BAB I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Currently, all countries in the world already facing the Covid-19 pandemic.

All activities are limited to prevent the spread of the Corona Virus, including

educational activities. This is in accordance with the Minister of Education and

Culture of the Republic of Indonesia regarding Circular Letter Number 4 of 2020

concerning the implementation of education policies in the emergency period of

the spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). The whole community is put in

a condition where they are required to make a lifestyle change and get used to this

pandemic situation. Around 25 million primary school children in Indonesia are

studying under the threat of the Covid 19 pandemic (The Conversation, 2020).

Such conditions require educational institutions to innovate in the learning

process. One form of innovation is to do online learning or online (in a network).

The emergence of an online learning system as a form of utilizing

communication technology for learning activities in the midst of the Covid 19

pandemic is an effective strategy so that the learning process continues even

though it is from different places. Online learning can be understood as formal

education organized by schools where students and teachers are located in separate

locations so that it requires an interactive telecommunications system to connect

the two and the various resources needed in it (Pohan, 2020: 2).
 During the pandemic until the post pandemic era, almost all of the process of

learning of the students give an big impact. The big impact that we can see are, the

low of students outcome and law of motivation to learning. It is the big problem

that teacher or lecturer should looking for the good way to use in teaching.

Today online learning has become a trending topic, while it used to be

disapproved for children because of its detrimental effects on their social and

emotional development since there is a lack of social interaction and is dangerous

for children’s health and growth [13], [14]. A different perspective emerged from

some educational scholars, who state that online learning will help students to

understand abstract materials, develop collaborative learning, reasoning, and

problem solving activities [15]. Thus, it can be said that online learning today is a

solution to the learning process at the pandemic time. Online learning is a learning

carried out with the help of the internet both in synchronized and unsynchronized

ways which give opportunities for interactions between the students and learning

resources, both the teacher/environment and peers [16]. Online learning gives an

opportunity to the students to share opinions and to do more individual learning

without being bound by time and space or more flexibly [17]–[19].

According to Moore, Dickson Dane and Galyen (in Dewi, 2021) online

learning has its own strengths and barriers. Online learning is learning that uses the

internet network with accessibility, connectivity, flexibility, and the ability to

bring up various types of learning interactions, although it cannot be denied that it

will still have positive and negative impacts. Online materials can be updated, and
students can see changes immediately. It is easier for teachers to direct students to

appropriate information based on their needs when they can access internet

materials. Online learning systems, if properly designed, can be used to determine

student needs and skill levels that are the learning objectives, and to determine the

right teaching materials for students to choose and to achieve the desired learning.

Online learning during the pandemic until post pandemic, has many

obstacles faced by teachers and students. Learning that was originally face-to-face

due to the pandemic has turned into an online learning process. The obstacles

experienced in online learning are the location of the teacher's and students' homes

being unreachable by the internet network, inadequate student internet quotas,

monotonous media and learning methods prepared by teachers so that students feel

bored and bored. Implementation of online learning in a pandemic like this,

teachers are required to be more active in understanding how to communicate with

students. The use of learning media and online learning methods must be used by

teachers to the maximum. This is to support the implementation of learning during

the pandemic in an undetermined period of time when the application of online

learning will end.

Online learning environments can be divided into a triad of synchronous,

asynchronous and hybrid learning environments. Synchronous learning

environments provide real time interaction, which can be collaborative in nature

incorporating activities (Salmon, 2013) such as an instructor’s lecture with a

facility of questions-answer session. However, a synchronous session requires

simultaneous student-teacher presence. On the other hand, asynchronous

environments are not time bound and students can work on activities on their own

pace. A hybrid online environment blends synchronous sessions with

asynchronous set of activities. It can be called hybrid as it combines simultaneity

with non-simultaneity as instructional design for both synchronous and

asynchronous teaching may have altogether different patterns.

Stefan Hrastinski 2008 (in Dewi, 2021) states that online learning is divided

into two types, namely synchronous learning and asynchronous learning. The first

term refers to real time activities in online learning. All materials and teacher

interactions directly with students occur according to the learning schedule every

day. This second type of online learning, the teacher only needs to put the

materials, assignments, and evaluations in a predetermined place and let students

work independently. MacDonald and Creanor (in Dewi, 2021) explain that

asynchronous learning means communication activities that do not require all

students to be online simultaneously, the most common example is online

discussion forums that can be read and responded to at any time, such as the use of

Google Forms, Google Docs, and Spreads beet.

Synchronous e-learning, on the other hand, refers to learning/teaching that

takes place simultaneously via an electronic mode. Synchronous voice or text chat

rooms provide an opportunity of teacher student and student-student interaction.

Apart from chat, video conferencing facilitates face-to-face communication. Web

 conferences through surveys, polls and question-answer sessions can turn out to be

more interactive than video conferencing.

In connection with the use of the online learning method used at IAIM Sinjai

during the post pandemic era, the researcher intends to conduct a study that aims

to determine the effectiveness of online learning with asynchronous learning or

synchronous learning methods because this online learning method has a positive

impact, namely experience and the use of technology in positive terms and can

bring changes in the education system such as the material taught, the learning

carried out and the obstacles faced by lecturers and education providers. Thus, the

results of the study can be used as a consideration for lecturers to choose online

learning methods that are considered capable of supporting the learning process in

the classroom that affect student learning outcomes and motivation and are

considered the most effective and efficient according to the competencies to be

achieved by keeping abreast of developments in the rules of the learning process.

from the government.

Based on the background, the researcher are interested in conducting a

research entitled "The Effects of Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning to

The Students Learning Outcomes and Motivation of The English Students at

Institut Agama Islam Muhammadiyah (IAIM) Sinjai".

B. Research Questions

Based on the previous background, the researcher formulates some research

questions that will guide this research. They are :

 1. Does synchronous learning affect to the students learning outcomes?

2. Does synchronous learning affect to the students motivations?

3. Does asynchronous learning affect to the students learning outcomes?

4. Does asynchronous learning affect to the students motivation?

5. Does synchronous and asynchronous learning affect to the students learning

outcomes and motivation?

C. Research Objectives

In conducting this research, the researcher expect to reach some points that

are related to the research questions. The aims of this research are:

1. To find out the affect of synchronous learning to the students learning

outcomes to the English Students at IAIM Sinjai.

2. To find out the affect of synchronous learning to the students motivation to the

English Students at IAIM Sinjai.

3. To find out the affect of asynchronous learning to the students learning

outcomes to the English students at IAIM Sinjai.

4. To find out the affect of asynchronous learning to the students motivation to

the English students at IAIM Sinjai.

5. To find out the affect of synchronous and asynchronous learning to the

students learning outcomes and motivation to the English students at IAIM

Sinjai.

D. Research Significance

There are two kinds of significance research. That are :

1. Theoretically

The theoretical benefits of this research are to develop educational science,

namely English language education at IAIM Sinjai, especially schools or

colleges that organize online learning using asynchronous and synchronous

methods in increasing knowledge in the field of online learning English.

2. Practically

a. Significance for students

By this research, it is expected that the students will be facilitated in

learning English although using synchronous or asynchronous learning and

have a good impact to the students learning outcome and motivation to

study English.

b. Significance for teacher or lecturer

By this research, the researcher expected that the lecturer or the teacher can

be a good facilitator in utilizing the use of synchronous and asynchronous

learning to their students.

c. Significance for other researcher

Become a reference for further research. Further researchers can make

improvements and refinements for this research and provide benefits in the

world of education.