TEC, Nerul Fluid Mechanics-I

TPCT’s
TERNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NERUL

Department of Civil Engineering

Fluid Mechanics-I
LABORATORY MANUAL

AY- 2021-22

Class: S.E Civil

Subject Incharge: Prof. Abhijeet Keskar.

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Sr. Experiments Page

no. no.
1. Determination of the Metacentric height of
a floating body.
2. Investigating the validity of the Bernoulli
equation applied to a steady
Flow of water through a tapered duct.
3. Determination of coefficient of discharge
of Venturimeter.
4. Determination of coefficient of discharge
of Orifice meter.
5. Determination of coefficient of discharge
of Notches (Rectangular and
Triangular notch).
6. To determine the value of coefficient of
contraction, coefficient of Velocity and
coefficient of discharge for the given
orifice.

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Experiment no.1

METACENTRIC HEIGHT OF A
SHIP

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Experiment no.1

METACENTRIC HEIGHT OF A SHIP

AIM:

To determine the meta- centric height of a ship.

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. M.S. tank of size 0.5*0.5*0.4m with drain plug as storage.

2. A hollow ship model with balancing weight.
3. Tilting weights 2 numbers for balancing.
4. A pendulum and graduated scale for measuring tilt angle.

THEORY: A ship model (with known C.G.) is floated in still water. A known
weight (W1) is moved across the deck of the ship through a certain distance (z)
measured from O, consequently the ship gets tilted through a certain angle (θ)
which is measured on the scale. The Meta-centric Height (MG) is found
(equating tilting and restoring moments) from the following relation.

𝑾𝟏 ∗𝒙
𝑮𝑴 =
𝑾 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽

Fig. Meta-centric Height

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PROCEDURE:

1. Find the weight ‘W’ of the model of the ship outside water.
2. Place the ship model in water with a movable weight (W1) at any position,
adjust the screws S to zero reading on the scale.

3. Move the weight W1 across the deck through a certain distance (z); it will
result in tilting of the ship model.

4. Note down the angle of tilt ‘(θ)’.

5. Note down more readings, by either varying the load W1 and keeping the
distance ‘z’ constant or Keeping the load W1 constant and varying the
distance ‘z’.

OBSERVATION:
Length of the tank =

Width of the tank =

Area of the tank =

OBERVATION TABLE

Trial 1

𝑮𝑴 Mean Mean
X
Sr. No. W (kg) W1 (kg)
(mm)
θ 𝑾𝟏 ∗ 𝒙 value of
= MG
𝑾 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
1

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4

Trial 2

𝑮𝑴 Mean Mean
X
Sr. No. W (kg) W1 (kg)
(mm)
θ 𝑾𝟏 ∗ 𝒙 value of
= MG
𝑾 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
1

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SAMPLE CALCULATION

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RESULT
The meta- centric height of a ship is ....................

CONCLUSION:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Free movement of pendulum must be ensured.
2. Readings to be noted down only when the water in the tank becomes standstill.
3. Note down the reading of the tilt angle only when the pendulum becomes
steady.

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QUESTIONS:-

1. Define Buoyancy?

2. Define Meta-centre?

3. Define Meta- centric height?

4. With respect to the position of metacenter, state the condition of equilibrium for
a floating body?

5. Why to find Meta-Centric Height?

6. What is the equation for Meta-Centric height in analytical method?

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Experiment no.2

BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

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Experiment no.2

BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

AIM:
To Verify the Bernoulli’s theorem .

APPARATUS:
1. A tapered inclined pipe (piezometer
tubes fitted at different points/sections).
2. A supply tank of water.
3. A measuring tank.
4. A stopwatch.
5. A scale.

THEORY:

Bernoulli’s theorem states that in a steady

flow of an ideal fluid the total energy per
unit mass of fluid (at any section) remains
constant along a streamline flow.
Neglecting losses, the total energy at
sections 1 and 2 will have the following
relation:
Pressure head (P1/ W) + Velocity head
(V12/2g) + Elevation (Z1) = a Constant

ρ = Density of the fluid (kg/m3)

V = Velocity of flow (m/s)

P + v2 + z = constant
ρg 2g

Where, P/ρg = pressure head.

V2/2g = velocity head
Z = potential head from datum.

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PROCEDURE:

1. By slowly opening the inlet valve allow the water to flow from the supply tank.
2. Adjust the flow in such a manner that a constant head of water is available in the supply tank (i.e.
inflow= outflow).

3. Note down the quantity of water collected (Q) in the measuring tank for a given interval of time
using a stop watch.

4. Compute the areas of cross-section (A1 and A2) under the piezometer tubes.
5. Use the continuity equation to get V1 and V2 as follows:
Q = A1V1 = A2V2
V1 = Q/ A1
V2 = Q/ A2

6. Read the pressure head (P/W) directly from the piezometer tubes at the concerned sections.

7. Note down the datum head (z) at different sections (for horizontal pipe line z will be constant).

8. Tabulate the various values as shown in table.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Pressure
head Measuring
Sr. Velocity Velocity
P/w tank Time Discharge Datum Total
no Area V= Q/ A head
readings t(sec) Q(m3/sec) head head
. V2/2g
(Vol) m3

1. 5.04x10-4

2. 4.06x10-4

3. 3.91x10-4

4. 2.60x10-4
5. 3.45x10-4

6. 3.68x10-4

7. 3.91x10-4

8. 4.14x10-4

9. 4.6x10-4

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SAMPLE CALCULATION:-

1. Discharge Q = q / t = ......... . cm3 /sec

2. Velocity V= Q/ A= ..............= ............ cm/sec

Where A is the cross sectional area of the fluid flow

3. Velocity head V 2 /2g = ......... . cm

4. Pressure head (actual measurement or piezometer tube reading) P/w=

............. cm

5. Total Head H = Pressure head + Velocity Head = .................... . cm

GRAPHS:
1. Plot (P/γ) + Z Vs distance of piezometer tubes for some reference (on x-axis). Join the points by a
smooth curve. This is known as the hydraulic line.

2. E = (P/γ) + Z + (V2/2g) Vs distance of piezometer tubes. Join the points smoothly. This is the total
energy line

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

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Experiment no.3

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
OF VENTURIMETER

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Experiment no: 3

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF VENTURIMETER

AIM:

To determine the coefficient of discharge through Venturimeter.

APPARATUS:
Venturimeter installed on different diameter pipes, arrangement of varying flow
rate, U- tube manometer, collecting tube tank.

THEORY:
Venturimeter are depending on Bernoulli’s equation. Venturimeter is a device
used for measuring the rate of fluid flowing through a pipe. The consist of three part
in short

1. Converging area part

2. Throat
3. Diverging part
Theoretical discharge can be calculated by

𝑄 = 𝑎 1 * 𝑎 2 √2𝑔h
√𝑎1 - 𝑎2
2 2

Where, a1 = Cross sectional area of a pipe

a2 = Cross sectional area at the throat of venturimeter
h = Differential pressure head between entrance & throat of venturimeter
g = Gravitational acceleration

The actual discharge is determined by collecting water over a known period of time.
Coefficient of discharge for Venturimeter (Cd) = Actual Discharge
Theoretical Discharge

Coefficient of discharge for Venturimeter is closer to 1

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Fig. Venturimeter

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the manometer pressure to the atmospheric pressure by opening the upper
valve.

2. Now start the supply at water controlled by the stop valve.

3. One of the valves of any one of the pipe open and close all other of three.
4. Take the discharge reading for the particular flow.
5. Take the reading for the pressure head on from the u-tube manometer for
corresponding reading of discharge.

6. Now take three readings for this pipe and calculate the Cd for that instrument
using formula.

7. Now close the valve and open valve of other diameter pipe and take the three
reading for this.

8. Similarly take the reading for all other diameter pipe and calculate Cd for each .

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OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

1. Diameter of venturimeter, d1 = .......................cm

2. Diameter of venturimeter at throat, d2 =........................ cm
3. Diameter of collecting tank, D = ...................... . cm
4. Specific gravity of manometric fluid S = ...................

Sr. Manometer reading Rise of Time for Area of Volume Actual Theoretical Coefficient of
No water collecting collectin of water discharge discharge discharge
. R cm rise g tank A Qt
𝑉

level in collected (Qa) = for

h1 h2 h= (h1- of water t cm2 Vt= A x R venturimeter
=
𝑡

the Cm3/ sec

h2) (S- collecting sec. cm2 𝑄 𝑎

1) (𝑎1𝑎2 ∗√ Cd =
tank R cm 2√𝑎
𝑔 h1 −𝑎 2 𝑄 𝑡

cm of 2 2

water

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:
Hence the coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter is .

CONCLUSION:

Hence, Coefficient of discharge through Venturimeter is determined.

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QUESTIONS:
1. What is Venturimeter? And what is its use?

2. Define coefficient of discharge?

3. Where separation of flow occurs?

4. Define converging & diverging area part?

5. Define throat?

6. Where pressure is low in Venturimeter?

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Experiment no.4

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
OF ORIFICEMETER

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Class:

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Sign:

Grade:

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Experiment no: 4

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF ORIFICEMETER

AIM: To determine the coefficient of discharge through Orifice meter.

APPARATUS:
1. Orifice meter
2. Installed on different pipes
3. Arrangement of varying flow rate
4. U-tube manometer
5. Collecting tank.

THEORY:
Orifice meter is used to measure the discharge in any closed surface. Orifice meter
works on the principle that by reducing the cross section area of the flow passage, a
pressure difference between the two sections is developed and this difference
enables the determination of the discharge through the pipe. In a water distribution
system and in processing industries it is necessary to measure the volume of liquid
flowing through a pipe line. The orifice meter is introduced in the pipeline to achieve
this. Hence knowledge of the value of the coefficient of discharge of the orifice meter
is a must. Orifice meter consists of a flat circular plate with a circular hole called
orifice, which is concentric with the pipe axis pressure tapings are connected to pipe
wall on the both sides of the plate. So that the difference in the fluid pressure on both
sides of the orifice plate are measured. As the fluid passes through the orifice meter,
a lot of eddies are formed and there is a loss of energy due to which the actual
discharge Qa , is far less than Qth and is given by

Actual Discharge
Coefficient of discharge for orifice meter Cd = _______________________
Theoretical Discharge

Actual Discharge (Qa) = V/t (cm3/ sec)

Theoretical discharge, Q t = 𝑎1 𝑎2 ∗√2𝑔h
√𝑎1 −𝑎2 2 2(cm 3 / sec)

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Equivalent pressure head in meters of flowing liquid, ∆ℎ = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )[(𝑠𝑚 ⁄𝑠𝑓 ) − 1]

Fig. Orifice meter

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the manometer pressure to the atmospheric pressure by opening the upper
valve.

2. Now start the supply at water controlled by the stop valve.

3. One of the valves of any one of the pipe open and close all other of three.
4. Take the discharge reading for the particular flow.
5. Take the reading for the pressure head on from the u-tube manometer for
corresponding reading of discharge.

6. Now take three readings for this pipe and calculate the Cd for that instrument
using formula.

7. Now close the valve and open valve of other diameter pipe and take the three
reading for this.

8. Similarly take the reading for all other diameter pipe and calculate Cd for each.

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OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

1. Diameter of the pipe to which orifice meter fitted d 1 = ..................
2. Diameter of the orifice, d2 = ....................................... (Note: d2/d1 = 0.60)
3. Size of the collecting tank = l x b x h = ..................
4. Area of cross section = ........................
5. Area of collecting tank = ......................... .

Sr. Manometer Reading Rise of Area of Volume Actual Theoretical

No. water level collecting of water Discharge discharge, Cd=
in the tank A collected (Qa) = V/t, Q act
Δh= collecting cm2 Vt= Lx A cm3/ sec Q th
h1 h2-h1 (S-1) tank L cm cm3 cm3/ sec
cm h2 (cm)
cm

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
∆h=h2 - h1

Qa= A × h / t

Qt = a1a2 ×√2 g h
√𝑎12 − 𝑎22

Cd= Actual Discharge

Theoretical Discharge

Sm = Specific gravity of manometric fluid = 13.6 for mercury

Sf = Specific gravity of fluid flowing in pipe = 1 for water

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MODEL GRAPHS:
A graph is drawn between Qa and Qth and the value of Cd is determined.

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RESULT:
Hence the coefficient of discharge of Orifice meter is .

CONCLUSION:

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QUESTIONS:
1. Define Orifice?

2. Define Mouth piece?

3. Define vena contracta?

4. Where the velocity of flow is maximum and pressure is minimum?

5. What is the reason for smaller value of Cd?

6. What is the principle of Orifice mete

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Experiment no.5

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
OF NOTCH

Name:

Class:

Date of performance:

Date of submission:

Sign:

Grade:

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Experiment no: 5

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF NOTCH

AIM: To determine coefficient of discharge of rectangular notch and V-notch

APPARATUS:
Arrangement for finding the coefficient of discharge inclusive of supply tank,
collecting tank, pointer, scale & different type of notches

THEORY:
A notch is an opening in the side of a measuring tank or reservoir extending above
the free surface. These notches are used to measure discharge of open channel
flows, by passing them across the stream. Notches are generally used for
measuring discharge in small open channels or laboratory flumes.
Notches can be of different shapes such as triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal,
stepped notch, etc. the bottom of the notch over which the water flows is known as
crest or sill and the thin sheet of water flowing through the notch is known as
nappe or vein. The edges of the notch are bevelled on the downstream side so as to
have a sharp-edged sides and crest resulting in minimum contact with the flowing
fluid.
The discharge over notch is measured by measuring the head acting over the notch.
As water approaches the notch, its surface becomes curved. Therefore, the head
over the notch is to be measured at the upstream of the notch where the effect of
curvature is minimum. Also, it should be close to the notch so that the loss of
energy between head measuring section and notch is neglegible. In practical, the
head over notch is measured at a distance of 3 to 4 times the maximum head from
the notch.

Fig. Longitudinal Section of Experimental Setup for Notches

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PROCEDURE:
1. The notch under test is positioned at the end of tank with vertical sharp edge on
the upstream side.

2. Open the inlet valve and fill water until the crest of notch.
3. Note down the height of crest level by pointer gauge.
4. Change the inlet supply and note the height of this level in the tank.
5. Note the volume of water collected in collecting tank for a particular time and
find out the discharge.

6. Height and discharge readings for different flow rate are noted.

OBSERVATIONS AND OBSERVATION TABLE:

Breath of tank =
Length of tank =
Height of water to crest level for rectangular notch is
= Height of water to crest level for V notch =

Angle of V notch =
Width of Rectangular notch =

Discharge
Type Of Initial Final Q Final height Head above Cd
Difference Time
notch height height Volume reading above crest level
In height taken (t)
of tank of tank width
cm cm cm (sec) cm3 cm3/sec

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CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:
The coefficient of discharge of V Notch is .
The coefficient of discharge of Rectangular Notch is _____________ .

CONCLUSION:

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QUESTIONS:
1. What is a Notch?

2. What is the use of notch?

3. What are the types of notches according to shape of opening?

4. What are the types of notches according to the effect of sides on the nappe
emerging from a notch?

5. What is theoretical discharge for Rectangular notch?

6. What is crest height?

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Experiment no. 6

HYDRAULIC COEFFICIENTS OF
ORIFICE

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Class:

Date of performance:

Date of submission:

Sign:

Grade:

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Experiment no. 6

HYDRAULIC COEFFICIENTS OF ORIFICE

AIM :

To determine the coefficients of discharge, coefficient of contraction and the

coefficient of velocity for the given orifice by constant head method.

TOOLS REQUIRED:
Orifice tank, Point gauge for measuring jet trajectory, Calibrated collecting tank,
Stop watch and measuring scale etc.

THEORY:
An orifice is an opening made in the side or bottom of tank having a closing
perimeter. Through which the fluid may be discharged orifice are used to
measure the rate of flow of liquid, apparatus is designed to measure the
coefficient of discharge of orifice.

The apparatus consist of a supply tank of the side of which a universal fixture for
mounting orifices is attached a centrifuge pump supplies the water to supply
tank. Head over the orifice is controlled by a bypass valve provided of pump
discharge which is used to calculate number of orifice.

Water is allowed to flow through the orifice keeping the head constant by
adjusting the inlet valve. The actual discharge Qa is determined using the
measuring tank.

Co-efficient of discharge

 Actual discharge

Where, a – Area of measuring tank in cm2

h – Height differences in piezometer in cm.
t – Time to collect water for a height difference of h cm, measured in sec

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 Theoretical discharge

Fig. Orifice meter

OBSERVATIONS:
Area of cross section of collecting tank = .......................... m2
Diameter of orifice, d = ............................... cm
X correction = ......................... cm
Y correction = .............................cm
Area of orifice, a= (it/4) d2 =........................... m2

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Where, Qa – Actual discharge = A x h / t

a – Area of the measuring tank.
H – Rise of water level (say 10cm) in meters.
T – Time in seconds for raise of water level.
D – Diameter of the orifice A – Area of the Orifice (or Mouthpiece) =
(π / 4) d2
H – Height of liquid above the centre of the Orifice (or Mouthpiece).

Coefficient of discharge

Co-efficient of Velocity

X = Horizontal co-ordinate of the jet at the measuring point

Y = Vertical co-ordinate of the jet at the measuring point
H = Height of liquid above the centre of the Orifices.

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Co-efficient of Contraction Cc = Cd / Cv

RESULT:

Coefficient of discharge of the given orifice = _

Coefficient of velocity of the given orifice = __
Coefficient of contraction of the given orifice =

CONCLUSION:

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QUESTIONS:

1. What do you mean by Vena- Contracta?

2. What is coefficient of velocity?

3. Define orifice?

4. Define mouthpiece?

5. Define coefficient of contraction?

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