Chapter 1

Hydrodynamics
Hawassa University
Institute of Technology Lecture slides
A Course :
Hydrodynamics
Course Instructor: Elias Tedla (PhD)
1
Hydrodynamics(CEng6601) Lecture Slides, Course Instructor: Elias Tedla (PhD), 2015
Chapter 1:Introduction
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Institute of Technology 1.1 Solid states, Fluids, and Continuum approach
Differences between solid state and fluid:

• Solid body can resist shear stress, fluid cant’s
• A fluid starts moving even with the smallest shear stress acting on it
• Further fluids have to be distinguished between liquids and gases
• Liquids form a free surface under gravity forces
• Gases expand until an obstacle stops them non further expansion
Figure 1.1: Fluid (left vessel) form a free surface; Gas (right vessel) expands
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Fluid density:
• Fluid consists of a great number of molecules
• The molecules themselves are flexible and their distance to each other are, in
general, much greater in gases than in liquids
• The fluid density describes a relationship between its mass and volume
• The mass in this volume is then dependent on the contained number of
molecules
• If the observed volume is too small, when its characteristic length in the range of
the average distance between the molecules, the density can’t be identified
exactly
• On the other hand, if the volume is too big, it isn’t always possible to detect the
macroscopic inhomogenities
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Fluid density:
• A definition of the fluid density is given by:
Figure 1.2: Definition of the fluid density

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Institute of Technology 1.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian approach
Mechanics of Fluid:
• Fluid mechanics problems can be regarded from two different points of view
• Lagrangian approach:
• Tracks the individual particles (molecules) within the current
• The covered distance of such a particle is viewed as a functions of time
• This mainly used in the mechanics of solid
• Eulerian approach:
• Describes the flow field in a stationary volume, regardless of the
direction an individual particle takes
• Thus, hydrodynamic measurements can be better accomplished using
the Eulerian approach
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Institute of Technology 1.3 Fluid properties and Equation of State
Equation of state for liquids:

• An equation of state, similar to that of ideal gases, does not exist for liquids
• In other words, there is no ideal liquid law
• But for most cases in hydrodynamics the following idealized assumptions can
be made:
• Where,
• ρ – density
• cp and cv – specific heat capacity at constant pressure and constant specific
volume
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Viscosity:
Figure 1.3: Shear stress in a solid body (left) and in a viscous fluid (right)
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Viscosity:
• In solid bodies the sear stress is a function of the deforming angle of the
mass unit depending on the material law
• In contrast, the shear stress in fluids is a function of the angular deforming speed
(Figure 1.3 right)
• The dynamic viscosity µ of the fluid is defined as the ratio of shear stress divided
by the velocity gradient
• Thus ,the shear stress is proportional to the velocity gradient, and the
proportional factors is the dynamic viscosity
• The dimension for dynamic viscosity is Pa.s
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Viscosity:
• The kinematic viscosity v (in m2/s) is the ratio of dynamic viscosity and the
mass density
• v in this case is only kinematic, because the mass units are eliminated
• The viscosity of liquids and gases depends on the temperature
• The pressure in viscosity of fluids usually plays an insignificant role, and thus, it
can be neglected
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Newtonian Fluids:
• The flow behavior of fluids can be displayed by flow curves
• Those are expressed by the following equation:
• Newtonian fluids are characterized, when
• Binghamian fluids (tooth paste) are characterized , when
• Water and air are Newtonian fluids
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Newtonian Fluids:
Figure 1.4: Flow behavior

of Newtonian and other
fluids
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Reynolds Number:
The Reynolds Number is the most important parameter to characterize the viscous behaviour
of flowing Newtonian fluids
• It is expressed as:
• Where,
• V – characteristic velocity of the flow
• L – length of the flow
• Very small Re –indicates creeping flow (where inertial effect can be neglected)
• Example – in ground water flow
• When high Re occurs, there is turbulent flow (which is applicable to most of the
problems in technical hydrodynamics)
• Moderate Re indicates a laminar flow
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Vapour pressure and cavitations:

• The vapour pressure is the pressure where the liquid and gaseous phases are in
a state of equilibrium
• The vapour pressure is temperature-
temperature -sensitive
• The vapour pressure curves give the boiling temperature depending on pressure
• Example: water boils under atmospheric pressure (~1bar) at a temperature
of 100oC
• The equation of Antoine gives an easy approximate calculation of the vapour
pressure PD:
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• In this case, the temperature T has the dimension of oC and PD has the
dimension of Pa
• For water the Antoine constants have the value A = 8.07131,
8.07131 B = 1730.63
and C = 233.426
Figure 1.5: Vapor pressure

of water
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• If the pressure in a flowing fluid is reduced until its vapour pressure, say because of
higher velocities in tighter cross-section, vapour blisters will be generated
• This is called cavitations
• These vapour blisters can collapse suddenly under high pressure
• In turbulent flow with significant velocity and pressure variation, cavitations may
occur locally, without mean pressure falling below vapour pressure
• Cavitations destroy materials, and therefore, it must be prevented in hydraulic
engineering structures:
• Example: smaller mean velocities, increasing the pressure level, design of the
flow boundaries
• Some applications where cavitations can occur include:
• Pipe constriction
• Turbine blades
• Cross-section constriction in spillway chutes
• Other structures with local high velocities
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Compressibility:
• The hookian law for solid bodies describe the proportionality between tension
σ and expansion є :
• Where, E is modulus of elasticity (E-Module)

• Analog to the hookian law the decreasing of the volume as a result of
increasing pressure (compressibility) in the fluid can be described as:
• The modulus of elasticity of water is 2*109N/m2

• Hence, to compress a water volume only about 1%, the pressure has to be
increased by approximately 200bar
• Therefore, in most cases, water flow can be considered as incompressible
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Potential and Kinetic Energy:

• The stored (available) energy within a fluid mechanics system consists of:
• Mechanical
• Thermodynamic parts
• Heat and work transform both parts into the other part
• The mechanical energy consists of potential energy and kinetic energy (velocity
energy)
• Potential energy: corresponds to work, which is necessary to move a mass
m against the gravity field
• Because gravity only has a vertical component (zz-direction), z should
always point up
• Potential energy can be expressed as:
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Potential and Kinetic Energy:

• Kinetic energy: corresponds to work done by the inertial forces
• In other words it is the work, which is necessary to accelerate a mass
from a resting state to the velocity v
• Kinetic energy can be expressed as:
• It is possible to write the whole energy of a system subjected m:
• Where, is a function of pressure and temperature regarding every

considered substance
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Methods to describe flow:

• Every flow obeys the three conservation fundamentals of mechanics
• Mass conservation (continuity constraint)
• Momentum conservation ( Newton’s 2nd law)
• Energy conservation ( 1st law of thermodynamics)
• The methods, which are available to describe and analyze the flow, can be
subdivided into three basic concepts:
• Integral approach of a control volume (control room)
• Differential approach on a fluid element (infinitesimal system)
• Experimental analysis (dimension analysis)
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• Integral approach of a control volume (control room):
• A control volume is a limited area with open borders, where mass,mass
momentum and energy can flow through it
• It must be possible to draw a balance between incoming,
incoming outgoing
flows and the variations within the control volume
• If the details of the flow within the control volume are of no interests and
therefore an integral result is enough, this approach is suggested
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• Differential approach on a fluid element (infinitesimal system):
• The conservation equations have to be derived at an infinitesimal fluid
element
• To apply this on a defined problem, the differential equations have to
be mathematically integrated under consideration of the respective
boundary condition
• It is difficult to receive accurate analytical solutions
• This is only the case for simple geometries and boundary conditions
• Therefore, numerical methods are used to obtain a solution by
approximation with the help of computers
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• Experimental analysis (dimension analysis):
• In many cases a well thought-out experiment is used to examine a specific flow
problem
• Especially in those cases, when a mathematical numerical description is not
possible, neither integral nor differential
• For example, when there is no model theory existing for the defined problem or
a numerical approach because of its complex geometries is not workable or is
too costly, then an experimental analysis may be necessary
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Chapter 1

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Hydrodynamics

Course Instructor: Elias Tedla (PhD)

Differences between solid state and fluid:

Figure 1.2: Definition of the fluid density

Equation of state for liquids:

• Newtonian fluids are characterized, when

• Binghamian fluids (tooth paste) are characterized , when

• Water and air are Newtonian fluids

Figure 1.4: Flow behavior

Vapour pressure and cavitations:

Vapour pressure and cavitations:

Figure 1.5: Vapor pressure

Vapour pressure and cavitations:

• Where, E is modulus of elasticity (E-Module)

• The modulus of elasticity of water is 2*109N/m2

Potential and Kinetic Energy:

Potential and Kinetic Energy:

• It is possible to write the whole energy of a system subjected m:

• Where, is a function of pressure and temperature regarding every

Methods to describe flow:

Methods to describe flow:

Methods to describe flow:

Methods to describe flow:

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