BIOL 257 – Introduction to Microbiology

Nutrition & Growth Learning Outcomes

Jasmine Gudino
 Define nutritional type vocab: nutrition, inorganic, organic, autotroph, heterotroph, chemotroph,
phototroph, saprobe, parasite,
-nutrition is the nutrients acquired from the environment and used for cellular activities
-inorganic is not produced by living organism (metal, gas, water)
-organic is produced by living other than gas (including macromolecules and monomers)
-autotroph is an organism that converts inorganic material to organic food (like photosynthesis)
-heterotroph is an organism that eats organic material (like human)
-chemotroph organism uses chemicals as energy (yeast, bacteria, fungi, ect.)
-phototroph uses sun as energy source
-saprobe feeds on nonliving organic matter
-parasite organism lives off host
 Define transport vocab: passive transport, active transport, simple diffusion, osmosis, bulk
transport, facilitated diffusion
-passive transport doesn’t require energy, molecules move from high to low concentration
-active transport low to high concentration, cell wants to keep high on one side
-simple diffusion moves across membrane
-osmosis diffusion of water
-bulk transport takes large things across membrane, requires energy, low to high
-facilitated diffusion requires use of protein channel/carrier, high to low
 Define growth vocab: binary fission, doubling time, linear growth, exponential growth, turbid
-binary fission increase size, two bacteria from one
-doubling time population level, time it takes for complete fission cycle
-linear growth the amount of mass added to the cell is constant
-exponential growth growth is unrestricted; population grows faster as it gets larger
-turbid Culture is one that has enough bacteria that it is visible (incubating)
 Define environmental factors vocab: psychrophile, mesophile, thermophile, hyperthermophile,
halophile, barophile, acidophile, capnophile, aerobe, anaerobe, microaerophilic, mutualism,
commensalism, parasitism, synergism, antagonism,
-psychrophile temp below 20 degrees Celsius
-mesophile 20-40 degrees Celsius
-thermophile greater than 40 degrees Celsius
-hyperthermophile prefers high temperature
-halophile prefers to live in high salt
-barophile prefers high pressure
-acidophile prefers to live in high acid/ low pH
-capnophile prefers high carbon dioxide
-aerobe with oxygen
-anaerobe without oxygen
-microaerophilic low oxygen
-mutualism protozoa in termite
-commensalism bacteria in human intestine
-parasitism normal microbial flora
-synergism vitamin and amino acid growth factor so H. Influenza can grow blood
-antagonism soil microbes and antibiotics
 State which nutritional and environmental categories apply to an organism given its characteristics
- Appropriate nutrients, temperature, pH, pressure, salt
 List the phases of the population growth curve in order.
1. Lag phase

Page 1 of 1
BIOL 257 – Introduction to Microbiology
2. Exponential phase
3. Stationary phase
4. Death phase
 State what occurs during each phase of population growth and match each phase to a growth curve.
1. Initial growth
2. Most rapid, lots of nutrients
3. Equal growth and death, nutrients low
4. More death than growth, no nutrients left
 List two items that microbes need to make macromolecules
-energy and carbon
 List the 6 elements that make up 96% of cells
-CHONPS carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
 Distinguish between micronutrients and macronutrients
- Macronutrients is required in a large amount/ vice versa
- Macronutrients is cellular structure and metabolism
- micronutrients is enzyme function and protein structure
 List the functions of micronutrients in cells and give a few examples
-enzyme function and protein structure, MN Zn Ni
 List the functions of inorganic and organic carbon in cells and give a few examples
-inorganic are not produced by living organism, metal gas water
-organic produced by living, other than gas. Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acid
 List the two main energy sources for organisms
-sun/ chemicals
 Compare active and passive transport
-active transport molecules will flow in direction that is favorable (low to high)
-passive transport doesn’t require energy (moves low to high)
 Compare simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
-as said in the lecture “it just happens” each doesn’t not require energy and move high to low
 State what type of transport is occurring given a description of the transport
-find out by what way the concentration is moving low to high or high to low
 List the steps of binary fission and the type of microbe that uses it
- Replication, growth, segregation, cytokinesis (split)
 Given a doubling time, calculate hours to get to specific number of bacteria and vice versa
- Doubling time= 70 divided by growth rate
 Compare linear vs exponential growth and state which occurs when bacteria grow through binary
fission
-linear growth is just an immediate spike in growth, exponential growth shows growth takes
progress
 State what spectrophotometry and colony counting are used for and how they differ
-spectrophotometry measures light fraction
-colony counting get diluted substance plate it and examine
 Distinguish between the categories of oxygen requirement
-aerobe with oxygen
-anaerobe without
-microaerophilic low
-obligate aerobe must be in
-obligate anaerobe must NOT be in
 Distinguish between the categories of ecological associations
-symbiotic relation when organisms live in close nutritional relationships, required by one or both
(mutualism, commensalism)
-nonsymbiotic when organisms are free living and relation is not required for survival
(synergism, antagonism)

Page 2 of 1
BIOL 257 – Introduction to Microbiology
 List which ecological associations occur in/on humans
-human body is full of symbiotic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa

Page 3 of 1