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Іспит Англійска
Іспит Англійска
черевний
екскреторний
VOCABULARY
судинний
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY
HEART
VOCABULARY
циркуляція
beat [bI:t]поштовх, скорочення, систола
ventricle ['ventrIkl]шлуночок
порожнина
роз’єднувати; розкладати
мітральний
interventricular [,Intqven'trIkjulq]
міжшлуночковий
inferior [In'fIqrIq]нижній
cava [keIv]порожнина
стосується аорти
забезпечення
exterior [eks'tIqrIq]зовнішній
оболонка серця
стінки серця
septum ['septqm]перегородка
VOCABULARY
стосується травлення
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
VOCABULARY
стосується залози
VOCABULARY
Lungs are present in all mammals, birds, and reptiles. Most amphibians and a few
species of fish also have lungs. In humans the lungs occupy a large portion of the
chest cavity from the collarbone down to the diaphragm, a dome-shaped sheet of
muscle that walls off the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. At birth the lungs
are pink, but as a person ages, they become gray and mottled from tiny particles
breathed in with the air. Generally, people who live in cities and industrial areas have
darker lungs than those who live in the country.
Air travels to the lungs through a series of air tubes and passages. It enters the body
through the nostrils or the mouth, passing down the throat to the larynx, or voice box,
and then to the trachea, or windpipe. In the chest cavity the trachea divides into two
branches, called the right and left bronchi or the bronchial tubes that enter the lungs.
In the adult human, each lung is 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 in) long and roughly conical.
The left lung is divided into two sections or lobes: the superior and the inferior. The
right lung is somewhat larger than the left lung and is divided into three
lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior. The two lungs are separated by a structure
called the mediastinum which contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and blood
vessels. Both right and left lungs are covered by an external membrane
called the pleura. The outer layer of the pleura forms the lining of the chest cavity.
The branches of the bronchi eventually narrow down to tubes of less than 1.02 mm
(less than 0.04 in) in diameter. These tubes, called the bronchioles, divide into even
narrower tubes
called alveolar ducts. Each alveolar duct ends in a grapelike cluster of thin-walled
sacs, called the alveoli (a single sac is called an alveolus). From 300 million to 400
million alveoli are contained in each lung. The air sacs of both lungs have a total
surface area of about 93 sq m (about 1000 sq ft), nearly
In addition to the network of air tubes, the lungs also contain a vast network of the
blood vessels. Each alveolus is surrounded by many tiny capillaries, which receive
the blood from the arteries and empty into the veins. The arteries join to form the
pulmonary arteries, and the veins join to form the pulmonary veins. These large
blood vessels connect the lungs with the heart.