
Solution:
(a) Sub-divided bar diagram:
Permanent
Permanent Rods
Year Roads Total
(in lakh km)
(in lakh km)
©
2000-2001 14 10 24
2001-2002 15 11 26
2003-2004 17 13 30
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2007-2008 20 19 39
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Y Scale :
On Y axis
1 cm = 4 lakh km
Yo
44
Roads (in lakh km)
Permanent Roads
40
Temporary Roads
36
32
st
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28
Di
24
20
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16
ho
12
08
Sc
04
X´ X
0
M
2000-01 2001-02 2003-04 2007-08
Y´ Years
S.
V.
Statistics 113
(2) Percentage bar diagram:

Solution:
Year Permanent roads Temporary roads Total % of % of Non
(in lakh km) (in lakh km) Permanent roads Temporary roads
14
©
2000-2001 14 10 24 × 100 ≈ 58% 100 – 58 = 42%
24
15
2001-2002 15 11 26 × 100 ≈ 58% 100 – 58 = 42%
be
26
17
2003-2004 17 13 30 × 100 ≈ 57% 100 – 57 = 43%
30
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20
2007-2008 20 19 39 × 100 ≈ 51% 100 – 51 = 49%
39
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Y
100 Scale :
On Y axis
1 cm = 10% roads
90
80 st Permanent roads
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70
Temporary roads
60
% of Roads
Di
50
40
ol
30
ho
20
10
X
Sc
X´
0
2000-01 2001-02 2003-04 2007-08
Y´ Years
M

S.
(1) From the given data, draw a percentage bar diagram and subdivided bar diagrams:
V.
Divisions A B C D
Total
55 56 54 50
strength
Students
passed in 44 42 27 23
English
(iii) Electricity bills of our house for last two years.

(iv) Election results obtained from television or
Points to Remember: newspapers.
 Statistics: (v) Literary rate figures obtained from educational
The word ‘statistics’ is derived from the survey.
Latin word ‘status’ which means a political ANSWERS
©
state. Thus statistics is closely linked with
the administrative affairs of state. Sir Ronald (1) Primary data : (i), (ii) and (iii)
Aylmer Fisher is known as father of statistics. Secondary data : (iv) and (v)
be
 Data:
The information that we collect about a
particular group is mostly in numerical nature
Points to Remember:
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called data. q Basic terms in statistics:
 Primary Data:  Class:
When investigator collects data according to When the numerical data is preserved dividing
the plan and objective in the view, the data is into groups, then each of them is called a class.
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called ‘Primary data’. The classes 6 to 10, 11 to 15 are written as 6-10,
 Secondary Data: 11-15.
When the investigator uses data already  Class limit:
collected by other agencies or official data The end values of a class are called the class
published or available, such data is called limits. In the class 6-10, 6 is lower class limit
‘Secondary data’.
st

and 10 is upper class limit.
Class frequency:
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PRACTICE SET - 7.2 (Textbook Page No. 113) The number of tally marks corresponding to a
*(1) Classify following information as primary or class is called the frequency of the class.
secondary data.  Class width:
Di
(i) Information of attendance of every student The difference between upper class limits and
collected by visiting every class in a school. lower class limits of any two consecutive class
Solution: intervals is called class width or class size. The
difference between any two consecutive class
ol
Primary data.
marks is also the class width.
(ii) The information of heights of students was
e.g. For the class 1-10, 11-20, ...
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gathered from school records and sent to the

head office, as it was to be sent urgently. class width = 10 (11 – 1 = 10 or 20 – 10 = 10)
Solution:  Classmark:
Secondary data. The arithmetic mean (i.e. average) of the upper
Sc
(iii) In the village Nandpur, the information and lower class limits of a class is called the
collected from every house regarding students class mark.
not attending school. lower class limit + upper
class limit
Solution: \ The class mark =
M
2
Primary data.
(iv) For science project, information of trees e.g. The class mark of the class interval 6 to 10
S.
gathered by visiting a forest. 6 + 10

=8
Solution: 2
Primary data. q Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Table :
V.
In this method, we prepare a table having three

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE columns i.e. score, tally mark and frequency. In
the first column, we write all numbers in the
(1) Classify following information as data starting from the smallest to the biggest
primary data or secondary data. once only. In the tally mark column, we put a
(i) Number of students in our class. vertical line ‘|’ known as tally mark against the
(ii) Number of fans in our class. number, in the second column. We make a set
Statistics 115
of 5 this way and after which start a new set.  Exclusive method (Continuous classes):
Count this tally marks and write it in the third
column. Each of these number is the frequency In the above frequency distribution table, the
of the corresponding score. It is denoted by ‘f’. classes 6-10, 11-15, .... are called discontinuous
The total of all frequencies is denoted by N. classes. Any observation between 10 and 11 can
While sum of all frequencies is denoted by S f. not be included in this table.
©
e.g.Ages (in years) of 20 students are given
below: When the classes are not continuous, then to
13, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12,14, 12, 16, 14, 12, 13, 12, 13, make the classes continuous without altering
12, 14, 12, 16, 15, 13.
be
class mark, class width and frequency, the
Prepare an ungrouped frequency distribution average of the upper limit of a class and the
table for the above data.
lower limit of its next consecutive class is called
Solution: the true upper limit of that class which is also
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Age Tally marks Frequency (f) the true lower limit of its next consecutive class.
(in years) Number of e.g. with reference to previous frequency table,
students the true upper limit of class 6 to 10 is
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12 8 10 + 11 21
= = 10.5
2 2
13 6
which is true lower limit of the class 11 to 15.
14 3 In this way we get continuous classes 5.5 – 10.5,
15
16
1
2
st 10.5 –15.5, 15.5 – 20.5, 20.5 – 25.5, 25.5 – 30.5
Now if we take the class intervals 5.5 – 10.5,

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10.5 – 15.5, 15.5 – 20.5, ... the problem arises in
Total N = S f = 20 which class 15.5 to be included. When we take
q Grouped Frequency Distribution Table: continuous classes. the lower limit is included
Di
 Inclusive method (Discrete classes): within the class and the upper limit is excluded
In this method, we prepare a table having from it. Hence score of 15.5 is to be included
three columns. In the first column, the data in class 15.5 – 20.5 and not in class 10.5 – 15.5.
is classified into small groups, each group is Then the class 5.5 to 10.5 means it is a set of x
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called as a class. such that 5.5 £ x < 10.5

e.g.0 - 10, 11-20
ho
Every class has its own lower limit and upper

limit.
e.g.The marks obtained by some students of
class VIII in a class test are given below: *(1) For class interval 20-25 write the lower class
Sc
17, 21, 15, 22, 23, 18, 16, 19, 20, 22, 09, 19, 23, 11, limit and the upper class limit:
08, 14, 15, 17, 21, 24, 18, 16, 19, 21,14, 27, 24, 16,
19, 09, 19, 16, 26, 15, 17, 22, 14, 27, 21, 24 Solution:
Prepare a grouped frequency distribution table. 20 is the lower class limit and 25 is the upper
M
Solution: class limit.

Class (Marks Tally marks Frequency *(2) Find the class-mark of the claass 35-40.
S.
obtained) (f)
Solution:
lower class limit +
6 - 10 3
Class mark = upper class limit
V.
11 - 15 7 2
35 + 40
=
16 - 20 15 2
75
21 - 25 12 =
2
26 - 30 3 \ Class mark = 37.5
Total N = S f = 40 \ Class mark of the class 35 to 40 is 37.5
*(3) If class mark is 10 and class width is 6 then Solution:

find the class.
Class (No. Tally marks Frequency (f)
Solution: of saplings (No. of
Class mark = 10 and class width = 6 planted) students)
 6 3 10
\ Lower limit of the class = 10 − 
©
 2
4 11
= 7
 6 5 11
be
Upper limit of the class = 10 + 
 3 6 7
= 13
7 6
\ The required class is 7 – 13
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Total N = S f = 45
*(4) Complete the following table. *(6) The value of π upto 50 decimal places is given
below:
Classes Tally marks Frequency (f)
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(No. of students) 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197693
9937510
12 - 13
From this information prepare an ungrouped
13 - 14 frequency distribution table of digits appearing
14 -15 st after the decimal point.

Solution:
ge
15 - 16 Class Tally marks Frequency (f)
(Digit)
Total N = S f = 35
0 2
Di
Solution:
1 5
Classes Tally marks Frequency (f)
(No. of students) 2 5
ol
12 - 13 5 3 8
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14 4 4
13 - 14
5 5
14 -15 12
Sc
6 4
15 - 16 4
7 4
Total N = S f = 35
8 5
M
*(5) In a ‘tree plantation’ project of a certain 9 8

school there are 45 students of ‘Harit Sena’.
The record of trees planted by each student is
Total N = S f = 50
S.
given below: *(7) In the tables given below, class-mark and

3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 5, 4, 7, 5, 3, 6, 6, 5, 3, 4, 5, 7, frequencies is given. Construct the frequency
V.
3, 5, 6, 4, 4, 3, 5, 6, 6, 4, 3, 5, 7, 3, 4, 5, 7, 6, 4, 3, 5, tables taking inclusive and exclusive classes.

4, 4, 7 (i) Class Frequency (ii) Class Frequency
width (f) width (f)
Prepare frequency distribution table of the
5 3 22 6
data.
15 9 24 7
25 15 26 13
35 13 28 4
Statistics 117
Solution: (b) Inclusive Method:

(i) Class width = The difference between any two Class intervals Class Frequency (f)
consecutive class marks. Mark
= 15 – 5 21.5 - 22.5 22 6
∴ Class width = 10 23.5 - 24.5 24 7
©
10 25.5 - 26.5 26 13
∴ To find class intervals, subtract =5
2 27.5 - 28.5 28 4
from each class mark and add 5 to each class
be
mark to get lower class limit and upper limit of *(8) In a school, 46 students of 9th standard, were
each class. told to measure the lengths of the pencils in
 Grouped Frequency distribution table: their compass-boxes in centimetres. The data
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collected was as follows.
(a) Exclusive Method: 16, 15, 7, 4.5, 8.5, 5.5, 5 ,
Class intervals Class Frequency (f) 6.5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 4.5, 4 . 9
Mark 16, 11, 9.2 7.3, 11.4, 12.7 13.9
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0 - 10 5 3 16, 5.5, 9.9, 8.4, 11.4, 13.1, 1 5 ,
4.8, 10, 7.5, 8.5, 6.5, 7.2, 4.5,
10 - 20 15 9
5.7, 16, 5.7 6.9, 8.9, 9.2, 10.2,
20 - 30 25 15
12.3, 13.7, 14.5, 10
30 - 40 35 13
(b) Inclusive Method: st By taking inclusive classes 0-5, 5-10, 10-15...

prepare a ground frequency distribution table.
ge
Solution:
Class intervals Class Frequency (f)
Mark Class Tally marks Frequency (f)
(Length of (No. of
0.5 - 9.5 5 3
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pencil in students)
10.5 - 19.5 15 9 cm)
20.5 - 29.5 25 15
0-5 5
30.5 - 39.5 35 13
ol
5 - 10 20
(ii) Class width = The difference between any two
10 - 15 15
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consecutive class marks.

= 24 – 22 15 - 20 6
∴ Class width = 2 Total N = S f = 46
Sc
2
∴ To find class intervals, subtract =1 *(9) In a village, the milk was collected from 50
2 milkmen at a collection center in litres as
from each class mark and add 1 to each class given below:
mark to get lower class limit and upper class
M
27, 75, 5, 99, 70,

limit of each class.
12, 15 20 30 35
 Grouped Frequency distribution table: 45 80 77 90 92
S.
(a) Exclusive Method: 72 4 33 22 15

20 28 29 14 16
Class intervals Class Frequency (f)
V.
20 72 81 85 10
Mark
16 9 25 23 26
21 - 23 22 6
46 55 56 66 67
23 - 25 24 7
51 57 44 43 6
25 - 27 26 13 65 42 36 7 35
27 - 29 28 4 By taking suitable classes, prepare grouped
frequency distribution table.
Solution:
Class (Milk Tally marks Frequency (f)
in litre) (No. of (1) All 30 members of a ‘Nature Club’ in a school
milkmen) planted trees in the foundation day. The
0 - 20 12 number of saplings planted by each member
is given below. Prepare an ungrouped
©
20 - 40 15 frequency distribution table:
40 - 60 09 5, 4, 4, 6, 7, 4, 3, 5, 6, 4, 3, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 7, 6, 5, 3, 8,
be
3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5
60 - 80 08
(2) The consumption of electricity for one month
80 - 100 06 (in units of 40 houses in a colony are given
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Total N = S f = 50 below:
*(10) 38 people donated to an organisation working 59, 52, 65, 101, 115, 108, 95, 65, 98, 62, 84, 76, 63,
for differently abled persons. The amount in 128, 121, 61, 118, 108, 116, 129, 81, 87, 78, 89, 75,
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rupees were as follows: 92, 105, 129, 81, 87, 95, 116, 127, 107, 100, 80, 82,
101 500 401 201 301 65, 91, 101
160 210 125 175 190 Prepare a grouped frequency table by taking
450 151 101 351 251 classes 50-76, 70-90, 90-110...
451
150
151
125
260
161
360
195
410
351 st
(3) The students of a school collected certain
amount for the `Flood Relief Fund’. The
ge
170 225 260 290 310
amounts are in rupees.
360 425 420 100 105
Prepare a grouped frequency distribution
170 250 100
table:
Di
(i) By taking classes 100-149, 150-199, 200-249...

prepare grouped frequency distribution table. 57, 89, 62, 115, 200, 150, 130, 140, 167, 212,
117, 69, 84, 189, 207, 178, 108, 95, 142, 182, 202,
(ii) From the table, find the number of people who
101, 88, 123, 132, 205, 195, 66, 74, 190, 210, 183,
donated rupees 350 or more.
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174, 165, 156, 217, 59, 94, 118, 181, 127, 172, 169,
Solution:
207, 135
ho
Class Tally marks Frequency (f) From the table find the number of people who
(Amount (No. of donated ` 200 or more.
in `) persons)
(4) Find the class mark of the class 10.5 to 20.5.
Sc
100 - 149 07
(5) For class interval 35-45 write the lower class
150 - 199 10 limit and the upper class limit.
200 - 249 03
(6) Complete the following table:
M
250 - 299 05
Class Tally marks Frequency (f)
S.
300 - 349 02 1
350 - 399 04
2
V.
400 - 449 04
3 6
450 - 499 02
4 1
500 - 549 01
Total N = S f = 34
Total N = S f = 38
(ii) 11 persons denoted ` 350 or more.
Statistics 119
of class and the frequencies of all the classes

Points to Remember: preceeding it.
 Cumulative frequency more than type:
q Cumulative Frequency:
Number of observations more than or equal
 Cumulative frequency less than type:
to the lower boundary of a class is called
©
Number of observations less than the upper ‘‘more than type’’ cumulative frequency of
boundary of a class is called ‘‘less than type’’ that class. The cumulative frequency more
cumulative frequency of that class. The than or equal to is the sum of the frequencies
be
cumulative frequency less than the upper of that class and the frequencies of all the
limit of a certain class is the sum of frequencies classes succeeding it.
e.g.
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Cumulative frequency (f)
Class Intervals Frequency (f)
less than type more than type
0 - 10 3 3 27 + 3 = 30
10 - 20 10 3 + 10 = 13 17 + 10 = 27
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20 - 30 7 13 +7 = 20 10 + 7 =17
30 - 40 8 20 + 8 = 28 2 + 8 = 10
40 - 50 2 28 + 2 = 30 2
PRACTICE SET - 7.4 (Textbook Page No. 121) st

*(2) Complete the following cumulative frequency
ge
table:
*(1) Complete the following cumulative frequency Class Frequency More than or
table: (Monthly (No. of equal to type
Di
Class Frequency Less than type income in `) individuals) cumulative

(Height in (No. of frequency frequency
cm) students) 1000 - 5000 45 ........
150 - 153 05 05 5000 - 10000 19 ........
ol
153 - 156 07 05 + = 10000 - 15000 16 ........

156 - 159 15 15000 - 20000 02 ........
ho
+ 15 =
20000 - 25000 05 ........
159 - 162 10 + = 37 N = 87
162 - 165 05 37 + 5 = 42
Sc
Solution:
165 - 168 03 + = 45
Class Frequency More than or
N = 45
(Monthly (No. of equal to type
Solution: income in `) individuals) cumulative
M
frequency
Class Frequency Less than type
(Height in (No. of frequency 1000 - 5000 45 87
S.
cm) students) 5000 - 10000 19 42

150 - 153 05 05 10000 - 15000 16 23
153 - 156 07 05 + 07 = 12 15000 - 20000 02 07
V.
156 - 159 15 20000 - 25000 05 05

12 + 15 = 27
N = 87
159 - 162 10 27 + 10 = 37
162 - 165 05 37 + 5 = 42
165 - 168 03 42 + 3 = 45
N = 45
*(3) The data is given for 62 students in a certain (i) 38 students scored 40 and more than 40 marks.
class regarding their mathematics marks out of (ii) 03 students scored 90 and more than 90 marks.
100. Take the classes 0-10, 10-20.. and prepare (ii) 19 students scored 60 and more than 60 marks.
frequency distribution table and cumulative (ii) 62
frequency table more than or equal to type:
*(4) Using the data in example (3) above, prepare
55 60 81 90 45
©
less than type cumulative frequency table and
65 45 52 30 85 answer the following questions.
20 10 75 95 09
(i) How many students obtained less than 40
20 25 39 45 50
be
marks?
78 70 46 64 42
(ii) How many students obtained less than 10
58 31 82 27 11
marks?
78 97 07 22 27
(iii) How many students obtained less than 60
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36 35 40 75 80
marks?
47 69 48 59 32
(iv) Find the cumulative frequency of the class 50-60
83 23 17 77 45
05 23 37 38 35 Solution:
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25 46 57 68 45 Class Frequency Cumulative
47 49 (Marks) (No. of students) frequency
From the prepared table, answer the following less than
questions: type
(i) How many students obtained marks 40 or
above 40?
(ii) How many students obtained marks 90 or
st 0 - 10
10 - 20
03
03
03
06
ge
20- 30 09 15
above 90? 30 - 40 09 24
(iii) How many students obtained marks 60 or 40 - 50 13 37
above 60?
Di
50 - 60 06 43
(iv) What is the cumulative frequency of equal to or
60 - 70 05 48
more than type of the class 0-10?
70 - 80 06 54
Solution:
ol
80 - 90 05 59
Class Tally Frequency Cumu-
90 - 100 03 62
(Marks) Marks lative
(No. of
ho
frequen- N = 62
students)
cy more (i) 24 students scored less than 40 marks.
than type (ii) 3 students scored less than 10 marks.
Sc
0 - 10 03 62 (iii) 43 students scored less than 60 marks.

10 - 20 03 59 (iv) 43
20- 30 09 56
Points to Remember:
M
30 - 40 09 47
 Measures of central tendency:
40 - 50 13 38
S.
The tendency of the observations to cluster

in the central part of the data is called central
50 - 60 06 25
tendency of the data. A number around
V.
60 - 70 05 19 which there is concentration of terms of the

data is called a measure of central tendency.
70 - 80 06 14 Arithmetic mean, median and mode are
measures of central tendency.
80 - 90 05 08
 Mean:
90 - 100 03 03 The average of a given set of numbers is called
N = 62 the mean of the given numbers.
Statistics 121
Sum of observations ANSWERS

Mean =
Number of observations
(1) Production Frequency More than
 Median: yield (in kg) (No. of farms) or equal to
The median is that value of the given number type cumu-
of observations which divides it into exactly lative fre-
©
two parts. quency
The median of ungrouped data is calculated 50 - 55 02 100
55 - 60 08 98
be
as follows:
(i) Arrange the data in ascending order. 60 - 65 12 90
65 - 70 24 78
(ii) When the number of observations (n) is odd
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70 - 85 38 54
n+1
then median = th term. 75 - 80 16 16
2 n
(iii) When n is even, then median is mean of   N = 100
2
n + 2 (2) (i) 78 (ii) 54 (iii) 98 (iv) 54
Yo
th term and   th term
 2 
 Mode:
The mode is the value of the observations, *(1) Yield of soyabean per acre in quintal in
Mukund’s field for 7 years was 10, 7, 5, 3, 9, 6,
which occur more frequently. The observation
with the maximum frequency (greater than 1)
in the given data is called a mode. Mode may
st 9. Find the mean of yield per acre:
Solution:
ge
or may not be unique or may not exist. Sum of observations
Mean =
Number of observations
e.g.If two numbers have same maximum
frequency, then both the numbers are mode. 10 + 7 + 5 + 3 + 9 + 6 + 9
Di
=
7
49
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE =
7
ol
∴ Mean = 7
(1) Complete the following cumulative frequency
table: ∴ Mean production of soyabean is 7
quintals per acre.
ho
Production Frequency More than

yield (in kg) (No. of farms) or equal to *(2) Find the median of the observations, 59, 75, 68,
type cumu- 70, 74, 75, 80.
Sc
lative fre- Solution:

quency
Data in ascending order :
50 - 55 02
59, 68, 70, 74, 75, 75, 80
55 - 60 08
Here n = 7 (odd number)
M
60 - 65 12
n+1
65 - 70 24 ∴ Median = th term
2
S.
70 - 85 38  7 +1  8
75 - 80 16 =  2 term =   4th term = 4th term
  2
N = 100
V.
∴ 4th term is 74.

(2) Using the data in Q.1 answer the following
questions. ∴ Median = 74
(i) How many farms yield more than 65 kg? *(3) The marks (out of 100) obtained by 7 students
(ii) How many farms yield more than 70 kg? in Mathematics’ examination are given below.
(iii) How many farms yield more than 55 kg? Find the mode for these marks.
(iv) How many farms yield more than 75 kg?
99, 100, 95, 100, 100, 60, 90
Solution: n + 2
Data in ascending order : and  
 2  th the term.
60, 90, 95, 99, 100, 100, 100 n 10
Here 100 occurs maximum number of times. \ = = 5th term and
2 2
∴ Mode = 100 marks n+2 10 + 2 12
= = = 6th term.
©
*(4) The monthly salaries in ` of 30 workers in a 2 2 2
factory are given below: 5th term = 70 and 6th term = 80
70 + 80 150
be
5000, 7000, 3000, 4000, 4000, 3000, 3000, 3000, \ Median = = = 75
8000, 4000, 4000, 9000, 3000, 5000, 5000, 4000, 2 2
4000, 3000, 5000, 5000, 6000, 8000, 3000, 3000, \ Median weight of tomato’s is 75 grams.
utu
6000, 7000, 7000, 6000, 6000, 4000 *(6) A hockey player has scored following number
From the above data find the mean of monthly of goals in 9 matches.
salary. 5, 4, 0, 2, 2, 4, 4, 3, ,3. Find the mean, median
Solution: and mode of the data.
Yo
xi fi Solution:
Sum of observations
Tally Mean = Number of observations
(Salary (No. of fi ´ xi
Marks
in `) workers)
5+4+0+2+2+4+4 +3+3
3000 08 24000
4000 07 28000 st =
=
27
9
ge
9
5000 05 25000 \ Mean = 3
6000 04 24000 \ Mean of goal’s scored by player is 3.
Di
Median:
7000 03 21000 Data in ascending order: 0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5
8000 02 16000 Here n = 9 (odd number)
n+1
ol
9000 01 9000 \ Median = th term

2
S fi = 30 S fi xi = 14700 9+1 10
ho
= 2 = 2 = 5th term
S fixi
Mean ( x ) = 5th term = 3
fi
\ Median = 3
Sc
147000 \ Median of goals scored by a player is 3.

=
30 Mode:
\ Mean = 49000 Here 4 occurs maximum number of times.
\ Average monthly salary is ` 4900 \ Mode = 4
M
\ Mode of goals scored by a player is 4.

*(5) In a basket there are 10 tomatoes. The weight
*(7) The calculated mean of 50 observations was
S.
of each of these tomatoes in grams is as follows

80. It was later discovered that observation 19
60, 70, 90, 95, 50, 65, 70, 80, 85, 95.
was recorded by mistake as 91. What was the
Find the median of the weights of tomatoes.
V.
correct mean?
Solution: Solution:
Data in ascending order : Mean of 50 observations is 80.
50, 60, 65, 70, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 95 \ Sum of the 50 observations = 50 ´ 80
Here n = 10 (even number) = 4000
n Since, 19 was wrongly copied as 91.
\ Median = Mean of   th term
2 \ Correct sum of 50 observations
Statistics 123
= (4000 – 91 + 19) *(10) The mean of 5 observations is 50. One of the

= 3928 observation was removed from the data, hence
3928
\ Correct mean = the mean became 45. Find the observation
50 which was removed.
= 78.56 Solution:
*(8) Following 10 observations are arranged in Mean of 5 observations is 50.
©
ascending order as follows:
\ Sum of 5 observations = 5 ´ 50
2, 3, 5, 9, x + 1, x + 3, 14, 16, 19.20
= 250
If the median of the data is 11, find the value
be
of x. If one observation is excluded, the mean is 45.
Solution: i.e. mean of 4 observations is 45.
2, 3, 5, 9, x + 1, x + 3, 14, 16, 19, 20 \ Sum of 4 observations = 4 ´ 45
utu
Here n = 10 (even number) = 180
n \ The excluded number = 250 – 180
\ Median = Mean of   th term
2 = 70
n + 2
Yo
and  
 2  th term. *(11) There are 40 students in a class, out of them 15
n 10 are boys. The mean of marks obtained by boys
\ = = 5th term and is 33 and that for girls is 35. Find out the mean
2 2
n+2 10 + 2 12 of all students in the class.
2
=
2
=
2
= 6th term.
5th term = x + 1 and 6th term = x + 3 st
Solution:
Total number of students = 40,
ge
x+1+x+3
\ Median = Number of boys = 15
2
\ Number of girls = 40 – 15 = 25
2x + 4
\ 11 = Mean of marks scored by 15 boys is 33.
Di
2
\ 22 = 2x + 4 \ Sum of marks scored by 15 boys = 15 ´ 33
\ 22 – 4 = 2x = 495
\ 2x = 18 Mean of marks scored by 25 girls is 35
ol
\ x = 9 \ Sum of marks scored by 25 girls = 25 ´ 35

*(9) The mean of 35 observations is 20, out of which = 875
ho
mean of first 18 observations is 35 and mean \ Sum of marks scored by 40 students

of last 18 observations is 25. Find the 18th
(i.e. 15 boys and 25 girls)
observation.
Sc
= 495 + 875
Solution:
= 1370
Mean of 35 observation is 20. 1370
\ sum of 35 observation = 35 ´ 20 \ Mean =
40
= 700
\ Mean = 34.25
M
Mean of first 18 observations is 15.

\ sum of first 18 observations = 18 ´ 15 \ Mean of marks scored by 40 students
is 34.25
S.
= 270
Mean of last 18 observations is 25 *(12) The weights of 10 students (in kg) are given
\ Sum of last 18 observations = 18 ´ 25 below:
V.
= 450 40, 35, 42, 43, 37, 35, 37, 37, 42, 37.
Sum of first 18 observations and last 18
Find the mode of the data.
observations
= 270 + 450 Solution:
= 720 Data in ascending order:
\ 18th observation = 720 – 700 35, 35, 37, 37, 37, 37, 40, 42, 42, 43, 47
= 20
Here 37 occurs maximum number of times . (6) The mean weight of 25 students of a class is
\ mode = 37 48 kg. If the mean weight of first 13, students
\ mode of weight of 10 students is 37 kg. is 50kg and the last 13 students is 46 kg. Find
the weight of the 13th student?
*(13) In the following table, the information is given
about the number of families and the siblings
in the families less than 14 years of age. Find
ANSWERS
©
the mode of the data. (1) 19 (2) 46.5 (3) 148m
No. of siblings 1 2 3 4 (4) 60 kg and 47 kg (5) ` 19200 (6) 48kg
be
Families 15 25 5 5
Solution: PROBLEM SET - 7 (Textbook Page No. 126)
Here, maximum frequency is 25 and it is of 2. (1) Write the correct alternative answer for each
utu
\ mode = 2 of the following questions.
\ Mode of children under 14 years is 2. (i) Which of the following data is not primary?
*(14) Find the mode of the following data. (A) By visiting a certain class, gathering
Yo
information about attendence of students.
Marks 35 36 37 38 39 40
(B) By actual visit to homes, to find number of
No. of students 09 07 09 04 04 02
family members.
Solution:
(C) To get information regarding plantation
Here, maximum frequency is 09 which is for 35
and 37
\ mode = 35 marks and 37 marks.
st of soyabean done by each farmer from the
village Talathi.
ge
(D) Review the cleanliness status of canals by
\ Mode of marks is 35 and 37 actually visiting them.
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE Ans. (C)
Di
(ii) What is the upper class limit for the class 25 – 35?
(1) The marks of a class test are given below:
(A) 25 (B) 35 (C) 60 (D) 30
28, 26, 17, 12, 14, 19, 27, 26, 21, 16, 16. Ans. (B)
Find the median.
ol
(iii) What is the class-mark of class 25-35?

(2) The ages of teachers of a school are
(A) 25 (B) 35 (C) 60 (D) 30
ho
53, 37, 39, 51, 46, 42, 44, 47, 55, 48.
Ans. (D)
Find the median.
(iv) If the classes are 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 ... then
(3) The height of students are given below. Find
in which class should the observation 10 be
Sc
the mode of height. included?

Height (m) 141 142 144 145 148 150 (A) 0-10 (B) 10-20
Number of 7 11 10 12 20 13 (C) 0-10 and 10-20 in these 2 classes
students
(D) 20-30
M
(4) The weight of students are given below. Find Ans. (B)
the mode. (v) If x is the mean of x1, x2 ........... xn and y is the
S.
Weight (Kg) 60 56 53 50 47 mean of y1, y2, .... yn and z is the mean of x1, x2
........... xn, y1, y2, .... yn then z =?
Number of 4 2 2 3 4
V.
students x+y x+y

(D) +
x y
(A) (B) x + y (C)
2 n 2n
(5) The average of monthly salary of 20 employees Ans. (A)
in a company is ` 7650, If the manager’s salary (vi) The mean of five numbers is 80, out of which
is added, the average salary increases by ` 550 mean of 4 numbers is 46, find the 5th number:
per month. What is the manager’s monthly (A) 4 (B) 20 (C) 434 (D) 66
salary? Ans. (D)
Statistics 125
(vii) Mean of 100 observations is 40. The 9th ∴ Added number = 820 – 693
observation is 30. If this is replaced by 70
= 127
keeping all other observations same, find the
new mean. (4) The monthly maximum temperature of a city is
(A) 40.6 (B) 40.4 (C) 40.3 (D) 40.7 given in degree celcius in the following data.
By taking suitable classes, prepare the grouped
Ans. (B)
frequency distribution table
©
(viii) What is the mode of 19, 19, 15, 20, 25, 15, 20, 15?
29.2, 29.0, 28.1, 28.5, 32.9, 29.2, 34.2, 36.8, 32.0,
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 19 (D) 25
31.0, 30.5, 30.0, 33, 32.5, 35.5, 34.0, 32.9, 31.5,
Ans. (A)
be
30.3, 31.4, 30.3, 34.7, 35.0, 32.5, 33.5, 29.0, 29.5,
(ix) What is the median of 7, 10, 7, 5, 9, 10? 29.9, 33.2, 30.2
(A) 7 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 10 From the table, answer the following questions.
Ans. (C)
utu
(i) For how many days the maximum temperature
(x) From following table, what is the cumulative was less than 34°C?
frequency of less than type for the class 30– 40?
(ii) For how many days the maximum temperature
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 was 34°C or more than 34°C?
Yo
Frequency 7 3 12 13 2 Solution:
(A) 13 (B) 15 (C) 35 (D) 22
Cumulative
Ans. (C) Tally frequency
Class Frequency
marks
(2) The mean salary of 20 workers is Rs.10,250. If
the salary of office superintendent is added, the
mean will increase by Rs. 750. Find the salary
st
28-30 08
Less than
type
08
More
than type
30
ge
of the office superintendent. 30-32 08 16 22
Solution:
The average monthly salary of 20 workers is ` 32-34 08 24 14
Di
10,250 34-36 05 29 06
∴ Total salary of 20 workers = 10250 × 20
36-38 01 30 01
= ` 205000
N = 30
ol
If the superintendent’s salary is added, then

average increases by ` 750 (i) 24 days (ii) 06 days
∴ The average monthly salary of 21 employees
ho
(5) If the mean of the following data is 20.2, then

= 10250 + 750
find the value of p.
= ` 11000
∴ Total salary of 21 employees = 11000 × 750 xi 10 15 20 25 30
Sc
= ` 231000 fi 6 8 p 10 6
∴ superintendent’s salary = 231000 – 205000
= ` 26000 Solution:
(3) The mean of nine numbers is 77. If one more xi fi fi × xi
M
number is added to it then the mean increases 10 6 60

by 5. Find the number added in the data. 15 8 120
Solution:
S.
20 p 20 p
The mean of nine numbers is 77.
25 10 250
∴ Sum of nine number = 9 × 77
30 6 180
V.
= 693
After adding one number, the mean increases fi = 30 + p fi xi = 610 + 20p
by 5. fi xi
∴ The mean of 10 numbers = 77 + 5 Mean ( x ) = fi
= 82
610 + 20p
∴ Sum of 10 numbers = 10 × 82 ∴ 20.2 = 30 + p
= 820
∴ 20.2 (30 + p)= 610 + 20 p (ii) How many students have scored marks 30 or
∴ 606 + 20.2 p = 610 + 20 p more than 30?
∴ 20.2 p – 20 p= 610 – 606 Solution:
∴ 0.2 p=4 Frequency
Class Cumulative
4 (No. of frequency
∴ p =
0.2 (Mark) more than type
©
students)
∴ p = 20 30-40 14 68
(6) There are 68 students of 9th standard from 40-50 20 54
be
Model High school, Nandpur. They have 50-60 11 34
scored following marks out of 80, in written
exam of mathematics. 60-70 12 23
70-80 09 11
utu
70, 50, 60, 66, 45, 46, 38, 30, 40, 4 7 ,
56, 68, 80, 79, 39, 43, 57, 61, 51, 3 2 , 80-90 02 02
42, 43, 75, 43, 36, 37, 61, 71, 32, 40, N = 68
45, 32, 36, 42, 43, 55, 56, 62, 66, 7 2 , (i) 11 students scored 70 and more than 70 marks.
73, 78, 36, 46, 47, 52, 68, 78, 80, 49,
Yo
(ii) 68 students scored 30 and more than 30 marks.
59, 69, 65, 35, 46, 56, 57, 60, 36, 37,
45, 42, 70, 37, 45, 66, 56, 47 (8) There are 10 observations arranged in
ascending order as given below:
By taking classes 30-40, 40-50, ....... prepare
45, 47, 50, 52, x, x + 2, 60, 62, 63, 74. The median
the less than type cumulative frequency
of these observations is 53.
table. Using the table, answer the following
questions: st Find the value of x. Also find the mean and the
mode of the data.
ge
(i) How many students, have scored marks less
than 80? Ans. 45, 47, 50, 52, x, x + 2, 60, 62, 63, 74.
(ii) How many students have scored marks less than Here n = 10 (even number)
40? n
Di
(iii) How many students have scored marks less than ∴ Median = Mean of  th the term and
2
60? n + 2
 th term
Solution:  2 
n 10 n + 2 10 + 2 12
ol
Frequency = = 5th term and = = term

Tally Cumulative 2 2 2 2 2
Class frequency
(Mark) (No. of 5th term = x and 6th term = x + 2
marks
ho
students) Less than type x+x+2

∴ Median =
30-40 14 14 2
2x + 2
∴ 53 =
40-50 20 34 2
Sc
∴ 106 = 2x + 2
50-60 11 45 ∴ 106 – 2 = 2x
60-70 12 57 ∴ x = 52 and x + 2 = 52 + 2 = 54
M
70-80 09 66 ∴ Data in ascending order :

80-90 02 68 45, 47, 50, 52, 52, 54, 60, 62, 63, 74
S.
N = 68 Sum of all observations

Mean =
(i) 66 students scored less than 80 marks. Number of observations
(ii) 14 students scored less than 40 marks. 45 + 47 + 50 + 52 + 52 + 54 + 60 + 62 + 63 + 74
V.
=
(iii) 45 students scored less than 60 marks. 10
(7) By using data in example (6), and taking classes 559
=
30-40, 40-50 ... prepare equal to or more than 10
type cumulative frequency table and answer ∴ Mean = 55.9
the following questions based on it.
Here, 52 occurs maximum number of times.
(i) How many students have scored marks 70 or
more than 70? ∴ Mode = 52
Statistics 127
(11) Find x, if the median of the data is 17 and data

MCQ’s in ascending order are 6, 8, 9, 15, x, x + 2, 21, 22,
25, 29
(1) The mean of the data 87, 92, 63, 78, 92, 59, 72, 66, (A) 16.5 (B) 15
is .................... .
(C) 16 (D) 17
(A) 79.165 (B) 73.125
(12) Primary data is
©
(C) 72.115 (D) 76.125
(2) The mark of a class test are given below 28, 26, (A) readily available (B) less available
17, 12, 14, 19, 27, 26, 21, 16, 15 the median of (C) already collected (D) correct and reliable
be
marks obtained is ................... .
(13) Class mark is also called as
(A) 17 (B) 18
(A) Mid point of a class (B) Class limit
(C) 19 (D) 16
(C) True Class limit (D) Class size
(3) The mode of 18, 14, 22, 23, 14, 18, 17, 18, 28, 28,
utu
14, 25, 14 is ............... . (14) The end values of the classes are called....
(A) 14 (B) 15 (A) class (B) class mark
(C) 28 (D) 25 (C) class limit (D) continuous class
(4) The mean of eleven number is 47. If a number
Yo
(15) Inclusive class is also called as .........
is added then the mean is increased by 2. The
new number is ................... . (A) discrete class (B) continuous class
(A) 70 (B) 71 (C) exclusive class (D) class mark
(C) 69 (D) 82 (16) Mean is also called as ....................
(5) A cricket player scored run in different matches
as follows : 36, 41, 57, 89, 105, 103, 17. The
median of runs scored is .................. .
st (A) average
(C) mode
(B) median
(D) none of the above
ge
(A) 56 runs (B) 37 runs (17) The score which is repeated maximum number
(C) 47 runs (D) 57 runs of times in the given data is................
(6) The median of the data. (A) median (B) mode
Di
Marks (out of 60) 32 27 26 24 23 21 (C) mean (D) aggregate

No. of student 6 4 7 9 16 2 (18) The mean of seven number is 63. If the six
numbers are 65, 70, 68, 59, 73, 55. Then the
(A) 23 (B) 24
ol
seventh number is.........

(C) 25 (D) 26
(A) 50 (B) 51
ho
(7) The ages of teachers of a school are 53, 37, 39, (C) 49 (D) 49.5
51, 46, 42, 44, 47, 55, 48. The median is ......... .
(19) For a data, the classes are 11-20, 21-30, 31-40,
(A) 41.5 (B) 46.5
what is the true lower limit of the class 21-30?
Sc
(C) 42.5 (D) 47.5

(A) 21.5 (B) 20
(8) The weights of students of a certain class are (C) 20.5 (D) 21
given below.
(20) The mean of 87, 92, 63, 78, 92, 59, 72, 69 is
39, 42, 47, 38, 42, 40, 41, 42, 38, 43, 42, 38, 44,
M
46, 39, 42, 40, 43, 42, 41. The mode of data (A) 76 (B) 76.3
is ............ . . (C) 75 (D) 76.5
(A) 41 (B) 42
S.
(C) 43 (D) 441

ANSWERS
(9) What is the upper class limit for class 19.5 - 29.5?
V.
(A) 19.5 (B) 29.5 (1) (D) (2) (C) (3) (A) (4) (B)
(C) 25 (D) 29 (5) (D) (6) (B) (7) (B) (8) (B)
(10) What is the mode of 18, 14, 22, 23, 14, 18, 17, 28, (9) (B) (10) (B) (11) (C) (12) (D)
28, 14, 25, 14?
(13) (A) (14) (C) (15) (A) (16) (A)
(A) 28 (B) 14
(C) 18 (D) 17 (17) (B) (18) (B) (16) (C) (20) (D)
ASSIGNMENT – 7
©
Q.1. Attempt the following: (2)
(1) The weights of 10 students (in kg) are given below:
40, 35, 42, 43, 37, 35, 37, 37, 42, 37. Find the mode of the data.
be
(2) Find the mode of the following data.
Marks 35 36 37 38 39 40
utu
No. of students 09 07 09 04 04 02
(1) The value of π upto 50 decimal places is given below:
3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841976939937510
Yo
From this information prepare an ungrouped frequency distribution table of digits appearing
after the decimal point.
. (2) In a basket there are 10 tomatoes. The weight of each of these tomatoes in grams is as follows
60, 70, 90, 95, 50, 65, 70, 80, 85, 95. Find the median of the weights of tomatoes. Prepare a
(1)
frequency distribution table 7 the data.
Q.3. Attempt the following: st
The mean salary of 20 workers is Rs.10,250. If the salary of office superintendent is added,
(6)
ge
the mean will increase by Rs. 750. Find the salary of the office superintendent.
(2) The following table shows the number of Buses and Trucks in nearest lakh units. Draw percentage bar-
Di
diagram. (Approximate the percentage to the nearest integer)

Year No. of Trucks No. of Buses
2005-2006 47 9
ol
2007-2008 56 13
2008-2009 60 16
ho
2009-2010 63 18

Sc
(1) The data is given for 62 students in a certain class regarding their mathematics marks out of
100. Take the classes 0-10, 10-20.. and prepare frequency distribution table and cumulative
frequency table more than or equal to type:
55, 60, 81, 90, 45, 65, 45, 52, 30, 85, 20, 10, 75, 95, 09, 20, 25, 39, 45, 50, 78, 70, 46, 64, 42, 58, 31, 82
27, 11, 78, 97, 07, 22, 27, 36, 35, 40, 75, 80, 47, 69, 48, 59, 32, 83, 23, 17, 77, 45, 05, 23, 37, 38, 35,
M
25, 46, 57, 68, 45, 47,49

From the prepared table, answer the following questions:
S.
(i) How many students obtained marks 40 or above 40?

(ii) How many students obtained marks 90 or above 90?
V.
(iii) How many students obtained marks 60 or above 60?

(iv) What is the cumulative frequency of equal to or more than type of the class 0-10?
(2) There are 10 observations arranged in ascending order as given below:
45, 47, 50, 52, x, x + 2, 60, 62, 63, 74.
The median of these observations is 53.
Find the value of x. Also find the mean and the mode of the data.
vvv

9th Maths 1 Digest (ByRobert)

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9th Maths 1 Digest (ByRobert)

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1 Sets

Here the capital letter ‘B’ represents a set.

objects is called a set.

happy by Rekha’s opinion, but he may not be

to include Pankaj in our collection. Thus, the

A = {Tuesday, Wednesday, Sunday, Thursday,

(3) Brave people.

MASTER KEY QUESTION SET - 1 method:

A = {Chitra, Vishaka, Jyestha, Aashaadha,

(i) Set of even numbers Maarghasira, Pausa, Maagha, Phalguna}

(iii) Set of negative integers C = { ear, nose, tongue, skin, eye }

C = { –1, –2, –3, ... } Solution:

Solution: (v) Names of continents of the world.

(5) Write the following sets using rule method:

Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean} (ii) B = {a, e, i, o, u}

(1) (i) A = {M, I, S, P} Note:

\ Set B is not an empty set as it contains one

B = {x |7x – 1 = 13} It is a finite set as we can count number of

(i) A = {aa is a natural number smaller than W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }

It is an infinite set as we can not count number

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE (ii) Empty set is a subset of every set.

(1) Write with reason, which of the following are i.e. φ Í A

that every element of set A is in set B, then we 6

Here every element of set B is an element of (ii) A Í U and A’ Í U

(iv) Complement of null set is the universal set

(iii) D Í B (iv) DÍA (ii) U = { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 }

U (ii) Which set can be the universal set for above

(3) U = { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 } of 7, C = set of multiples of 12.

(ii) Verify (P’)’ = P

(i) U = { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 } N = { 1, 2, 3, 4 ... }

(ii) P = set of integers which are multiples of 4. (3) U

(2) U The Union of two sets A and B is a set which

 19 e.g. A = { –1, –3, –5, 0 }, B = { 0, 3, 5 }

\ n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A B)  = 125 – 120

Let, A = {1, 3, 5, 9} and B = {2, 4, 8} are given.

sets. Observe its Venn diagram. number of students in the hostel.

By Venn diagram \ n(A  B)’ = n(U) – n(A  B)

Number of students who like only rock climbing.

Set A and set B represent the number of students (vi) B’

y n (1) Choose the correct alternative answer for each

(i) A (A) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } (B) { 1, 3, 5 }

Solution: (C) φ (D) { 2, 4, 6 }

B = { p, q, r, m, n } (A) {1, 3, 5} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Solution: Ans. (D)

(A) {1, 2, 3} (B) {3, 4, 5, 6} Solution:

(v) If P ⊆ M, then which of the following set \ n(E) = 72

(iv) If T = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } and M = { 3, 4, 7, 8 } then

(A) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 } (B) { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 } Let B be the set of saplings planted by Pradnya

(3) Out of 100 persons in a group, 72 persons speak \ n(A  B) = 25

Number of students having either dog or cat as pet

Solution: (A) MIND (B) KIND

(11) If n(A) = 7, n(B) = 13, n(A  B) = 4 then

(1) A/An ............... set is devoted by φ.

the ............... set.

(B) A = { x|x is a prime number 10 < x 20 }

(C) φ (D) none of these

(C) 8 (D) 2 (A) U (B) U’

(7) A = { I, D, A, N } (C) x (D) y

A = { x|x is a letter of the word ...............}

(C) 6 (D) 4 (A) A = B (B) A Í B

(18) Î is read as ............... . (C) A Í B (D) B Í A

(A) subset (B) does not belong to

(iii) C = {a|a is a natural number less than zero.}