DEAP Reference Vol2

Baker Hughes INTEQ
Volume 2
DEAP v3.0
User Reference Manual

Company Man and Engineering Applications
80494H-002 Rev. B January 1997
Baker Hughes INTEQ

Technical Support and Marketing
P.O. Box 670968
Houston, TX 77267-0968
USA
713-625-6676
This manual is provided without any warranty of any kind, either expressed
or implied. The information in this document is believed to be accurate;
however, Baker Hughes INTEQ will not be liable for any damages, whether
direct or indirect, which results from the use of any information contained
herein.
Table of Contents - Volume 2
Chapter 1
Case Data Exchange

Overview ....................................................................................................1 - 2
File Options Menu ....................................................................................1 - 3
Chapter 2
Vertical Section Definition

Overview ....................................................................................................2 - 2
Application Main Window .......................................................................2 - 3
Defining A Vertical Section......................................................................2 - 4
Survey Selection ........................................................................................2 - 6
Target Location.........................................................................................2 - 8
Chapter 3
Directional Survey Calculator

Overview ....................................................................................................3 - 2
Survey Data ...............................................................................................3 - 12
Look Ahead ...............................................................................................3 - 23
Travelling Cylinder Diagram ..................................................................3 - 25
BHA Analysis ............................................................................................3 - 27
Definitive Survey.......................................................................................3 - 28
Report Windows .......................................................................................3 - 30
Reference Guide i
80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Table of Contents - Volume 2 DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual
Chapter 4
Drill String Simulator

Overview ....................................................................................................4-2
Suggested Ways to Use DSS.....................................................................4-7
Models Used in DSS ..................................................................................4-11
Model Validation and Limitations ..........................................................4-15
Super-DSS..................................................................................................4-16
Navigation..................................................................................................4-20
Application Main Window .......................................................................4-21
File Operations ..........................................................................................4-22
Hole Geometry ..........................................................................................4-24
Survey Data ...............................................................................................4-24
Fluid Data ..................................................................................................4-27
String Sections...........................................................................................4-28
Friction Factors.........................................................................................4-31
Operations Data ........................................................................................4-32
Run Operations .........................................................................................4-35
Results (Single Mode Analysis)................................................................4-35
Results (Multiple Mode Analysis) ...........................................................4-37
SDSS Graphs .............................................................................................4-38
Report Windows .......................................................................................4-40
Appendix A: DSS and Completion Operations......................................4-44
Appendix B: Summary of Friction Factors ............................................4-57
Appendix C: Twist Calculations..............................................................4-58
Appendix D: Screen Stiffness and Deflection/Stand-Off Calculations 4-59
Chapter 5
Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning

Overview ....................................................................................................5 - 2
Pressure Drop Model................................................................................5 - 4
ii Baker Hughes INTEQ

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual Table of Contents - Volume 2
Hole Cleaning Model ................................................................................5 - 6

Suggested Ways to Use the Model ...........................................................5 - 8
Navigation..................................................................................................5 - 13
File Operations ..........................................................................................5 - 14
Drill Bit Details..........................................................................................5 - 16
Mud ............................................................................................................5 - 17
Hole Details................................................................................................5 - 17
Drill String.................................................................................................5 - 18
Survey Data ...............................................................................................5 - 19
Rig Parameters..........................................................................................5 - 20
Run and Results Windows .......................................................................5 - 22
Chapter 6
Cement Placement Simulator

Overview ....................................................................................................6 - 2
Mathematical Models Used in CPS .........................................................6 - 4
Navigation..................................................................................................6 - 17
File Operations ..........................................................................................6 - 18
Hole Geometry ..........................................................................................6 - 20
Survey Table..............................................................................................6 - 22
Cementing String ......................................................................................6 - 23
Pore/Fracture Table .................................................................................6 - 24
Stand Off Table.........................................................................................6 - 25
Pumping Table ..........................................................................................6 - 25
Fluid Properties.........................................................................................6 - 27
Rig Parameters..........................................................................................6 - 30
View Results ..............................................................................................6 - 30
Cement Volume Calculator......................................................................6 - 38
Report Window .........................................................................................6 - 41
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80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 7
Swab / Surge Predictor

Overview ....................................................................................................7 - 2
Navigation..................................................................................................7 - 5
File Operations ..........................................................................................7 - 6
Drill Bit Details..........................................................................................7 - 8
Float Equipment .......................................................................................7 - 9
Mud ............................................................................................................7 - 10
Hole Details................................................................................................7 - 10
Drill String Details ....................................................................................7 - 11
Casing String Details ................................................................................7 - 12
Survey Data ...............................................................................................7 - 13
Trip Details ................................................................................................7 - 14
Run .............................................................................................................7 - 15
Chapter 8
Offset Well – Allocation

Overview ....................................................................................................8 - 2
Report Windows .......................................................................................8 - 5
Chapter 9
NPD Interface Program

Application Main Screen..........................................................................9 - 8
Pre-Spud Program: Basic Well Data ......................................................9 - 12
Pre-Spud Program: Planned Hole Data .................................................9 - 13
Pre-Spud Program: Planned Casing Data..............................................9 - 14
Pre-Spud Program: Planned Directional Data ......................................9 - 16
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80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual Table of Contents - Volume 2
Pre-Spud Program: Predicted Zonation Data .......................................9 - 16

DDRS: Basic Information Report ...........................................................9 - 17
DDRS: Status Report................................................................................9 - 18
DDRS: Mud/Pressure Report ..................................................................9 - 20
DDRS: Present Operation Report...........................................................9 - 21
DDRS: Survey Report ..............................................................................9 - 22
DDRS: Operations / Mode Report ..........................................................9 - 23
DDRS: Log Report....................................................................................9 - 28
DDRS: Core Report..................................................................................9 - 28
DDRS: Well Test Report ..........................................................................9 - 30
DDRS: RFT Report ..................................................................................9 - 31
DDRS: Weather Report ...........................................................................9 - 33
DDRS: Remarks Report...........................................................................9 - 34
DDRS: Lithology Report..........................................................................9 - 35
DDRS: Equipment Failure Report..........................................................9 - 35
DDRS: Kick Report ..................................................................................9 - 39
DDRS: Preliminary Zonation ..................................................................9 - 42
DDRS: Perforation Intervals ...................................................................9 - 43
DDRS: Report Generation .......................................................................9 - 43
Appendix: References...............................................................................9 - 46
Reference Guide v
80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
vi Baker Hughes INTEQ

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 1
Case Data Exchange
The case data exchange mechanism was designed to provide

the user of the DEAP engineering applications with access
to data sets stored in the data base, to display the data set
and its edit status for each active application, and to support
data transfer between data stores and applications.
Reference Guide 1-1

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Case Data Exchange DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual
Overview
The case data exchange mechanism supports the following user
requirements:
• The ability to load and save a snapshot data set from the database
• Data transfer among all existing deap engineering applications
• The ability to load and save subsets of the data
• The need for information on which user and application is holding the
most recent version
• A trigger mechanism that tells an application in which data has been
modified to prompt the user to load that data for use in a simulation by
another application, even if it is not the same data set currently in use
• Access of many users to the same data set
• A trigger mechanism that considers any resource overheads and
delays that a polling technique might involve
• Availability of standard data subsets: hole geometry, string geometry,
mud details, survey details
Data Transfer Between Engineering Applications

Because of dissimilarities in the underlying data structures of each of the
DEAP engineering applications, not all the data available in a specific
application is necessarily transferable to all other engineering applications.
Thus when the user initiates a transfer of data from one application to
another, not all the data available in the first application will necessarily
transfer to the second application.
For example, while the transfer of data between the hydraulics application
and the drill string simulator is complete, fluids data entered into the
cement placement simulator is not transferred to other engineering
applications because the way fluids data is handled by the cement
placement simulator is unlike the other applications.
As another example, the drill string simulator treats drill strings and casing
strings similarly, whereas the cement placement simulator, hydraulics and
swab and surge applications all treat them differently.
The non-transferability of certain subsets of data does not affect the load
and transfer process, but the user should be aware that some data may not
be transferred to the receiving application.
1-2 Baker Hughes INTEQ

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual Case Data Exchange
Case Ownership and Control

An application can only retain ownership of one data set at a time. Only the
owner of a case will be allowed to write or delete it, though all other users
will have read access.
If an attempt is made to load another data set, the first data set will be
marked as unloaded. Any other application may take the ownership by
saving back the data set and updating the database load timedate to that
held within the application.
In order to control access to each case and also to provide the user with
information about the current status of a case, the following items are held
within each case:
• Case name
• Loaded or unloaded status
• Load timedate
• Last save timedate
• Owner name
• Clipboard or standard case type
The clipboard is available for the user for the purpose of transmitting data
from one application to another without having to go through any
additional steps in the open and save dialog boxes. Clipboard data may be
accessed only by its owner.
File Options Menu

The case functionality of DEAP is available to the user
through a set of options that are selectable from the file
menu in those applications to which the case
functionality applies.
The process is designed to be familiar to users, matching the functionality
that would be expected from any desktop application working against data
files (e.g. a word processor) and current DEAP functionality (e.g. drill
string simulator).
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80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 1-1
File Options File Options
Menu from
New
Hydraulics
Open...
Save
Save As...
Rename... Copy
Copy From
From
Status... Save To
Save To
Delete...
Clipboard DEAP
DEAP Current
Current
Import DEAP History...
DEAP History...
Exit CMAP...
CMAP...
New
This option clears any existing data from the application internal structures
and generates an empty header structure to hold new data subsequently
entered by the user. Upon completion of data entry, if the user selects the
save option, the application will automatically call up the save as dialog
box, explained in a later section of this document.
Open
Brings up a dialog that allows loading of data from a selected data set into
the application. A data set loaded in this manner will be able to be written
back under the same name using the save option, but only if the user
originally created the data set.
The Open dialog box is shown below. Note that clipboard cases do not
appear in the list.
Figure 1-2
Open Case
Dialog Box

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
On pressing open, if the data set is flagged by the system as not loaded into
any other application, the data will be passed back to the requesting user,
the load timedate will be updated and the status of the case file will be set
to loaded.
If the data set has already been loaded by another application, the user will
be presented with the option of either proceeding on a read only basis, or
continuing on with read/write permission on the data.
• If the user proceeds with a read only case, the load timedate will not
be updated in the database case, though it will be passed back to the
user. In addition, the save option will not be available, so the user
must select the save as option to store data to the database.
• If the user continues with read/ write permission on the data, then the
first application will not be allowed write access.
Special Features
FILTER buttons — there are two filter options, filter by well and filter by
user. At start up, the cases will be filtered by default well and user name.
• To view all data sets, the filter buttons should be toggled off and the
filter button pressed.
• To view a subset of all cases, the filter buttons should be toggled on
and the relevant well and/or user selected before the user presses the
filter button.
ORDER BY — this menu button provides two options: case name or case
time, which the system uses define to the order in which the data appears in
the list. When the case time option has been selected, the most recent data
is shown at the top of the list.
Save
This option is enabled if the current data set was loaded using the open
option, or if it was “saved as” by the current user. It causes the data set in
the application to be passed back to the database and updates the last save
time.
If the user is attempting to save back a subset of the loaded data, or if the
data has been in some way reduced, a warning message will be displayed
enabling the user to cancel the save if desired. In order to save partial sets
of data the user must turn to the save as dialog box.
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80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Save As
This file selection dialog box permits the user to save a data set to a new
name. Existing data sets can be overwritten if they are not currently in use
and were originally created by the current user, though the user will have to
confirm this action before the program will proceed.
Figure 1-3
Save As
Dialog Box
Default data groups will be selected but the user may choose to save or not
save any of the groups available, including empty data groups. The
defaults are defined by the application calling these dialogs.
In the same fashion as for the save option, if the data to be saved has been
reduced a warning message will appear; the user may then deselect the
affected data group in order to continue with the save.
On saving the data set, the ‘load timedate’ will be set to the current time
and the application data set will take the new name.
If for some reason an application exited without clearing the load flag it
will be possible to overwrite the data set but the user will first have to
acknowledge this and then confirm the action again before the program
will proceed.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Rename Dialog Box

The function of the rename dialog option is to allow the user to change the
name of the current data set on the database. All data set names must be
unique, and any conflicts with existing names will be rejected
automatically by the system.
Figure 1-4
Rename Dialog
Box
Status Dialog Box

The status dialog displays the current status of the case loaded and of the
user’s clipboard. In addition it displays the localization data, e.g. well,
field, rig and operator.
Figure 1-5
Status Dialog
Box
The default for this window is such that when a new case is created the
localization data fields are populated with values contained in the user’s
default well, however these values may be edited by the user with data
appropriate to the current data set.
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80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The comments field is limited to 255 characters, and provides the user with
a means of recording notes regarding the purpose of the case.
Delete Dialog Box

The purpose of this dialog box is to remove a data set from the database
and clear any existing data from the application data structures, much as
when the user selects the new option from the file operations menu.
The same warnings and restriction will apply as for save/save As
functionality.
Figure 1-6
Delete Dialog
Box
Special Features
OK button — upon pressing this button, the user is presented with a
standard DEAP warning, which allows the user to verify the action before
the system proceeds.
Standard users will only be able to delete their own data sets, however
database administrations have the capability of removing data sets
belonging to other users.
Clipboard Sub-menu
Copy From
By means of this option, users are able to create a clipboard onto which
they can copy the current case data and then save it to another application.
Upon selecting the save to option on the clipboard sub-menu, the system
will load the clipboard data into the receiving application’s local data
structures automatically.
The clipboard feature was designed to enable the user to transfer between
applications easily, without having to go into the open and save dialog
boxes. A clipboard is only available to the user who created it.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Save To
This option provides the user with the capability of saving the local data
structures to the case clipboard for use in other applications that use the
case data structures. Within a specific application, this option also allows
the user to save selected subsets of data to the clipboard.
Import Function and Sub-menu
DEAP Current
Selecting this option allows users to import the most current data for their
default wells. Data imported in this way will overwrite any existing data in
the open case data set, thus this button is intended primarily for use when
the user is creating a new case file.
DEAP History...
This option allows users to select alternative data sets to use. Data imported
in this way will overwrite any existing data in the open case data set, thus
this button is intended primarily for use when the user is creating a new
case file.
CMAP
This option provides continuity with the earlier DEAP systems. Selecting
CMAP calls up the cmap selection dialog box commonly used in earlier
versions of DEAP.
Reference Guide 1-9

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
•Notes•

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 2
Vertical Section Definition
This application has been designed to allow the user to

define one or more vertical sections for the current default
well. Its main functions are to define the vertical section
origin, azimuth and depth limit.
Reference Guide 2-1

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Vertical Section Definition DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual
Overview
A VERTICAL SECTION is a plane onto which a planned or actual well
path can be projected to create a two dimensional view. The vertical
section should be chosen to lie in the same plane as the well path itself in
order to be sensitive to any change in the well path.
At times when problems might arise with the projection not being sensitive
to well path changes, such as when a nudge is being developed in the top
section of the hole, this application provides the option to construct
multiple vertical section definitions.
Figure 2-1: Two Vertical Sections Defined in a "Designer" Well
PLAN VIEW
Azim1
VERTICAL SECTION VIEW
Orig1 Orig1
Orig2
First section is used
over this interval
V.Sect2 Azim2
V.Sect1
Orig2
TVD1 Second section
V.Section Origin AzimuthMax Depth is used over
this interval
1 Orig1 Azim1 TVD1
2 Orig2 Azim2 TD
Co-ordinate Types in DEAP

When using this application, the user will encounter three sets of co-
ordinates: latitude and longitude, projection co-ordinates, and local co-
ordinates.
LATITUDE and LONGITUDE and PROJECTION CO-ORDINATES
define the target locations and the facility reference point. These locations
are converted to local co-ordinates upon which all planning and operational
work is based.
Grid north or true north may be used for aligning the local co-ordinates.
These LOCAL CO-ORDINATES are considered to be on a flat plane
aligned to the facility point reference direction which may be either grid
north or true north.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual Vertical Section Definition
Navigation
Main
Window
Define a
Vertical
Section
Select Target
Survey Point Location
View Survey
Data Points
Application Main Window

The vertical section definition main window is divided into three sections:
• The upper portion provides details of the current facility and well
• The central portion shows a scrolled list of all currently defined
vertical sections, displayed in order of depth with the section defined
at TD (total depth) appearing as the final item
• The lower portion contains selection buttons for maintaining the data.
If there are no defined vertical sections then the scrolled list will be blank
and the ADD SECTION… button will be the only one which is selectable.
Where vertical sections have been defined the user will be able to highlight
a row and edit or delete it.
Figure 2-2
Vertical Section
Definition
— Main Window
Reference Guide 2-3

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Special Feature
SAVE button — only selectable when the total depth has been applied to a
vertical section from the vertical section definition window and when it is
selected the vertical section data will be committed to the database.
Defining A Vertical Section

Three types of data are required to define a vertical section: ORIGIN (local
north and east co-ordinates), AZIMUTH and the DEPTH LIMIT to which
the vertical section is to be applied.
Origin
The vertical section origin co-ordinates may be defined by one of a five
methods available from a pop-up menu:
• Local North/East Co-ordinate
A general co-ordinate on the drilling grid.
• Facility Reference Point
A fixed location whose geographical and mapping grid co-
ordinates are defined in the well initialization application.
The convergence and scale factor are properties of the mapping
projection at this point and are used in calculating drilling grid
co-ordinates.
To convert from true north to mapping grid north, subtract the
convergence.
• Well Reference Point
Usually the well position at ground level (mud line). When well
centered referencing is in use, the well reference point will
usually have drilling grid co-ordinates of (0,0) but this will not
be the case when curved conductors are in use.
• Rotary Table
Strictly speaking, the slot location at drill datum.
• Point in a Survey
Any point in a well plan, WDF or survey section.
For the four latter items, north and east are automatically selected by the
system and may not be changed by the user.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
When a section is being added, the second and third azimuth options will
be unavailable until an origin has been specified. This is because the
azimuth calculation for these two options is dependent upon the origin
values.
Azimuth
The azimuth of the vertical section plane is usually close to the general
direction of the well plan. It can be defined EXPLICITLY as a direction
with respect to local (drilling grid) north, or IMPLICITLY by forcing the
plane to pass through a second fixed point.
These three methods are available from a pop-up menu:
• With a direction with respect to drilling grid north
• Passing through a point in the well plan
• Passing through a target location
If the azimuth has been defined IMPLICITLY, the application
automatically calculates its explicit value. In addition, changing its origin
will also change its azimuth. In this case, the application will force the user
to reselect the azimuth definition so that a new azimuth value is calculated.
The target location option also allows any point defined by MAPPING
GRID or LOCAL DRILLING GRID coordinates to be chosen.
Depth Limit
When a well plan has a big turn in azimuth, it will not be adequately
represented on a single vertical section projection. The user can define two
or more sections for one well, with each being used over a different TVD
interval.
A vertical section's DEPTH LIMIT is the bottom of this interval. Surveys
below this depth will use the vertical section plane with the next deepest
depth limit. One and only one section must have a depth limit of TD.
The depth to which the section is to be applied may be defined by selection
of options available by way of radio buttons.
Vertical Section Definition Window

When the ADD SECTION… or the EDIT SECTION … options are
selected from the main window, the vertical section definition window will
open. When adding a section, the window will be empty; it will contain
relevant data when the user selects the EDIT option.
Reference Guide 2-5

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
This screen is divided into three portions — the top section where the user
defines the origin co-ordinates, the middle section where the user defines
the method for deriving the azimuth and the lower section where the user
defines the depth to which the section is to be applied.
Figure 2-3
Vertical
Section
Definition
Adding or Editing a Section

The procedures for adding and editing a section is very similar, except that
when editing the origin data for a vertical section which was defined using
either PASSING THROUGH A POINT IN A WELL PLAN or PASSING
THROUGH A TARGET LOCATION, a message will be displayed
informing the user that the azimuth should be re-selected and the azimuth
text field will be cleared.
Survey Selection
When the user selects the POINT IN A SURVEY option in the define
vertical section window, the survey selection sub-application will become
available, in which the user may select first a survey and then a specific
survey point for use in the vertical section definition application.
Survey Selection Window

Survey selection is a common module which may be called up from a
number of DDSS applications.
For PROCESSED WELL PATHS, the processed survey selection window
displays a summary of all surveys which have been made for any of the
survey types relevant to the current well.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The details displayed for each survey comprise a textual description and
the depth range of the survey, in default units and with respect to the
current drill datum.
Figure 2-4
Survey
Selection
The default survey type will be passed on from the definitive WDF. An
alternative survey type may be selected from a pop-up menu in the top
band of the window.
The four types of survey available from the survey type pop-up menu are:
WELL DEFINITIVE, SURVEYS WHILE DRILLING, SURVEY
PROGRAM MULTISHOT and TECHNICAL SPECIALIST SURVEYS.
However, they may not all appear for every well since the system is
designed to determine what type of survey data exists for each well and
constructs the pop-up menu accordingly. If no survey details are found, the
system will display a message box to that effect.
In the case of PLANNED WELL PATHS the survey selection window will
not be displayed at all — the user will be taken directly to the survey data
point selection window.
Viewing a Survey Data Point

This window is accessed by the user either by way of the processed survey
data window discussed above, or by selecting a planned well path and
being taken to it directly.
In the case of a planned well path, all planned data points are displayed in a
scrolled list in the main part of the window. Otherwise, all processed
survey data points for the survey highlighted on the processed survey
selection window will be displayed. Each survey point will be given a
sequential station number by the system.
Reference Guide 2-7

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
To get an interpolated data point, the user may select a data point either by
highlighting one on the scrolled list of actual survey data points or by
entering a depth in either the MD or TVD field and then pressing
INTERPOLATE.
Figure 2-5
View Survey
Data Points
Special Features
INTERPOLATE… allows the user to generate a single interpolated point.
Target Location
When the user has selected the azimuth definition option of PASSING
THROUGH A TARGET LOCATION on the vertical section definition
window, the select target location window will open.
This provides the user with various options for selecting the method for
defining the location of a target. In the upper section of the window is a list
of options, each with a radio button. The lower section will vary depending
upon which of the options is chosen.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
North, East and Vertical Local Co-ordinates option

When the local co-ordinates option is selected it provides the opportunity
to enter local co-ordinates manually.
Figure 2-6
Target
Selection —
North, East
and Vertical
Local Co-
ordinates
Grid East, Grid North and Local TVD Co-ordinates option

When the grid east or north option is selected, it provides the opportunity
to enter the grid north and grid east values manually.
Figure 2-7
Target
Selection —
Grid East,
Grid North,
Local TVD
Co-Ordinate
Reference Guide 2-9

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Well Target Locations in Field option

When this option is selected, the lower window displays a scrolled list of
valid target points for the field.
Figure 2-8
Target
Selection —
Development
Well Target
Locations in
Field
Target Location Allocated to Well option

When this option is selected, the lower window displays a scrolled list of
valid target points for the well.
Figure 2-9
Target
Selection —
Target Location
Allocated to
Well

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 3
Directional Survey Calculator
The directional survey calculator (DSC) allows the

company man to manipulate single shot survey data and
base decisions upon that data at the wellsite within the
working environment. In addition to being able to record
single shot survey results, the user will also be able to
perform look-ahead projections, plot and report on
travelling cylinder anti-collision diagrams and view and
report on definitive surveys.
Reference Guide 3-1

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Directional Survey Calculator DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual
Overview
In DSC the user is able to enter data directional survey data, obtain results
calculated from that data, plot the actual location of the well on a vertical
section and plan view, and determine the position of the well relative to the
plan for anti-collision purposes.
Terminology
Well Reference Point (WRP)
The WRP is the permanent, recoverable, fixed point in the well. It
is defined in the well initialization application, usually as the well's
position at seabed or at ground level.
Well Definition File (WDF)
A representation of the complete well’s position, starting from the
WELL REFERENCE POINT (the well’s surface location).
The type of WDF (PLANNED, COMPOSITE or OPERATIONAL)
indicates whether it was created from a well plan, from one or more
surveys, or from a special script run at the site.
Survey
One or more measurements made in the well for the purpose of
establishing its position.
Survey Section
A file, identified by survey instrument type, in which a survey may
be stored. The status of the section — PLANNED or SURVEYS —
indicates whether it contains survey data.
Survey Program
A list of survey sections defining the sequence of survey
measurements made in a well. A well can only one survey program
at any one time; all previous versions are archived.
The SURVEY PROGRAM provides a precise definition of position
uncertainty, provides control over survey data input, and supplies
survey data for other applications.
When created, a program has the status ACTIVE, which will not
change unless the program is abandoned in this application. An
ABANDONED program cannot be reactivated. Only be creating a
new program within the survey program design application can the
well be given a new active program.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual Directional Survey Calculator
Program Part
Each combination of survey sections that provides the most up-to-
date measurement of the well’s position is called a PROGRAM
PART.
From the survey program, the application can work out, at any
stage of drilling, the combination of survey sections that provides
the most up-to-date measurement of the well’s position. Each such
combination of surveys is called a PROGRAM PART.
Single Shot Tie-Ins
All the single shots in a well are divided amongst one or more tie-in
points, referred to as SINGLE SHOT TIE-INS.
Black Box
Each survey section is defined by an instrument type and a running,
processing or data entry mode; these modes are called BLACK
BOXES. They define the INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE
MODEL that will be used to calculate survey errors along the
section (see the survey uncertainty calculations application).
Program Parts and the Part/Section Allocation

The division of SURVEY SECTIONS into PROGRAM PARTS is called
the PART/SECTION ALLOCATION, and the following points apply:
• Every survey section which supersedes an earlier section will update
this combination and hence will create a new program part.
• Any section which is planned to start above the planned end depth of
the previous section will supersede that section, except where the
"Use in preference..." flag is set, (see section on PREFERENCE
FLAGS).
Program parts are worked out automatically from the planned start and end
section depths when a survey program is created. As drilling proceeds, the
current program part is incremented as survey data is entered into DDSS.
It is determined from the single shot tie-ins and surveys that currently exist.
The survey data entry applications (DSC and survey data - multishot) use
the program parts to determine the correct tie-ins for each section. The
default tie-in for a given section is the last station in the preceding section
in the first part in which the given section appears.
Reference Guide 3-3

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The last program part is the combination of survey sections which best
represents the well's position when operations are complete. It is the
default combination used by the well definition surveys application when
creating a new WDF. The following example shows how successive
program parts relate to the entire program.
Part 4
Program Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
(Definitive WDF)
34" hole s/shots 34" hole s/shots
28" csg m/shot 28" csg m/shot
24" hole s/shots 24" hole s/shots
17-1/2" hole s/shots 17-1/2" hole s/shots
13-3/8" csg m/shot 13-3/8" csg m/shot 13-3/8" csg m/shot
12-1/4" hole s/shots 12-1/4" hole s/shots
12-1/4" hole m/shot 12-1/4" hole m/shot
8-1/2" hole m/shot 8-1/2" hole m/shot
Preference Flags
The rule that any section planned to start above the planned end of the
previous section must supersede it is sometimes not appropriate. There are
two ways of creating exceptions.
Don't use when processing

The default is “Use when processing.” Setting this flag to “Don't use...”
causes the section to be ignored by the part/section allocation, which would
be appropriate for non-definitive survey data.
For example, suppose a Survey T-plot (see the DDSS plotting application)
is required for a triple-stack electronic multishot. Data from the non-
definitive stacks could be loaded into sections with the “Don't use” flag set.
Use in preference to later surveys

Setting this flag stops the section being superseded in the part/section
allocation by later surveys which are planned to overlap with it. This would
be appropriate where a multishot survey is referenced to an earlier survey
by comparison of an overlap section, but the earlier survey is considered
definitive.
Only that part of the later multishot below the end of the earlier one will be
included in the part/section allocation. In the unlikely event that this flag is
set for two overlapping sections, the later section takes precedence and
supersedes the earlier section.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The following schematic gives an example of these two flags in use.
Figure 3-1: Example of the Don’t Use… and Use in Preference… Flags
Casing Depths
Use when Use in

Survey Program processing? preference to
later sections?
Gyro Single Shots yes no
MWD yes no
Gyro Multishot yes yes
MWD yes no
Gyro Multishot (inrun) yes no
Gyro Multishot (outrun) no no
Part 1
Gyro Single Shots MWD
Part 2
Gyro Multishot MWD
Part 3
Gyro Multishot Gyro Multishot (inrun)
Programmed Tie-ins and Program Sub-Parts

The link of surveys to survey sections is made by the allocation of program
part numbers to single shot tie-ins.
From the details of the survey program, the applications work out how
many single shot tie-ins will be required and which instrument types
should follow each.
If an active survey program exists for the well, it controls the input of
single shot surveys. Tie-ins that are implied by the survey program are
called PROGRAMMED SINGLE SHOT TIE-INS.
A new tie-in will be required whenever single shot surveys are to be
calculated from a point which is not another calculated single shot. This is
normally the case at the start of a well and after a multishot has been run.
Reference Guide 3-5

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Example
Suppose the survey program is as follows:
Planned Planned
Instrument Type
Start End
Inclination only (TOTCO/Teledrift) 110 m 400 m
MWD - Standard 400 m 1300 m
Finder multishot- inrun 110 m 1300 m
MWD + BHA correction 1300 m 2700 m
EMS + BHA correction 2700 m 3250 m
MWD - Standard 3250 m 3600 m
The part/section allocation and the programmed single shot tie-in

corresponding to each single shot section will be as follows:
Start End Programmed

Instrument Type
Depth Depth single shot tie-in
Part 1 Inclination only (TOTCO/Teledrift) 110 m 400 m 1
MWD - Standard 400m 1300m 1
Part 2 Finder multishot - inrun 110 m 1300 m
MWD + BHA correction 1300 m 2700 m 2
EMS + BHA correction 2700 m 3250 m
MWD - Standard 3250 m 3600 m 3
Note: When one single shot section follows on from another

(as in part 1), the sections are calculated together from
a single tie-in.
Note: In most survey programs each part will have exactly

one programmed single shot tie-in. This example is an
exception, since part 2 has two: the part is said to have
two sub-parts. It is also possible for a part to consist of
multishots only and thus have no programmed single
shot tie-ins.
Each real single shot tie-in has a corresponding part and sub-part number.
When a new tie-in is created, it is given the part and sub-part number
corresponding to the next programmed single shot tie-in. When inputting
surveys into DSC, the user will be offered only those survey sections
corresponding to this part and SUB-PART.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
If too many or too few single shot tie-ins have been created, or if a change
to the survey program has changed the part/section allocation, the part and
sub-part corresponding to the tie-in will be wrong, and the DSC user will
be offered the wrong choice of survey sections.
This situation can be remedied within the survey program design
application by re-assigning surveys to the program.
Data Entry Options for Magnetic Single Shots

DDSS allows magnetic single shots (usually MWD) to be entered in three
ways. The way in which the data is to be entered is defined by including
the correct black box in the survey program.
• Uncorrected data
Data is entered one station at a time in the DSC.
Magnetic azimuths, including in-hole reference surveys, are
input with respect to magnetic north (i.e. uncorrected for both
declination and convergence).
Black boxes that expect this form of data entry are labelled
uncorrected.
• Corrected data
Data is entered one station at a time in the DSC.
Magnetic azimuths are input corrected to Drilling Grid North (=
survey reference direction). This includes in-hole reference
stations which should be corrected with reference to the gyro
survey prior to entry.
Black boxes that expect this form of data entry are distinguished
by the words declination corrected or corrected data.
• Input as multishot
Data is entered a section at a time in the survey data - multishot
application, as if it were a normal multishot survey.
The data should be corrected to drilling grid north and put in a
standard format multishot file.
Black boxes that expect this form of data entry are distinguished
by the words “input as multishot” and are listed under their own
instrument type.
Reference Guide 3-7

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Travelling Cylinders
Vertical section and travelling cylinder frames are well-specific and can
only be created within the well file. Relative depths on travelling cylinder
diagrams are always reckoned from the drill datum in the subject well.
The center of the travelling cylinder is always the active well plan (whether
or not it is the definitive status WDF), and the scan is only against wells
included in the interference file.
The plot will show any well included in the interference file that
approaches within the maximum radius of the plot. This maximum radius
is defined by the radial scale multiplied by the number of rings. The scan
zone is a cylinder around the well plan between the SCAN FROM and
SCAN TO relative depths.
The highside arrow is an optional addition to the diagram, to be used as a
visual aid only. The position of highside on the plot is equal to and changes
with the well plan azimuth, so the arrow should be plotted at an angle equal
to the well plan azimuth. For well plans that include a substantial turn, the
highside arrow is usually better left off.
No-Go Areas
No-go areas on the ANTI-COLLISON PLOT may have been plotted in one
of three ways.
• None — No-go areas were not plotted.
• Grey — No-go areas were plotted in a light-grey "pencil-line."
• Colored — No-go areas were color-coded according to relative depth
in the subject well.
The no-go lines themselves are drawn according to the separation rule and
risk category selected for the object well in the interference file for the
active well plan (see the section on MINIMUM SEPARATION
CALCULATIONS).
These calculations take full account of the ellipticity of survey errors (see
the anti-collision rules application). Thus no-go areas are generally
flattened in the vertical direction and elongated in the lateral direction.
Where risk-based rules are applied, the no-go areas can take on complex
shapes, and will not be drawn at all where the tolerable collision risk is
nowhere exceeded.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Travelling Cylinder Co-ordinates

Travelling cylinder co-ordinates represent the deviation of the well from its
planned trajectory and may appear on anti-collision diagrams that show
north at the 12-o'clock position, such as those produced by DEAP.
The following are calculated for each single shot.
• Relative depth
The survey depth measured down the well plan. On the anti-
collision diagram, all depths marked on tolerance lines and on
interfering wells are relative depths.
• Radial distance
The distance from the center of the anti-collision diagram.
Physically, it is the perpendicular distance from the well plan.
• Relative azimuth
The angular coordinate on the anti-collision diagram. Physically,
it is the angle clockwise from the well plan highside plus the well
plan azimuth. When the well is vertical, or nearly vertical, it is
the (drilling grid) azimuth of the well relative to the plan.
Figure 3-2: Travelling Cylinder Coordinates
320
50
40
300 30
Relative
Bearing
= 96 deg
Radial Distance
= 31 m
2347
2370 Relative
Depths
HIGHSIDE Interfering
(for reference only) Well
Reference Guide 3-9

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Minimum Allowable Separation and No-Go Area Calculations

Because of the ellipticity of survey errors, the radius of each the no-go area
varies with the relative angle (on the travelling cylinder diagram) from the
object well. The minimum allowable separation which appears on the anti-
collision report is simply the no-go radius along the direction of the subject
well plan.
Figure 3-3: 0 deg

Calculation of No-Go
Radius around a Point
in an Object Well
object h
well φ
β
w
R ng ( β ) l
no-go
line
180 deg

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Navigation
Main
Window
Record Single Anti-collision BHA Definitive

Look Ahead (Travelling Analysis Survey
Shot Surveys
Cylinder)
Travelling Report
Cylinder Interpolate
Parameters
Survey
Travelling Report
Cylinder
Plot
Well Plan
Report
Single Shot – Single Shot Set Up

Single Shot –
Define Tie-in Survey Data IHR
Interpolate
Points Add/Edit
Single Shot – Report Select IHR Define

Select Interpolate Temporary IHR
Instrument Survey
Points
Survey IHR Displacement Vertical Section

Results Corrections
Report Graph vs. TVD Graph
Report
All of the sub-applications within the directional survey calculator are

accessed by way of the main window. The application has been designed to
allow any number of the sub-applications to be run simultaneously.
Reference Guide 3-11

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997

Only users with sufficient privileges will be able to access the main
features available from this window. Users with read-only privilege will
not be able to access the tie-in feature and will not be able to add surveys.
The screen has three areas of main interest — a band giving information on
the currently selected rig and well, a central area showing details of the
most recently recorded single shot survey (for information only) and a
lower band providing the icons which launch the sub-applications.
Figure 3-4:
Main Window
The information displayed about the most recent single shot survey
comprises measured depth, inclination, azimuth, north, east, true vertical
depth, date and time and the survey type.
Sub-applications are represented by five icons that allow the user to record
single shot survey results, to perform look ahead, access the travelling
cylinder diagram, perform BHA analysis and view definitive surveys;
icons displayed as black on white are not available for the default well.
Survey Data
Recording Single Shot Surveys
The upper part of the record single shot surveys window shows the
currently selected tie-in (which corresponds to the survey data shown in the
middle section).
On entering the window, the most recent tie-in is always displayed.
Previous tie-ins (and the survey data beneath them) may be selected using
the pick list button. Other buttons provide access to special survey
functions. Survey points in the list are displayed in order of date/time.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The company man must define a tie-in point before single shots can be
recorded. When no tie-in point or survey data exists, the system will
display a warning message when this window is opened. In such a case, the
TIE-IN DATA: CREATE… button will be the only selectable button on
the window, forcing the user to define a tie-in as the first step, via the
define tie-in window.
Figure 3-5
Record
Single Shot
Surveys
Special Features
EXPORT SURVEY DATA AUTOMATICALLY radio buttons — when
selected (as it is by default), single shot surveys are automatically
processed and assigned to their correct program sections on pressing apply.
When deselected, the processing of surveys will only happen when the user
pressed the EXPORT SURVEY DATA button. This option reduces
replication volume when many surveys are being entered or edited at one
time with intermediate saves. In such cases, the EXPORT SURVEY
DATA button need only be pressed once, when data entry is complete.
IHR DATA areas — only active if a survey program is currently in
existence, and in the case of IHR DATA, if there is a section including in-
hole referencing.
REPORTS button — opens a reports menu with four options: SURVEY
RESULTS…, DISPLACEMENT GRAPH… (for inclination surveys only)
and IHR CORRECTIONS…(for in-hole referencing sections only), and a
VERTICAL SECTION vs. TVD GRAPH.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Editing, Deleting and Inserting Tie-ins
Editing Tie-Ins
Single shot tie-ins should only be edited in order to correct the existing
data, for instance when final survey results replace field results.
Using the EDIT option to, in effect, create a new tie-in will cause the
relationship with the survey program to break down.
Deleting Tie-Ins
Deleting a tie-in will cause all the single shots beneath it to be allocated to
the preceding tie-in. The earliest tie-in cannot be deleted while surveys
exist.
Inserting Tie-Ins
Tie-ins cannot be inserted directly. If this is required (for example when
sorting out the allocation of single shots to the program), the best course is
to delete all the later tie-ins, create the new one, and re-create all the later
ones.
Tie-in Point Selection

Whenever single shot surveys are to be calculated from a point which is not
another calculated single shot, it will be necessary to define a new tie-in
using the CREATE button in the record single shot surveys window. This
is normally the case at the start of a well and after a multishot has been run.
When CREATE is pressed, DEAP tries to calculate the part and sub-part to
which the next tie-in should be assigned and to select the survey section to
be used as a tie-in.
Figure 3-6
Single Shots
– Define Tie-In
The single shots - define tie-in window will appear with one of several
possible messages:

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
• Default data from <survey section>

The application has successfully calculated the survey section to
which subsequent single shots should be tied, and is offering the
last station in the section as a default.
If the data is correct, the user only needs to SAVE it.
• No default data, <survey section> has planned status
The application has successfully calculated the survey section to
which subsequent single shots should be tied, but the section
currently contains no survey data.
The user will need to load the survey data and try again, or type
in the appropriate survey station (usually the last) by hand.
• No default data, unable to associate tie-in with a program part
The application has not been able to associate the tie-in with a
survey section in the program. Either a new tie-in is not required,
the survey program is incorrect, or the allocation of single shot
tie-ins to programmed single shot tie-ins is out of step.
The user may continue and hand enter a tie-in point, but the
underlying problem will need to be corrected within the survey
program design application.
If the new tie-in was successfully associated with a programmed single
shot tie-in, the choice of instrument types available for data input will be
restricted to those in the corresponding part and sub-part in the survey
program.
If no association was made, no instrument types will be available. The user
has the choice of correcting the allocation of single shots to the survey
program or abandoning the survey program.
It is a common occurrence that the survey section to be used for a new tie-
in does not extend as deep as the last existing single shot survey. In this
case, all the single shots deeper than the new tie-in will need to be allocated
to it. Since single shots are assigned to tie-ins by time and not depth, the
new tie-in must be given a date and time between the last shallower and
first deeper single shots.
Adding a Survey Station

The ADD button on the record single shot surveys window generates the
add single shot data window, where surveys are entered.
The default display is the instrument and survey type used in the most
recently entered single shot survey station.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 3-7
Add Single
Shot Data
For each single shot, the following data must be recorded:

• Survey type
All four options; single shots, cluster shots, check shots and in-
hole reference surveys are recorded as a single measured depth,
inclination and azimuth.
CLUSTER SHOTS are not treated any differently to single shots,
the option serves only to differentiate the surveys at a later date.
CHECK SHOTS are recorded as normal but are ignored by all
the processing and analysis.
IN-HOLE REFERENCE POINTS are described in a later
section.
• Instrument type
If the well has an active survey program, the choice of single shot
instruments will be restricted to those that are programmed to be
run directly below the current tie-in.
• Date & time
The default of "now" (or when the survey was taken) should be
used when recording at the well site. Stored surveys are ordered
and assigned to tie-ins by time and depth, so time and depth for
all surveys and tie-ins must increase together.
• Measured depth of the directional sensors when the survey was taken.
• Inclination
Survey inclination (drift) angle.
• Azimuth
The value of azimuth to be input depends on the instrument type
selected.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Note: If you have more than one survey station to input, it is

not necessary to close and re-open the Add Single Shot
Data window for each.
Note: The following keystroke sequence maximizes the speed

of input: MD <tab> Inc <tab> Azi <tab> <return or
enter or space (to Apply)> <tab> <tab> MD....
Unless it is changed by the user, the same date and
time will be recorded for each survey station entered in
this way.
Editing a Survey Station

Selecting EDIT… from the record single shot surveys window will cause
the single shot survey edit window to be displayed. This window is similar
in all respects, apart from the window title, to the add single shot data
window illustrated previously.
Figure 3-8
Edit Single
Shot Data
Selecting Instrument Types

The single shot select instrument window is displayed when the survey
instrument pick list button is selected, when adding a new survey point on
the single shot survey entry window. The window consists of a scrolled list
of survey instruments.
If the new tie-in was successfully associated with a programmed single
shot tie-in, the choice of instrument types available for data input will be
restricted to those in the corresponding part and sub-part in the survey
program.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 3-9
Single Shot –
Select Instrument
No Program, or
Program
Abandoned
If no association was made, no instrument types will be available. The user

has the choice of correcting the allocation of single shots to the survey
program or abandoning the survey program.
Figure 3-10 /
Single Shot -
Select
Instrument
According to
Program
Abandoning the Survey Program

If it is necessary to record data from single shot instruments not included in
the survey program, the survey program may be abandoned. Single shots
for all instrument types may then be entered and the results will be
calculated, but until a new program is saved, the surveys will not be
assigned to a program section.
Once an amended program has been saved, existing single shots and tie-ins
may need to be re-assigned to the survey program in the survey program
design application.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Depth Interpolation
The current well and facility, as set within user defaults is displayed at the
top of the interpolation window for information, as is the description and
depth range of the set of survey data.
A scrolled list of interpolated points is displayed in the centre of this
window with points displayed in order of measured depth. Details
displayed are measured depth, inclination, azimuth, north, east, true
vertical depth and description. There is no limit to the number of points
which may be generated.
At the bottom of the window is a field where the user must specify the
depth at which to interpolate along with a pop-up menu button allowing the
user to specify either true vertical depth or measured depth.
The depth entered by the user must lie within the depth range displayed
above the scrolled list. There is also a text field available, so that a
description of the depth may be entered.
Figure 3-11
Interpolation
window
Special Feature
REPORT… button — only selectable when the scrolled list contains rows
of data, allowing the user to print out a hard copy of the interpolated points.
The description of the interpolation depth will be included on the printout
to provide some explanation of why the interpolated point was generated.
In-Hole Referencing
In-hole referencing is a means of correcting MWD surveys for systematic
errors by comparison with a previously run gyro multishot.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Where the survey program specifies MWD + In-Hole Reference (not

corrected) the application will apply this correction to all stations in the
survey section.
When the instrument type is MWD + In-Hole Reference (corrected data)
the data must have the correction applied before it is entered.
Principles
The technique of in-hole referencing is based on two assumptions:
• A high-accuracy gyro multishot provides a more accurate survey of
the well than MWD alone.
• Over a BHA run, systematic errors in MWD measurements are
constant and dominate all other error sources.
Generally speaking, the technique is only applicable in tangent sections
with inclinations greater than 20°. It is usually applied in the 12-1/4" hole
section. The technique is fully described in the BPX Directional Survey
Handbook.
As each BHA is tripped in, an MWD survey is taken within a depth
interval with no significant doglegs and clear of magnetic interference.
This is called the IN-HOLE REFERENCE INTERVAL and has been
previously surveyed with a high accuracy gyro (the REFERENCE
SURVEY). The MWD survey in this interval is called an IN-HOLE
REFERENCE STATION.
The reference survey is interpolated at the same depth as the IHR station
and compared with it. The differences in inclination and azimuth are
applied as a correction to each MWD survey taken with that BHA.
Setting Up the In-Hole Reference Interval

Before the in-hole reference interval can be defined, a new tie-in for the in-
hole reference MWD data must be created. Once this is done, the set-up
IHR button will be sensitized.
Figure 3-12:
In Hole
Reference
Set-Up
window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The in-hole reference set-up window is used to enter the minimum and
maximum depths for the in-hole reference interval (the correct gyro
reference survey is selected automatically).
Defining Temporary IHR Points

If the in-hole referencing is to start before the reference survey has been
stored (see the section on survey multishot data input in the DDSS User
Reference Manual and the section on the survey data processing -
multishots application on how to do this), TEMPORARY IHR POINTS
can be entered by hand. These will usually be all the gyro survey stations
over the in-hole reference interval. The temporary IHR points are entered
relative to drilling grid north.
Note: When the reference survey is stored, the in-hole

reference points will be defined automatically and any
temporary points will be overwritten.
Figure 3-13
Define
Temporary IHR
Points window
Recording and Reviewing In-Hole Referenced Single Shots

Stations within the reference interval must be recorded as type in-hole
reference. IHR stations outside the reference interval will be ignored.
Each single shot in the section is corrected using the most recent in-hole
reference point so recording the correct time of each is important.
Any single shots which precede all in-hole reference stations in time will
not have an in-hole reference correction applied. Instead, they will be
corrected for magnetic declination in the same way as normal single shots.
Selecting a Survey
In some exceptional cases, the company man might not want to use the
default section but might want to select another multi-shot section within
the survey program.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
This may be done by using the IHR SURVEY TYPE pick list button which
causes the IHR survey selection window to be displayed. Survey selection
is a common module which can be called up from a number of DDSS
applications.
For processed well paths, the processed survey selection window displays a
summary of all surveys which have been made for any of the survey types
relevant to the current well.
The survey type itself will either be passed on from the calling application
or may be selected from a pop-up menu in the top band of the window. The
summary details appear in the form of a scrolled list.
Figure 3-14
Survey
Selection
window
In the case of planned well paths the processed survey selection window
will not be displayed at all — the user will be taken directly to the survey
data point selection window.
There are, in all, four types of survey which can appear on the survey type
pop-up menu: WELL DEFINITIVE, which is the default type; SURVEYS
WHILST DRILLING; SURVEY PROGRAM MULTISHOT and
TECHNICAL SPECIALIST SURVEYS.
However, they will not all necessarily appear for every well since the
system is designed to determine what type of survey data exists for each
well and constructs the pop-up menu accordingly. If no survey details are
found, the system will display a message indicating this.
The details displayed for each survey comprise a textual description and
the depth range of the survey in default units and with respect to the current
drill datum.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Survey Results Report

Shows computed single shot surveys. The tabulated data contains
information for each survey station (SINGLE SHOTS and CLUSTER
SHOTS only).
Figure 3-15: Survey Results Report
Look Ahead
The look-ahead option lets the user predict the well's position a
short distance ahead under different assumptions about BHA
behavior. This behavior can be specified in two ways: PSEUDO SURVEY
STATION and WALK-DROP METHOD.
The company man will be able to generate pseudo survey stations using
either of the two methods for each station generated.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The first pseudo station or walk-drop section is calculated from the most
recent real survey station.
Subsequent look-aheads are calculated from the previous look-ahead
station, so that the trajectory builds up segment by segment.
Anti-collision coordinates are calculated from the positional data exactly as
for single shot surveys.
Special Features
DELETE LAST STATION button — only selectable when at least one
look-ahead point has been generated. Allows the user to “step back.”
Pseudo Survey Station Method

The purpose of the pseudo station method is to allow the user to estimate
how the borehole direction is likely to change over the interval to be
drilled. This information may then be handled as if it were obtained from a
survey instrument.
The calculation method is the same as for normal single shots: minimum
curvature. Specific items of data required for the pseudo station method
are: MEASURED DEPTH (MD), INCLINATION and DRILLING GRID
AZIMUTH.
Figure 3-16
Look Ahead
Pseudo survey
station:
computed
positional data
Walk Drop Method

This method allows the user to specify the rates of drift of the wellbore in
terms of changes in its inclination and azimuth. The calculation method
assumes constant build and walk rates throughout the section. It is thus not
minimum curvature and will not give the same results.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The following data are specific to the walk drop method: DEPTH (MD or
TVD), BUILD RATE and WALK RATE.
Figure 3-17
Look Ahead
Walk drop method
Travelling Cylinder Diagram

This option lets the user check that the manual plotting of the
well being drilled on its anti-collision diagram is being done
correctly. No interfering wells or tolerance lines are included on the plot so
it cannot be used instead of the paper copy.
The well's position is plotted from a tie-in point to the last survey station
tied to that point (in the case of the current tie-in this will be the latest
survey position). Zero relative azimuth (not well plan highside) is always
plotted at the top.
The current tie-in point is the default, but previous single shot sections can
be plotted by selecting an appropriate tie-in from the Record Single Shot
Surveys window before selecting the anti-collision option.
The on-screen plot has 18 radial lines, so the default radial scale of 10m/
25ft will give a maximum radial distance of 180m/450ft. The default plot
depth limits are the top and bottom of the well plan.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 3-18
Travelling
Cylinder
Diagram
Travelling Cylinder Parameters

This window allows the user to redraw the diagram with different
parameters.
Figure 3-19
Travelling
Cylinder Plot
Parameters

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Travelling Cylinder Co-ordinates

The TRAVELLING CYLINDER CO-ORDINATES are provided on the
survey results report. These represent the deviation of the well from its
planned trajectory and may be plotted by hand directly onto anti-collision
diagrams which show north at the 12-o'clock position, such as those
produced by DEAP.
Figure 3-20: Travelling Cylinder Coordinates
320
50
40
300 30
Relative
Bearing
= 96 deg
Radial Distance
= 31 m
2347
2370 Relative
Depths
HIGHSIDE Interfering
(for reference only) Well
BHA Analysis
This option produces a bottom-hole assembly performance
report, showing the average directional tendency of all the BHAs
that have been run in the well. BHA details, including the depth in and
depth out are recorded within the bit/BHA actual application.
The directional performance of each BHA is calculated by interpolating the
definitive status WDF at depth in and depth out, and dividing by the
progress made. This gives an AVERAGE BUILD RATE and WALK
RATE over the depth interval drilled by the BHA.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
This option is only available when the definitive status WDF is composite
(i.e. made up of real surveys) or operational.
Figure 3-21: BHA Performance Report
Definitive Survey
The definitive survey is essentially the best estimate of the
wellbore trajectory and is normally the concatenation of a
number of surveys which have been carried out in the well at different
points in the drilling operation.
There may be several definitive surveys for any well at a given time but
only one of these will be marked as being true, that is, giving the best
picture of the wellbore. The company man should only be concerned with
the true definitive survey and therefore this will automatically be selected.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
A pop-up menu will be displayed when the user selects the definitive
survey icon on the directional survey calculator main window. (The icon
will only be available if a true definitive survey exists for the default well.)
The options provided are INTERPOLATE…, REPORT… and WELL
PLAN REPORT….
Interpolate
If INTERPOLATE… is selected the interpolate common window will
open, allowing the user to calculate an interpolated point at any depth (MD
or TVD) within the definitive status WDF. This option is only available
when the definitive status WDF is composite (i.e. made up of real surveys).
The REPORT… button on this window provides the means of producing
the interpolated points report which gives a listing of all generated
interpolated stations.
Positional information is provided for each interpolated point in addition to
details such as well, facility and rig names, definitive file description and
the depth interval covered by the definitive survey.
Report
The REPORT… option calls up the standard DEAP report viewer, which
will display a full report of the definitive status WDF. This option is only
available when the definitive status WDF is composite (i.e. made up of real
surveys).
Well Plan Report

The WELL PLAN REPORT… option displays the standard DEAP report
viewer showing a report of the active well plan.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Report Windows
Well Plan Survey Details Report
Figure 3-22: Well Plan Survey Details Report
The following TRAVELLING CYLINDER CO-ORDINATES are

calculated for each single shot.
• Radial distance
The distance from the center of the anti-collision diagram.
Physically, it is the perpendicular distance from the well plan.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
• Relative depth
The survey depth measured down the well plan. On the anti-
collision diagram, all depths marked on tolerance lines and on
interfering wells are relative depths.
• Relative azimuth
The angular coordinate on the anti-collision diagram. Physically,
it is the angle clockwise from the well plan highside plus the well
plan azimuth. When the well is vertical, or nearly vertical, it is
the (drilling grid) azimuth of the well relative to the plan.
IHR Corrections Report

In-hole reference stations are not recorded in the Survey Results report
because they are not used directly in the calculation of the well position.
They can be reviewed in the IHR Corrections report.
Figure 3-23: IHR Corrections Report
For each in-hole reference station:

• Depth: Measured depth of the MWD survey

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
• Ref. inclination: Gyro inclination interpolated at

MWD survey depth
• Raw inclination: Inclination of the MWD survey
• Ref. azimuth: Gyro azimuth interpolated at MWD
survey depth
• Raw azimuth: Azimuth of the MWD survey
corrected for current magnetic
declination
• Predicted Mag. correction: Current magnetic declination with
respect to drilling grid north
For each MWD survey in the section with a valid IHR correction:
• Depth: Measured depth of the MWD survey
• Corrected inclination: Inclination with IHR correction
applied
• Correction: Amount added to MWD inclination
to obtain IHR corrected inclination
• Corrected azimuth: Azimuth with IHR correction applied
• Correction minus prediction: Amount added to azimuth with
declination applied to obtain IHR
corrected azimuth
Displacement Graph
Inclination only surveys included in the survey program are recorded in the
same way as other single shots but they do not appear in the survey results
report.
Instead, a DISPLACEMENT GRAPH shows the horizontal displacement
from the well's position at drill datum. The calculations assume the hole
maintains a constant azimuth, so that the displacements calculated are the
maximum consistent with the surveys.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Inclination only surveys may be included in the calculation of the 3D

position of the well by including them in a WDF file which also contains
some directional surveys (see the well definition surveys application).
Figure 3-24: Displacement Graph - Inclination only

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Vertical Section versus TVD Graph

A simple plot of vertical section displacement against TVD for the stations
beneath the selected tie-in.
Figure 3-25: Vertical Section vs. TVD Report

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Interpolated Survey Data Report

The INTERPOLATE button on the record single shot surveys window lets
the user create a listing of calculated points in the well at specified depths
(either MD or TVD). A description may be added for each point. The
REPORT button in the same window generates the report below.
Note: This option is only a reporting tool — it does not insert

survey stations into the data permanently.
Figure 3-26: Interpolated Survey Report

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
•Notes•

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 4
Drill String Simulator
The DSS is fundamentally a torque-drag computer model

for the rapid analysis of any drill string and casing
configuration, covering a range of operations including
drilling, reaming, tripping, coil tubing operations and
running casing or liners. The DSS will predict the effect of
these forces on the drill string and determine the overall
torque and drag, thereby specifying which of the operating
parameters will be the key limiting factor for the drill string
design. Additionally the DSS indicates the stress state along
the string and predicts the onset of buckling.
Reference Guide 4-1

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Drill String Simulator DEAP v3.0 User Reference Manual
Overview
The drill string simulator (DSS) is a torque and drag model developed by
BPX Sunbury. Although originally designed for the analysis of drill
strings, the program is suitable for the analysis of any down-hole tubular
including casing and liner strings, completion strings and coiled tubing.
Generally the limitations of each well are different and must be considered
separately. In deep wells, for instance, overpulls may be the biggest
problem, while in horizontal wells, sliding is the main issue.
The DSS analyses the complex interaction between the mechanical and
hydraulic forces acting on a down-hole tubular. The calculations are
conducted on individual elements which are linked to form the string.
This model assumes that axial force components are supported by the
drillstring and that lateral components are supported by the wellbore. The
program calculates the forces and stresses acting on each element of the
string along with the overall forces and pressures at surface.
Figure 4-1: Interaction of Forces Acting on the Drill String
Surface Load and

Power Predictions Simulation by Analysis of
(torque, hookload, Axial Forces Acting on Each
pump pressure) Element of the Drill String
Load
Friction
Overpull Torque Hydraulic

Limits Fatigue Limits Pressure
Fluid Forces
Casing Bending
Wear Moment
String Stresses Wallforce
Pipe ROP
Weight RPM
Axial
Velocity
Reaming and Friction
Dogleg
WellProfile Back-Reaming Severity
Optimization Axial
Load
Coil Tubing
Drilling/Operations
Hydraulics Effects
Running/Pulling Tripping In/Tripping Out Torque at Bit

Completions Tubing
Running
Casing/Liners Buckling
Prediction WOB Limits
Setting and Unseating (Rotary, Oriented)
Packers

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP v3.0 User Reference Manual Drill String Simulator
Torque and drag is one of the best ways to monitor downhole conditions
and thus avoid downhole problems before they become severe. The DSS
has consistently proven to provide conservative estimations under good
downhole conditions and therefore any deviation outside the prediction
could result in downhole problems.
By using DSS it is possible to analyze actual drilling data with predicted
hookload and torque data at the wellsite within seconds. Two predictive
plots, of torque and of hookload, can be useful for comparative analysis at
the wellsite.
Tubulars are assumed to conform to the shape of the wellbore and the 3D
location of each joint is calculated from survey data.
This application offers:
• Field validated performance
• Rapid analysis of the mechanics of drillstring and casing
configurations
• Analyses at several depths simultaneously
• Failure predictions based on maximum Von Mises Yield Stress
• Buckling analysis based on Paslay’s elastic stability theory
• Post-buckling wall force prediction leading to the “lock-up” condition
• Hydraulic neutral point predictions
• Torque at bit, calculated using T M Warren bit torque model
• Torque hookload predictions typically within 5%
• Interactive adjustment of friction factors to match field data
• Modeling of completion tubings and coiled tubing
• Effective simulation of the following operations
• Running/pulling completion tubing
• Mechanically setting packers
• Pulling stuck pipe
• Running sand control screens
• Running slotted or predrilled liners
• Running casing/liners
• Floating casing/completions
Reference Guide 4-3

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DSS may also be used when analyzing completion running operations and
includes the following features:
• Multiple fluids option for floating operations
• Completion tubing, pre-packed screens and packers introduced as
discrete components
• Incorporation of completion jewelry (cables and clamps) that can
significantly increase weight and hence drag
• Facility to enter user-defined materials, density, Young’s modulus
and yield stress to permit analysis of novel materials, such as
composite tubing
• Swab/surge effects are included, to assess impact on hookloads and
downhole pressures; graphs display ECD down the annulus
For DEAP v3.0, a case data exchange mechanism was implemented, thus
providing the user with access to data sets stored in the DEAP data base,
allowing the user to edit and save the data and to transfer data among the
engineering applications.
Due to differences in the data structures across the engineering
applications, not all data is transferred; for example, fluids data from the
cement placement simulator is not transferable.
For more information regarding the case data exchange mechanism, please
refer to the chapter dedicated to that subject. Discussion here will be
limited to its direct impact on the drill string simulator.
Technical Details
Buckling analysis is based on the Paslay elastic stability theory. This
assumes a wellbore curvature of less than one degree per 30 meters, but is
conservative, and therefore safe, for greater curvature. The application
does not model rotation under elastic instability — so the critical WOB
must not be exceeded during rotary drilling.
During directional drilling, the extra wall forces generated by a buckled
string are predicted, based on the theory of Chen and Cheatham.
Drillstring curvature due to the straightening of tensioned drill pipe and the
bowing of compressed drill pipe is included based on Lubinski’s theory.
BHA component curvature is assumed to follow the wellbore.
This is sufficiently accurate for torque-drag analysis, but a dedicated BHA
analysis program would be needed to undertake a detailed analysis of BHA
behavior. The model takes account of wellbore tortuosity in planned wells
via a ripple factor, expressed in degrees per 30m.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The fluid model used in the application is the same as the DEAP
Hydraulics. The model also calculates swab and surge pressures when
tripping using the same algorithms as the DEAP Swab/Surge program.
Swab/surge pressures can exert considerable forces on the string.
Torque generated at the bit can be calculated by the T. M. Warren bit
torque model by Anadrill. This relates bit torque to WOB, ROP, RPM and
bit type and size. The model has been found to be accurate in ductile
formations (shales, mudstones, siltstones) but is less reliable in non-ductile
formations (sandstones and carbonates). It does not take account of worn
cutters or cone lock-up.
The simulator’s main limitations are that it uses a steady state model and
does not take account of whirling effects, of vibration or of dynamic
changes in rotation and penetration. It assumes that the wellbore is clean
and in gauge. It will not predict the effects of wellbore collapses,
undergauge holes, keyseating, etc.
The drill string simulator has been field validated — torque and hookload
predictions are typically within 10% for most drilling and completion
operations. Appendices A, B, C and D provide additional information on
the specific application of DSS for completions operations.
Calculations Available in DSS

Calculations are conducted on the individual elements that are linked to
form the drill string. The model assumes that axial force components are
supported by the drill string and that lateral components are supported by
the wellbore. The program calculates the forces and stresses acting on each
element of the string along with the overall forces and pressures at surface.
Rig Requirements
• Total Rig Power
• Drawworks Power
• Rotary Power
• Mud Pumps Power
• Total Mud Volume
• Mud Volume Pipe
Down-hole Calculations
• Axial Tensions
• Torque Distribution
• Yield Stresses
Reference Guide 4-5

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
• Fatigue Stresses
• Wallforces
• Annular Pressures
• Internal Pressures
• Effective Circulating Densities
• Twist Per Component
Surface Calculations
• Surface Torque
• Pump Pressure
• String Extension
• Surface Hookload
Buckling Calculations
• Hydraulics Neutral Point
• Buckling WOB
• Post Buckling Drags
• Hydraulics
• Pump Pressure
• String Pressure Loss
• Annulus Pressure Loss
• Bit Pressure Loss
• Bit Jet Impact Force
• Bit Hydraulic HP
• Bit % HHP
• Bit HHP per area
• Effective Circulating Density at bit
Mud Volume Annulus

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Suggested Ways to Use DSS

Planning
• Rig Surface Torque requirement for Top Drive/Rotating Table
• Rig Overpull Capacity
• Rig Pump Pressure Requirements
• Rig Power Requirements (surface torque, drawworks, mud
pumps)
Operations
DSS can be used to optimize drilling operations by parametric studies, i.e.:
• Well Profile Optimization
• Drill String /Completion String Configuration
• BHA Design
DSS can be used at the rigsite to help understand downhole conditions:
• Adjusting friction factors to match real and calculated surface
data
• Comparing pick-up, slack-off and off bottom rotating
measurements
DSS can be used to analyse the down-hole forces and stresses on a string:
• Maximum WOB that can be applied
• Yield Stresses on the string
• Fatigue Stresses Endurance Limit
• String Extension
• Torque Distribution
• High Wall Forces leading to casing wear, keyseating and high
torque
Analysis
• Drilling
• Backreaming
• Pick-up
• Slack-off
• Tripping
Reference Guide 4-7

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
• Running casing/liners/completions
• Rotating liners
• “Floating” casing/completions
• Cementing operations
• Pulling on a stuck bit
Examples
Before each BHA run

It is a good idea to produce DSS predictions of surface torque, up-drags
and down-drags for the length of each section. In deviated wells it is
possible to slack-off a great deal of weight before anything reaches the bit
due to drill string drag.
Similarly when pulling back a great deal of drag can be taken up before the
bit is pulled. By comparing the trends of actual to predicted torques and
drags it is possible to identify problems before they become serious and
thus to prevent incidents like stuck pipe.
During each BHA run

Take frequent measurements of slack-off and pick-up weights and compare
with DSS predictions. If all three give consistent errors then you are certain
to be having problems downhole. Take remedial action such as back-
reaming and circulating before drilling ahead.
For oriented drilling

In deviated wells it is essential to run the DSS to determine how much to
slack-off to apply WOB. When not rotating, the majority of the slack-off is
taken up by drag along the string and very little is seen at the bit. The DSS
will also advise how much weight can be slacked off before the string will
buckle.
When back-reaming
A large number of failures occur while back-reaming. Combinations of
torque and overpull during back-reaming subjects the drill string to
particularly high stresses. Check with the simulator to ensure that drill
string limits are not exceeded.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
For stuck pipe

Use the DSS to determine the maximum overpull that can be applied to the
string. Combinations of overpull and torque can apply particularly large
stresses to a string. Compare the string extension on overpull with the DSS
prediction to help determine the position of the stuck point. Twist
calculations, based on the torsional characteristics of the drill pipe, can also
be used to locate the position of the stuck pipe.
Before running each casing string

Prepare a slack-off/pick-up hookload chart for the run. This will be
calculated using the latest survey of the well and experience shows it to be
particularly accurate. Any deviance from this prediction will indicate down
hole problems and early remedial action can be taken.
Remedial action may include retrieving the string to remove bow spring
centralizers that can add additional drag. Take particular notice of the depth
at which the casing reaches a “point of no return” due to high loads. Use
tripping operations to assess impact of swab/surge pressures on string
weights and ECDs.
Before each liner run

Repeat the analysis as per casing runs above but pay particular attention to
the running string. It may be necessary to push the liner into place using the
running string.
Insert heavy weight drill pipe over areas of high wallforce to prevent the
running string from buckling and increase available weight down hole.
Review the possibility of rotating the string to provide a better cement
bond or to reduce drag when running in.
When running completion strings

Again DSS has been shown to accurately predict surface hookloads when
running or retrieving completion strings. Of particular benefit is the
analysis of loads required to set or retrieve packers. Application of pre-
determined load to shear pins may require a significantly higher load at
surface as drag forces are increased. Set an overpull or torque at bit to
simulate this operation.
In the advanced operations mode, drill string simulator can also be made to
account for the upforce from wellhead pressure and/or production flow,
which can restrict access when running tubulars on live wells.
Note: Appendices A, B, C, and D are specifically related to

using the DSS for completions operations.
Reference Guide 4-9

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
To Reduce Torque and Drag during Well Planning
Optimize well profile

There are many profiles to achieve a target from a surface location.
Traditional practice for conventional ERD wells has been to build near
surface and drill a straight tangent section to target. Although this
minimizes the hole inclination, the build and hold profile is actually the
worst profile in terms of torque and drag due to the high tensions around
the build section.
Best practice is to move the build section as deep in the well as possible
where tensions are much lower than at surface. This has led to the double
build or under-section being utilized, which consists of a minor build at
surface to gain directional stability followed by a deep build to achieve
target.
Bear in mind that profile optimization must be undertaken for all well
operations as it is dependent upon string tension. Similarly the approach in
the optimization process depends upon the relationship between TVD and
stepout.
Casing points
Although casing points are usually dictated by formation considerations,
there may be some scope to bring torque and drag optimization into the
decision-making process. Cased sections have a lower coefficient of
friction and reduce drilling risks.
Optimizing torque and drag usually involves deepening casing points for
upper sections where torque is low, thereby reducing section lengths and
torques for deeper sections where torque is high.
Note: NOTE: It is important to undertake casing wear analysis

on any revision to the casing program.
Use higher strength pipe

Higher strength pipe provides greater capacity without the downside of
larger pipes. Options include using high strength tool joints or using S135
grade steel pipe body. Nippon Steel developed a 165 ksi drill pipe,
ND165LW, that in addition to being 20% lighter also reduces hydraulic
losses by 20% when compared to conventional drill pipe.
Upgrade surface equipment

Upgrading existing top drive equipment to provide greater torques is an
option that should be fed into any financial study.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Tapered strings
If larger drill pipe is required to optimize hydraulics, then use it at the top
of the string or where wallforces are low to prevent large increases in
torque and drag. Tapered strings can also be used to strengthen
conventional completion strings.
Drillpipe protectors
The use of non-rotating drill pipe protectors has been shown to reduce
torque by up to 30%. The protectors are designed to be run inside casing,
and have the added benefit of eliminating casing wear because the
protector provides the bearing surface.
Torque reduction effects can now be modeled in DSS; however you need
to assess the impact on ECDs independently. There may be up to an
additional 6 psi per protector.
Other down hole subs

Torque reducing bearing subs are being introduced to the industry. These
have the advantage of being strong enough to run into open hole conditions
(see above).
Models Used in DSS

Torque and Drag
Torque and drag arise due to the friction between the drill string and
the wellbore wall
The relationship between friction and wallforce is found to follow a simple
coulomb friction relationship:
F = µR
where
F = frictional force
µ = coefficient of friction (friction factor)
R = wallforce

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Friction Factor, µ
Determined by the type of

mud and type of hole Mud Type Hole Type Value
OBM Cased hole 0.17
Detailed analysis of torque and
drag data from historic wells has OBM Open hole 0.21
shown that the friction factor is WBM Cased hole 0.24
determined by the type of mud
WBM Open hole 0.29
(oil based/water based) and the
type of hole. Brine Cased hole 0.3
Recommended values are shown

in the table on the right. Contact your DEAP Administrator for further
assistance.
Wallforce, R
Four Primary Sources of Wallforce
(1) Tension around curvature

Considering the drill string as a simple flexible string, if this string is pulled
around a bend it tends to want to straighten and exert a force against the
bend.
Under typical drill string configurations the tensile loads experienced can
be of the order of 100,00 lbs and this leads to the tension around curvature
that causes the majority of wallforce found in the well.
(2) Wellbore inclination

A component of force of gravity tends to pull the drill string directly
against the wellbore wall.
In horizontal wells the whole of the drill string’s weight is taken directly
against the wall, while in vertical wells the weight is taken up by tension in
the drill string. The influence of this gravitational wallforce increases with
the step-out of the well and its inclination angle.
(3) Bending Forces

Although it is easy to think of the forces involved in bending joints of drill
pipe or even casing under the large radii involved in drilling operations, the
bending forces are not particularly significant.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
(4) Buckling Forces

Drill string buckling is a concern experienced in certain operations,
typically horizontal wells. Because most operations do not involve
buckling, this will be dealt with later in a specific buckling section.
Thus it is apparent that most wallforces result from a combination of
tension around curvature and wellbore inclination.
Buckling Analysis
Based on the Paslay elastic stability theory

This assumes a wellbore curvature of less than one degree per 30 meters,
but is conservative, and therefore safe, for greater curvature. The
application does not model rotation under elastic instability, so the critical
WOB must not be exceeded during rotary drilling.
Wallforce Calculations
During directional drilling, the extra wallforces generated by a

buckled string are predicted based Chen & Cheatham
Drillstring curvature due to the straightening of tensioned drill pipe

and the bowing of compressed drill pipe is included based on
Lubinski’s theory
BHA component curvature is assumed to follow the wellbore. This is
sufficiently accurate for torque-drag analysis, but a dedicated BHA
analysis program would be needed to undertake a detailed analysis of BHA
behavior.
The model takes account of wellbore tortuosity in planned wells via a
ripple factor, expressed in degrees per 30m.
Critical Sliding Angle
As well inclination increases, sliding becomes more difficult

At a certain inclination it becomes impossible for a joint to freely slide
under its own weight and needs to be pushed down by the element above.
This inclination is called the “critical sliding angle,” and it has particularly
important consequences for drag.
The critical sliding angle is based solely on the coefficient of friction and
can be simply determined as follows, where µ is the coefficient of friction:
–1
critical angle, α = 1 ⁄ tan ( µ )

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Clearly ALL
horizontal wells are
above the critical Mud Type Hole Type Value Angle
sliding angle.
OBM Cased hole 0.17 80.35o
The consequences of
OBM Open hole 0.21 78.14o
operating above the
critical sliding angle is WBM Cased hole 0.24 76.50o
that all sections of the WBM Open hole 0.29 73.83o
string above the sliding
angle will be under
increasing compression when running into the well with zero end load.
This leads to difficulties in applying WOB during oriented drilling and
further problems due to buckling and ultimately lock-up when running
strings.
Wireline operations are clearly impossible at or above this critical angle.
Drill pipe or coiled tubing will be required to conduct “stiff” wireline
operations.
In high angle wells, it is therefore beneficial to keep all sections below the
critical inclination angle whenever possible.
Bit Torque
Calculated using the T. M. Warren bit torque model by Anadrill

The Warren bit/torque coefficients describe the torque generating
characteristics of the bit as re.ated to WOB, ROP, RPM, bit type and size.
The model has been found to be accurate in ductile formations (shales,
mudstones, siltstones) but in non-ductile formations (sandstones and
carbonates) it is liable to underpredict. It does not take account of worn
cutters or cone lock-up.
The model is based on the following relationships:
bit φ = inch ROP = ft/hr
bit torque = ft.lb C3, C4 = bit coefficients from database
WOB = lb
Fluid Model
Same as the DEAP hydraulics application

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Swab/surge Pressures
Same algorithms as the DEAP swab/surge application

These swab/surge pressures can exert considerable forces on the string.
Torque/Drag - Hydraulics Conflict
Improving one detriments the other.
Optimizing Torque and Drag Optimizing Hydraulics

Smaller diameter pipe to reduce torque diameter and Larger pipe to minimize hydraulic losses
weight
Deep build sections where tension is low around Minimize inclination to improve hole cleaning by building
KOP inclination at surface
Model Validation and Limitations

DSS Model Validation Tests
DSS has been field validated to within 10% (torque and hookload
predictions) for the most drilling and completions operations,
specifically for:
• 6” to 17-1/2” hole sections up to 70 degrees
• 8-1/2” horizontal sections
• Large and medium radius build sections
• Running and pulling 13-3/8” and 9-5/8” casing strings and rotating 7”
liners
• Running completions
Super DSS has also been field validated for coiled tubing access
and running perforation guns
Limitations of the Model
Steady state model

As such the DSS does not take into account whirling effects, vibration or
dynamic changes in rotation or penetration.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
It assumes the wellbore is in gauge and relatively clean and does not
predict the effects of wellbore collapse, undergauge hole, key seating, etc.
It provides a snapshot of the string at specific depths, either single or
incremented, e.g. not dynamic; it cannot map fluid interfaces.
Soft String model

The DSS assumes that the string conforms to the shape of wellbore. Thus it
takes no account of wellbore clearance effects. The impact on friction of
poor hole cleaning, centralizers and stabilizers has to be assessed indirectly
by increasing friction factors for the well.
The DSS also underestimates the effects on drag of pipe stiffness in tight
holes or due to local hole crookedness, e.g. tripping tensions across a step
kink or effects on BHA/casing due to borehole clearance/bending effects in
shallow holes or short radius drilling (limit of 5deg/100 ft). A step size of
one element of drill pipe may also prove inhibitive without SR simulations.
Friction factor predictions
Torque/drag predictions are only as good as Friction Factor

assumptions
Default values can be used for planning purposes, but use of local data is
strongly recommended (i.e. modeled data from previous wells so friction
factors will reflect local conditions, hole cleaning, mud additives,
lithology).
Conservative post-buckling effects
Assumes helical post-buckling configuration with wall forces

predicted from work by Chen and Cheatham
This can lead to rapid increases in drag and premature lock-up not seen in
actual cases. If buckling is an issue and in borderline cases, use Super-DSS.
Super-DSS
Background of SDSS
Why SDSS was developed

Increased drag levels associated with high angle, ERD wells has resulted in
high compressive loads in drill pipe.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
These loads can exceed the critical buckling load of the drill pipe and
necessitate operating in a post-buckled state.
Currently DSS is recommended for use in drill string analysis and design
where the drill pipe is in tension or when the critical buckling load has not
been exceeded. In the event that buckling does occur, DSS will give a
warning and carry out a simplified buckling analysis.
Experience to date has shown that DSS buckling results are conservative
and can predict premature lock-up. To improve model predictions, Super-
DSS was developed to provide a comprehensive buckling analysis facility.
Purpose and Application of SDSS
Super-DSS was designed to carry out detailed post-buckling

analysis of drill strings and other tubulars
From the output results the user can identify the location and extent of
individual buckle zones and also the buckling severity within each zone. In
addition to the results produced by DSS, Super-DSS provides two
additional outputs: buckling amplitude and pitch (see below for
definitions).
Super-DSS is recommended for use whenever buckling is considered to be
a significant problem or knowledge of the extent and severity of buckling
is required. Some drilling and completion operations where SDSS has been
used include:
• Application of top drive weight during oriented drilling
• Tripping in 8-1/2 inch drilling assembly
• Running in 5-1/2 inch liner
• Running TCP gun configuration
• Running clean-out string assembly
• Setting ECP packers
• Running CBL tool
• Completion running
Accessing SDSS
Access Super-DSS by entering DSS in the normal way and building

up the relevant inputs as usual
DSS is used to analyze the string configuration and Super-DSS is activated
as an option whenever buckling within DSS is predicted.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Types of buckling
“Snaky” or “sinusoidal” buckling

When the local compression in a string reaches a critical level the string
starts to buckle and snakes along the low side of the hole.
“Helical” buckling
Upon a further increase in compression load, the snaky buckling amplitude
grows and a stage is reached where it can no longer maintain its shape. The
string would then snap into a helical form and coil up against the hole side,
a buckling state known as “helical buckling.”
No Buckling Snaky Buckling Helical Buckling
Reversal Point
WOB Critical WOB Helical
WOB

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
References
[1] Warren, T. M. “Factors affecting torque for a tricone bit,” SPE
11994 (1983).
[2] Dawson, R., and Paslay, P. R. “Drill pipe buckling in inclined
holes,” SPE 11167 (1982).
[3] Chen and Cheatham, “Wallforces on helically buckled
tubulars in inclined wells,” ASME 142, vol 112 (June 1990).
[4] Sheppard, M. C., Wick, C., and Burgess, T. “Designing well
paths to reduce drag and torque,” SPE 15463 (1986).
[5] Lubinski. “Helical Buckling of Tubing Sealed in Packers,”
Journal of Petroleum Technology (1962).
[6] Chapman, P. “Torque and drag reduction — Mud lubricity,”
(Aug. 1994).
[7] Burnham, M. “An evaluation of forces and stresses generated
when pulling production tubulars from a Wytch Farm Stage III
Extended Reach well,” BP Research paper DCP/39/92BR.
[8] Chapman, P. and Brown, C. “Pre-packed screen running drag
analysis for Foinaven,” BP Research paper DCP/13/95.
[9] Gilchrist, J. “Installation problems with sand control screens
in horizontal wells: Worldwide industry experience to Feb
1995,” (March 1995).
[10] Restarick, H. and Saunders, M. “New completion procedures
using screens in horizontal open hole completions in the North
Sea,” presented at 2nd International Conference on Emerging
Technology, 1994.
[11] Brown, C. J. and Chapman, P. “AFP completion running and
well departure study,” BP Research paper DCB/10/95.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Navigation
Main
Window
File Hole Fluids Friction

Operations Geometry Survey Data (Single/Multi) Factors
Pick List Window Window Window Window
Ripple Go To Survey
Factors Survey Station Selection
Window Window Option
Import From Drill String Operations Data Checks Reports->

Well History Warning Run Option
Sections Details Input Details
Option Window Input Survey
Window
(Single Depth/
Single - Adv/
Multi-Depth))
Results Graphs -> Results Report

Plot Detailed
Schematic (Single/Multi
Values Report
Profile Depths)
Wallforce
Dogleg
Section Drill Bit Completion Torque
Details Data Jewellery Tension
Window Window Window Max Yield Stress
Fatigue End
Int Pressure Print Options ->
Ann Pressure Landscape
ECD Portrait
The run button on the main window initiates calculations after data checks
have been completed. Results graphs open immediately on completion of
calculations.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997

The main screen gives access to the input data screens and to the button
which initiates processing. Each section is activated by clicking on an icon.
Facilities for adding comments and printing DSC details are provided.
Figure 4-2:
Main
Window
The DSS inputs are stored on the DEAP database as drill string
configurations (DSCs). The DSCs are attached to the well specified from
User Defaults but are stored separately from the operational data.
The DSCs are entirely open for sharing and any user that has access to a
particular well is permitted to read and rewrite any DSC associated with
that well. Details of the time and person that last saved a DSC are displayed
on the main DSS screen.
Special Feature
COMMENTS button — opens a window in which the user can enter a brief
description of the DSC and its analysis, and to annotate the results of the
simulation. These comments will be shown on the results printouts.
Figure 4-3:
Comments

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
File Operations
Easily accessible from the file options menu, a new case data
exchange mechanism has been added to the engineering
applications in DEAP v3.0, which facilitates user access to data sets
already stored in DEAP, allows the user to display and edit the data set, and
supports the exchange of data sets among the engineering applications.
The user is referred to the chapter on the case data exchange mechanism
for more details; use of the options is also addressed in the DEAP v3.0
training materials.
New Option
Selecting this option causes all the subsequent windows opened by the user
by means of the other icons on the main window to be blank, thus allowing
for the entry of new data into the data base.
Open Option
Selecting this option causes the open case dialog box shown below to open,
by means of which the user is able to filter the data sets on the data base
and select a data set to open in the current application.
Upon selecting a data set already loaded by another application, the user
will be presented with a dialog box asking whether the user wishes to
proceed with read/write access or change to read only access for the data
set specified.
A user may have read/write access to only one data set at a time. Data sets
open by this means may only be saved under the same name by the original
creator of the data set; all other users must make use of the save as
function, described below.
Import: DEAP Current Option

This option allows users to import automatically the most current data for
the default well. Primarily for use when creating a new case file, it causes
any data imported this way to immediately overwrite existing data.
Import: DEAP History option

This option allows users to select alternative data sets for use in a given
application. Primarily for use when creating a new case file, it causes any
data imported this way to immediately overwrite existing data.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Import: CMAP Option
This option provides links to earlier versions of DEAP and opens a selection box
in which the user may select cmaps for use in the current application.
Clipboard: Copy From Option

Selecting this option allows the user to create a clipboard and to copy the
current case data to it for use in another application. Users are only allowed
access to clipboards of their own creation.
Clipboard: Save To Option

Selecting this option allows the user to save copied or imported data to
another application. Within a specific application, this option also allows
users to save subsets of data to the clipboard.
Save Option
Provides users with a means to save new data sets and opened data sets if
the user is the original creator of the data set.
Save As Option
Selecting this option opens a dialog box in which the user can assign a
name to a data set that was not originally created by him, typically one that
was opened using the open dialog box. All names must be unique; the
system automatically rejects duplicates. The save as dialog box also allows
users to save only subsets of the original data set.
Status Option
Selecting this option opens a dialog box that specifies the current status of
the case a user has loaded. as well as the status of his clipboard. Upon
opening this window, the localization data fields are automatically filled
with data relating to the user’s default well, but the fields are editable.
Rename Option
Selecting this option opens a simple dialog box in which the user is able to
change the name of an existing data set.
Delete Option
select a data set for deletion. The user will be warned and offered the
option of cancelling the deletion before the system proceeds.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Hole Geometry
This window enables the user to build up a description of riser,
casing, liner and open hole sections. New lines can be added to
the bottom of the table, or inserted into the table via a pop-up menu.
Figure 4-4:
Hole
Geometry
The catalogs for casing and liner sections contain a large number of entries
and can take a considerable time to load after the user clicks on
CATALOG. Users can reduce the loading time by specifying an outside
diameter first. Then, only those entries with a similar OD will be loaded
into the system.
The hole geometry affects the hydraulic calculations only, but does not
directly affect the torque and drag calculations. The mechanical
calculations do not take into account the clearance between the string and
the wellbore.
Survey Data
Upon first being opened for a new data set, this window will be
empty. Survey data may be entered in the MD, inclination and
azimuth text fields and then inserted into the list of surveys using the add
button in the upper right hand corner.
Surveys in the list may be selected and deleted using the delete button, or
edited using the update button Alternatively, surveys may be imported
using the import DDSS survey button in the upper left hand corner.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 4-5:
Survey
Data
Special Features
RESET button — clears the survey data window of all data.
INFO button — supplies the user with information about the survey
displayed.
Import DDSS Survey Button

This button invokes the survey selection window, which allows the user to
select and survey to import and which causes the system to provide
automatic calculation of northing, easting, TVD and dogleg from MD,
inclination and azimuth based on standard minimum curvature
calculations.
Figure 4-6:
Survey
Selection

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
View Data Points Button

This button invokes the select a survey data point sub-window, in which
the user may view the data points contained in the specified survey, and
may also ask the system to interpolate additional data, as required, by
entering data in one of the activated text fields and then pressing the
interpolate button.
Figure 4-7
View Data
Points /
Interpolate
Window
Ripple Factors Button

This button invokes a sub-application which has a table for ripple factors,
required when analyzing a “smooth” planned well profile.
Figure 4-8:
Ripple Factors
Ripple factors superimpose the tortuosity that is likely to be created when

the well is drilled. The application’s default values may be used or values
obtained from an offset well can be entered manually.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The default values available are:

• Cased Section 0.3 deg/30m at shoe depth
• Open Hole 0.6 deg/30m at shoe depth
Go To Survey Point Button

This button invokes a window that facilitates rapid movement through the
survey file. Depending on the radio button selected, one of two possible
additional text fields is automatically added to the window, allowing the
user to go to a specific survey point.
Figure 4-9:
Go to
Survey
Station
Fluid Data
Single Fluid Data
Figure 4-10:
Single Fluid
Data

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Multiple Fluid Data

The multiple fluid option allows for the specification of different fluids
within the drillstring and annulus. For example, this is required for
simulating cementing operations or casing placement by the flotation
technique or displacement operations.
Figure 4-11:
Multiple
Fluid Data
String Sections
Each line in the string sections table describes a section of the
string. New sections can be inserted at the top of the table by
selecting them from the icons at the bottom of the window. New sets of
icons are invoked by pressing on the drilling, casing, tubing and other
buttons in the lower right hand corner.
Sections can also be inserted at any point in the table, by selecting an
option from the pop-up menu that appears when you press on the icon
within the data field.
The drillstring geometry is to be specified from the bit upwards, as if the
string was being run into the hole. Section icons will be selectable /
deselectable on this basis.
Wherever possible, the use of catalogs is recommended. However, the
catalogs contain a large number of entries and can take a considerable time
to load after the user clicks on CATALOG. Users can speed the process up
by specifying an outside diameter first. Then, only those entries with a
similar OD will be loaded into the system.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
After a selection has been made from either the drill pipe catalog or the
HWDP catalog, a joint type catalog can be opened. After a joint type has
been selected, the user will be returned to the drill string window
Figure 4-12
Drill String
Sections
Window
Drilling icons
Special features
IMPORT FROM WELL HISTORY option
TOTAL STRING LENGTH text field — automatically displays the total
length of the drill string elements
Component Detail Buttons

Available in most text fields, pressing this button invokes the details sub-
application, showing the details of the components used in the current line
of the drill string components table.
Figure 4-13:
Drill String
Section
Details

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Bit Detail Button

The bit details window differs from the details windows for the other
components of the drill string. The Warren bit torque coefficients describe
the torque generating characteristics of the bit as a function of WOB,
diameter, rotary speed and rate of penetration. They are not required if the
CALCULATE BIT TORQUE toggle in the operations details window is
not selected.
Figure 4-14:
Drill Bit
Details
Jewelry Details Button

This details window also differs from the others.
Figure 4-15
Completion
Jewelry Details

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Friction Factors
If the hole geometry and fluid data have been specified, the
system can supply default friction factors for each section of the
hole, based on the nature of its walls and the type of mud in use in it. The
user can modify the default values or enter them manually. Data fields are
generated by pressing the add button.
A pick list is provided for each friction factor entry; the user is offered a
choice of various drilling fluids in either cased or open hole sections. The
system will supply the appropriate friction factor.
Figure 4-16:
Friction Factors
Special Features
FRICTION FACTOR CLASSIFICATION button — opens a classification
table which provides the user with guidance on how lubricity values can
vary with lithology, fluid type and oil/water ratio. The information
provided here indicates trends only, not absolutes.
Figure 4-17
Friction
Factors
Classification
Table

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Operations Data
Single Depth Analysis
This window enables the user to perform detailed calculations of a
particular operation at a single depth. Toggle the operation required and the
inputs will sensitize as required
Buckling WOB option initiates an additional finite element program to
calculate the exact WOB that causes buckling. This is only available and
only required when rotating the string as buckling can be exceeded
otherwise.
The resistance at the bit is always assumed to oppose the motion of the
drillstring. Hence overpull is applied when moving out of the hole and
WOB is applied when moving into the hole.
If the drillstring is stationary, either WOB or overpull can be specified as
required
Figure 4-18:
Single Mode
Analysis
Single Depth Analysis- Advanced Operations

The advanced operations option is available only for single depth analysis,
and becomes available upon pressing the advanced operations button to
open the advanced operations window.
Radio buttons allow the user to modify the window, thus allowing for the
entry of additional data relating to twist calculations, production logging,
and string optimization.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Twist Calculations
Once the user has entered the number of turns and the surface torque and
pressed the run button, the drill string simulator is able to calculate the
depth at which the drill string is stuck.
The run button in this window invokes the standard DEAP report viewer,
which will include twist output.
Figure 4-19
Advanced
Operations
Window
Twist Calculations
mode
Production Logging
Once the user has entered wellhead pressure and production flowrate, and
pressed the run button, the drill string simulator is able to simulate any
additional upforce or drag experienced when running tubulars.
The run button in this window opens the standard DEAP report viewer,
which will now include the upforce/drag data.
Figure 4-20
Advanced
Operations
Window
Production
Logging mode

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
String Optimization
Once the user has entered the length of the drill pipe, heavy weight drill
pipe and/or collars found in the top section of the drill string and pressed
the run button, the drill string simulator will enable the user to optimize
their location in the string for achieving the maximum hookload that will
nonetheless avoiding buckling.
Figure 4-21
Advanced
Operations
Window
String
Optimization mode
Multiple Mode Analysis

This window enables the user to select the operational modes which the
application is to analyse at up to 30 different depths. Depending on what
has been selected, the data entry text fields will become sensitive or
insensitive, as appropriate.
Figure 4-22:
Multiple
Mode
Analysis

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Run Operations
After the user has clicked on the run operations icon in the edit/
analyse configuration window, the application will perform a
series of data checks. The checks ensure that the data held in the DSC is
complete and consistent. When the DSC has passed all of the checks
simulation will commence. The results graphs will be displayed when the
simulation has completed.
Figure 4-23:
Simulation
Data Checks
Results (Single Mode Analysis)

Friction Factor Results Window
This window is displayed to allow the user to adjust the friction factor and
bit depth. ALL results are updated on adjusting scroll bars.
Figure 4-24:
Friction Factors

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Results Graph
The results screens presented to the user depend on whether single or
multiple analysis has been selected. Selecting the appropriate radio button
on the top RHS of the window will update the display for specific results.
Figure 4-25:
Results
Single
mode
analysis
Special Features
Plot Graph button

This sub-application enables the user to plot the graphical profile selected.
This will be sent to the standard DEAP system report generator.
Report button
This sub-application displays tables of input values, survey data, results
summary and detailed values used to produce the graphical profiles. The
report is in the standard DEAP report generator format.
Graphical Profiles pop-up menu button

Eleven different graphical profiles are available from this menu:
1. Well schematic
2. Wall force

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
3. Dog leg
4. Torque
5. Tension
6. Max. Von Mises Stress
7. Fatigue End
8. Internal Pressure
9. Annular Pressure
10. Effective Circulating Density
11. Twist and Optimization
Results (Multiple Mode Analysis)

The results screens presented to the user depend on whether single or
multiple analysis has been selected. The multiple well schematic window is
displayed at the end of a successful multi-depth analysis.
Figure 4-26:
Well
schematic
Multiple
analysis
mode
Multiple Analysis Graphs

To update the well schematic for a specific result type, hold down the
appropriate pop-up menu at the top of the window and select as required.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
A graph displaying values of the selected result type versus depth for each
operational mode will be displayed.
Figure 4-27:
Multiple
Analysis
Graph
Special Features
ZOOM buttons — specific coordinate values can be obtained by moving
the mouse onto the graph and manipulating the crosshairs as required. Use
the mouse to drag crosshairs across a specific range to zoom in on areas of
interest. Toggling the plus and minus buttons (spy glass symbol) can
enable rapid zoom in and out of desired ranges.
PRINT GRAPH button — this sub-application enables the user to plot the
graphical profile selected. This will be sent to the standard DEAP system
report generator.
REPORT button — this sub-application displays table of values for
selected result type versus depth for each operational mode. The report is in
the standard DEAP report generator format.
SDSS Graphs
Buckling Amplitude
Buckling amplitude is defined as the angular displacement of the string
from the lower side of the hole.
• For snaky buckling, amplitude is <120o

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
• For helical buckling, amplitude is >360o

It is helical buckling that causes a substantial increase in wallforces and
thus a lock-up condition in the string.
Figure 4-28
Super DSS
Graph
Showing
Buckling
Amplitude
Pitch
Pitch (or half-wavelength) is defined as the distance between successive
cycles of buckling amplitude peaks.
The term pitch is normally used when buckling is helical and half-
wavelength when it is snaky.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Report Windows
Input Details Report (not survey), 2 pages

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Input Survey Details

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Results Report

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Plot Results Report (number of pages varies)

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Appendix A: DSS and Completion Operations

Introduction
In high angle and ERD wells, profile characteristics are becoming more
extreme as drilling envelopes are pushed to optimize field development
through the reduction in drilling sites, enhance recovery by accessing
marginal reserves and improve reservoir drainage.
Generally, drilling problems associated with these high step-out wells are
being addressed, but little has changed in completion technology. In many
cases, completion or well intervention operations are often more limiting
than drilling operations.
Some of the major factors and issues contributing to this are:
• Completion tubing is designed for the loads expected during
production/injection. To date, little attention has been paid to loads
during installation.
The relatively high tensile forces exerted when running/pulling
completions, combined with low wall thickness and material yield
strength, can lead to failure when setting/retrieving packers.
• Completion tubing is not rotated, so drag forces are not dissipated,
when sliding into and out of the hole.
• Completion jewelry (cables and clamps) add further weight to the
string.
• Completion components can be heavy and generate particularly high
drag forces when run downhole due to their weight. This can create
very high compressive loading in the running string and lead to
problems due to buckling, which may require the utilization of
“designer strings” to get to TD.
DSS can be used to analyze these issues and their impact on well
completion operations.
Completion Tubing Running/Pulling
Introduction
The ability to run and pull completion tubing can be a major factor limiting
the reach of ERD and horizontal wells. Completion design has to take
account of the large drag forces that can result in tubing failure and
significant tubing extensions and contractions.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Characteristics such as manufacture from low yield material (such as L80

tubing when compared to V135 drill pipe) along with reduced wall
thickness and internally flush joints can lead to problems sliding into and
out of the hole.
Stresses on tubing maximum overpulls, packer setting limitations,
extensions due to drag and buckling effects are all issues that should be
addressed when designing ERD and non-conventional wells.
Key operational issues that can be investigated using the DSS include:
Planning
• Evaluate drag forces to identify operating limits or optimize
completion strings.
• Predict maximum overpulls available based on tensile stress at surface
for setting packers or retrieving ESPs/packers.
• Investigate measures to extend completion running envelope by
floating tubing to reduce buoyant weight or adopting mixed
completion strings using higher strength material at surface.
• Assess influence of additional weight from cables, clamps and ESPs
on tubing drags.
• Analyze effect of string contraction/extension due to drag and impact
on space out, premature setting of packers, unplanned preloads on
packers and locked in residual stresses on strings.
• Swab/surge effects running tight components.
• Assess novel measures to reduce drag/tensile stress such as low
friction coatings, composite tubing, brine lubricants or cable clamp
rollers.
Operations
• Predict hookloads, buoyant weight and drag to identify deviations
from planned operation and reduce likelihood of tubing failure.
• Post well evaluation of job.
Setting Packers
DSS can be used to evaluate forces and stresses induced in completion
tubing in setting packers to overpull or rotation. DSS predictions can be
used to optimize operations and design completion strings with regard to
material grade (yield strength), tubing dimensions and coupling
specification.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
For example, incorrect positioning of expansion joints may result in

unacceptable compression or tension in the string along with incorrect
packer depths and PBR overlaps.
On setting the packer, shortening or lengthening of the string can result in
packers being set with unplanned preload. Its importance depends on the
nature of the completion design.
In addition, DSS can also be used to investigate premature setting of
packers. This can occur when pulling completion tubing; high degree of
drag and stretch can activate mechanical packers at unplanned depths and
stages of operations.
Completion Jewelry
With the addition of completion jewelry, the main issue is extra buoyed
weight and the subsequent increase in drag on completion strings due to the
addition of ESPs, cables and clamps for artificial lift completions. It is very
important to consider this effect when pulling ESP completion strings,
otherwise failure of tubing or connectors may result.
Generally, DSS only accounts for mechanical and frictional changes on the
basis of weight increase. Changes in annular clearance and external profile
of completion tubing due to the addition of cables and clamps are not
considered.
Quite simply, DSS accounts for changes in volume due to cables and
clamps and density differences between these components to assess
increase in buoyant weight of completion tubing.
Floating Tubing
The objective of floating or partially floating completion tubing is to
extend completion installation envelopes by increasing string buoyancy.
This can act to reduce tensile stress at surface to overcome limitations
imposed by self weight, or alternatively, reduce wallforces to overcome
limitations imposed by drag in severe ERD wells with large step-outs. The
latter of these two advantages is more readily apparent when floating
casing.
Floating completing tubing affords the luxury of completion string design
optimized for production rather than installation. It has been used as a
contingency option to reduce likelihood of tubing/connection failure
during installation.
Partial flotation was employed, where the top half of the completion string
was run empty. This was achieved by use of a wireline retrievable plug and
topping up with completion fluid as the tubing was run in hole. The
completion packer was then set and the tubing flooded.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Operations such as these can be fully analyzed using the DSS.

Consideration may also need to be given to surge effects due to the greater
volume of fluid displaced and increase ECD pressure when compared to
running open ended tubing.
DSS can be used to assess the impact of floating tubing in planning stages
and to optimize installation procedures. DSS can predict changes in
hookload and tensile stresses, and assess influence of hydrostatic forces
during these operations.
Mixed Completion Strings

The DSS can be used to assess the viability of running mixed completion
strings by predicting installation loads on tubing. Optimum completion
string designs can then be developed for specific profiles and running
depths. The main effect of using mixed completion strings is to:
• Extend installation envelopes by employing stronger tubing where
tensile stresses are prohibitive.
• Reduce the weight of the bottom of the string to reduce the load at the
surface.
Completion tubing dimensions and subsequent pressure drops are
generally dictated by reservoir characteristics, but reductions in tensile
stresses can be achieved by:
• Tapered completion strings involving the adoption of larger diameter
tubing at surface with increased wall thickness. Crossover joints are
used to connect different sizes of completion tubing.
• Adoption of higher strength material, i.e. Duplex 135 ksi tubing (same
strength as S135 grade drill pipe) at surface for monobore
completions.
Under these circumstances and in marginal cases, the use of premium
couplings/threads should be investigated. DSS results can be used as the
basis for component selection.
As with applying overpull to set packers, the recommended threshold for
completion running strings is based on a maximum of 80% of material
yield strength. This usually occurs at surface due to the combined effects of
self weight and overpull on tensile load.
In DSS, the Equivalent Yield Stress calculation effectively sums up all the
stresses being applied to the string. Bending stresses, axial stresses,
torsional stresses and radial pressure stresses are considered in the
calculations. It is expressed as a percentage of the yield stress for the
material. A string will fail at 100% Equivalent Yield Stress.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Swab/Surge Effects
Swab/surge pressures can significantly affect the apparent string weights
when running in and pulling out of hole. These effects are clearly speed
dependent but swab/surge calculations show that significant forces may be
required to initiate movement when running tight packer assemblies,
casing or liners.
Swab/surge calculations basically involve two components:
• A force acting on the sides of the string; this is due to fluid shear at
pipe/fluid interface, and the magnitude of the force is determined by
fluid yield strength.
• A change in pressure which acts at the bottom of the string.
Swab/surge calculations are switched on automatically for tripping
operations and are undertaken for no other operations.
Tubing Extension and Contraction

The DSS can predict change in completion string length due to drag when
running in or pulling out. This results in tubing movements at surface being
different from that downhole.
For example, a net contraction of tubing can occur when running in — in
effect, an unplanned slack off. Changes in completion string lengths under
these circumstances can lead to major complications. Incorrect positioning
of expansion joints may result in unacceptable compression or tension in
the string, along with incorrect packer depths and PBR overlaps. The
importance of this depends on the design of the completion.
The DSS can be used to effectively predict locked in extension/contraction
in tubing by assessing changes in string length both with and without
friction. Residual stresses can be torque (setting rotary packers) or tension/
compression.
Usually if tubing is pulled, then tension overrides and the resulting
elongation can be calculated from Hooke’s Law. Locked in residual
stresses combined with thermal stresses induced during production can
result in buckling of completion tubing and failure of seals at wellhead.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Installation of Sand Control Screens and Liners
Introduction
Slotted or pre-perforated liners are a simple type of completion often
adopted in deviated wells. The liner is left uncemented, and the main
advantages of this approach include:
• Relatively cheap because it removes the requirement for perforating.
• Liner prevents hole collapse.
• Negates requirements for cement job (often difficult in ERD with high
departures due to ECD limitations).
• Slot sizes can afford a degree of sand control.
• Some degree of zonal isolation can be achieved by setting external
casing packers (ECPs).
In many wells, especially shallow ones, hydrocarbon production causes
sand production. Unconsolidated sandstones are most susceptible to sand
production, which may start during first flow, or later when reservoir
pressure has fallen, or when water breaks through. Under these
circumstances, sand control completions are employed using sand control
screens.
Generally sand control screens fall into four main categories, namely,
slotted liners, wire wrapped screen (without the prepack), prepacked and
membrane type screens. The prepacked screen features a bonded resin
coated gravel held between an inner base perforated pipe and an outer wire
wrapped screen.
Great care must be employed when handling all types of gravel-pack
screens. They must be kept clean at surface and handled very carefully.
They should be run in hole as carefully as possible to minimize damage
and/or dirt pollution while scraping the wall of the wellbore.
During installation, the main issue with sand control screens and liners is
the availability of hookload to run these relatively heavy completion types
to TD. Difficulties can be experienced in some high angle wells due to the
rapid tail off in hookload that can occur pushing these completions along
horizontal reservoir sections.
In this instance, the effect of drag acts primarily to create problems due to
compression effects in the running strings downhole — as opposed to
completion tubing where drag forces create most difficulties during pulling
operations with high tensile stresses at surface.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Reported installation problems that can be investigated using the DSS are:
Note: The problems below are predominantly related to screens

that are heavier than pre-perforated liners, i.e. typically
35 lb/ft for 5-1/2” base pipe prepacked screens compared
to 23 lb/ft for 5-1/2” liner with washpipe.
• Screens becoming mechanically stuck downhole and problems

sliding.
• High swab pressure while pulling small ID wash pipe.
• Lost wash pipe in screens due to connection failures.
• Damage to screen jackets (mechanically coupled jackets slipping
down base pipe and screen wear during installation along long tangent
sections and around tight doglegs).
• High O/Ps and rotating to free stuck assemblies; coupling failures and
extension of screens (perforated base pipe reduces axial strength by
30%).
• Mechanical lock up and buckling.
• Hydraulics lock up due to high surge pressures running in hole.
• Wire weld failure leading to loss of gauge and inadequate sand
control.
Under these circumstances, DSS can be used to evaluate the influence of
drag on available weight to check viability of proposed operation. In
addition, DSS can predict downhole stresses and forces for mechanical
integrity checks/failure evaluation.
DSS has the capability of being used to investigate the following effects/
operating scenarios:
• Quantify drag during screen/liner installation.
• Assess profile effects, i.e. influence of inclination, departure and
reservoir characteristics.
• Impact of mud properties; effect of lubricity/friction on drag, mud
density on buoyant weight/hookload/drag, mud PV/YP and running
speed on surge pressures.
• Identify the onset and limitations imposed by buckling; assess the
impact of the principal factors of compression forces, radial clearance,
hole angle and pipe stiffness.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
In isolation, buckling is not usually an issue and failure is unlikely.

However the increase in post-buckled wallforces can intensify drag
effects and lead to a rapid reduction in hookload and ultimately lock
up.
• Assess the position of the ultimate limit on screen or liner installation
which is dictated by the lock up position.
Under these circumstances the hookload at surface is zero, i.e. there is
no available weight to run the screen or liner assembly any further. At
this point of lock up, the axial drag equals the buoyant weight of the
screens/liner.
• Investigate mechanical integrity and limitations due to:
• Tension and torsion effects: grade of materials (yield strength),
couplings and connections, screen extension (due to perforated
base pipe reduction in axial strength).
• Screen deflection under compressive loading; influence on wear
during installation and centralizer placement.
• Screen damage during installation.
DSS assumes that the borehole is circular and in gauge, so effects due to
tight holes, ledging, local doglegs and cuttings beds are not easily detected.
DSS assumes that each element of the string contacts the wellbore at its
largest diameter, i.e. tool joints in the running string, couplings in standard
PSS, couplings or jacket (depending on the design) with PPS.
In terms of DSS analysis, the most significant parameter when examining
pre-packed screens or liners is their weight. Screens are modeled by
creating an equivalent tubular; this will be stiffer and less buoyant than the
actual screen. These effects will act to increase drags and therefore be
conservative. Generally, this effect will be small relative to the weight of
the screen.
Essentially, DSS can and has been used to minimize the risk in screen and
liner running operations by:
• Determining the maximum length of screen/liner than can be run.
• Optimizing the running string.
• Defining the operating limits.
• Predicting hookloads for running operation.
• Monitoring actual hookloads against predicted during running.
• Providing post-job analysis to refine running predictions.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Optimization of Running Strings

The force to push screens to TD comes from the weight of the running
string. Generally it is not advisable to allow the string to undergo
compression in the riser. So the buoyant vertical weight of the running
string below the well head will give the absolute maximum weight that can
be applied to push the screens.
In deviated wells, the frictionless buoyant weight of the running string has
the same absolute value as it is defined by the true vertical depth of the
string.
The buoyant vertical weight of the running string divided by the friction
factor, divided by the total screen weight per foot, will give the maximum
screen length possible to push to TD. This is an absolute maximum, and in
practice is reduced by drag and buckling of the running string, which
requires detailed analysis using DSS.
DSS uses the following expression from Dawson et al to test for the onset
of buckling by comparison of compression values with the critical force for
buckling, Fcrit.
EIw
Fcrit = 2 ---------- sin φ
r
where
E = Young’s Modulus
I = Second moment of area
w = weight per unit length
r = radial clearance
φ = hole inclination
In isolation, and provided the pipe is not rotated, buckling will not usually
lead to failure, the limited clearance in the wellbore prevents very high
stresses. Under these circumstances, buckling is merely an elastic
condition — bent but not broken.
It is usually easier to buckle an unsupported vertical running string. In ERD
wells, gravity pulls the string against the low side of the hole. This
stabilizes the string and allows drill pipe to carry axial compressive loads
without buckling. Even when in post buckled state, the string is still
supported by the hole. The use of heavy screens over long lateral
departures has necessitated running post buckled on some production and
injection wells.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Generally, lower compressive forces are required to buckle the running

string than PPS or liners. The large outer diameters of screens and liners
and their heavy weight pulls the screens into the hole and prevents
buckling. DSS assumes that the pipe assumes a helical configuration when
in a post buckled state.
Associated with this state is an increase in wall contact force (and hence
drag), and DSS uses the theories of Chen and Cheatham to account for this
effect. This phenomenon can lead to a rapid reduction in available weight
due to the impact of wallforce on drag when pushing screens along
reservoir sections in high departure ERD wells. In extreme cases, and if
unchecked, this can ultimately lead to lock up — zero hookload at surface.
To alleviate problems associated with high drag and lock up, the user of
“designer” running strings has been adopted. In these running strings,
HWDP is employed at the optimum number of joints and positions in the
running string. It acts in two main ways.
• Firstly by reinforcing the string at its weakest points to reduce drag by
reducing buckling severity and post buckled wallforces.
• Secondly, to increase available weight in the running string to push
screens to TD.
Ordinarily, to reduce buckling, the HWDP should be placed in high angle
sections where compression is highest. To increase available weight, the
HWDP should be placed in the near vertical sections. Optimum placing of
the HWDP is therefore a compromise between these two factors.
Note: It is strongly recommended that DSS be used under these

circumstances.
This type of analysis is extremely specialized and generally involves

several iterations to identify the best placement of HWDP. It is
recommended that BP Exploration at Sunbury be approached to undertake
this work, or at least to review results and provide QA.
Generally, DSS does not consider effects of screen eccentricity, hole
clearance, deviation/stiffness of the string within the wellbore except for
buckling and hydraulic purposes.
The effects of spiralizers and centralizers are therefore not directly
accounted for. However, they can be indirectly accounted for on the basis
of modifying friction factors to account for reduction in drag by improved
stand-off.
Note: It is recommended that field data from previous screen

installation runs along with operational experience be
used to assess this phenomenon.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The potential benefit from the incorporation of spiralizers into screen

assemblies was fully realized on Foinaven well 204/24-A02 (3). In this
case, following an initial unsuccessful attempt at screen installation,
spiralizers were run with the screens at a frequency of one per joint. The
screens were successfully run to TD.
DSS post-job analysis of hookload confirmed that there had been a
reduction in the friction factor of the well (when compared to the initial
attempt and a dummy run with drill pipe).
This observation supported the manufacturer’s claim of lower friction, and
possible benefits include:
• Less screen damage due to reduced dragging against wellbore wall
• Reduced potential for differential sticking with stand-off from wall
• Reduction in drag due to lower friction coefficient
Note: It is recommended that stiffness and stand-off (under

compressive loading) calculations be employed to predict
how prepacked screens will deflect under compressive
loading in order to optimize the positioning of
centralizers and spiralizers. Sample calculations for this
are detailed in Appendix D.
The use of centralizers in horizontal completions has always been a topic

of debate. It is recommended that centralizers should always be seriously
considered in horizontal completions, but a thorough knowledge of hole
conditions is required before an efficient determination as to their usage
can be made.
Sensitivity to Well Profile

As can be seen in the next illustration, the generic type of ERD well can
vary, from double build and hole, pseudo-catenary and J-shaped,
completing in either horizontal or high angle reservoir sections.
Generally, providing the running string remains in tension, profile
characteristics above the reservoir section in ERD wells have a minor
effect on the drag produced running screens downhole. However, the
inclination and departure (length) of the reservoir section are critical in
determining drag.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
ERD Well Profiles

Equivalent Departure (m)
0.00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
0.00
500
1000
TVD (m)
1500
2000
2500
3000
As well inclination increases, sliding becomes more and more difficult. At

a certain inclination it becomes impossible for joint to freely side under its
own weight and it needs to be pushed down by the element above. This
inclination is terms the critical sliding angle and it has very important
consequences for drag.
The critical sliding angle is determined by the coefficient of friction and is
given by:
critical angle = 1/tan-1(ff) ff = friction factor
Mud Type Hole Type Friction Factor Critical Angle
OBM Cased 0.17 80.35o

OBM Open 0.21 78.14o
WBM Cased 0.24 76.50o
WBM Open 0.29 73.83o
Hence, all horizontal wells are above the critical angle. Consequences of
operating above the critical sliding angle are that all sections above the
string will be under increasing compression when running into the well
with zero end load. This can lead to buckling and ultimately lock up when
running strings downhole. Under these circumstances, the DSS must be
employed to investigate the impact of these effects on drag and available
weight at surface when running tubulars downhole.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
As well as reservoir length and inclination, reservoir tortuosity has proved

to have some impact on screen running characteristics. In Foinaven well
204/24a-4, concern was expressed that undulations of the profile through
the reservoir may worsen screen running characteristics.
This theory was tested by using the DSS to predict screen running
hookloads with both the actual survey data through the reservoir against
the prediction for a smooth horizontal profile through the reservoir. DSS
results indicated that a totally smooth reservoir section may gain an
additional 150m of step-out.
Most of this benefit arose from reduced doglegs rather than the elimination
of “geosteered hills.” It was considered more important that the reservoir
section be drilled smooth rather than level.
Planning Installation Procedures

The value of DSS lies in the ability to be used for planning/predicting
surface readings during screen/liner installation operations. This type of
analysis yields valuable information concerning downhole conditions
while running tubulars.
The DSS has field validated performance: torque and hookload predictions
are typically within 10% for most drilling and completion operations.
Generally, deviations between predicted and actual values give good
evidence of unplanned events, i.e. stuck pipe or poor hole conditions (i.e.
inadequate hole cleaning). As such it should be used for diagnostic
purposes for early identification of potential difficulties.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Appendix B: Summary of Friction Factors

Based on case studies.
Cased/Open
Well Operation Fluid Application
Hole Friction
Beatrice 11/30a-21(17) Running new Brine 0.24 Post Operation
completion tubing Review
Marnock HA6 Overpull to set packer Brine 0.24 Planning/

Feasibility
Wytch Farm F13 Pulling completion Sea 0.12 Post Operation

water Review
Gyda A-30-A T2 Running new Brine 0.17 Post Operation

Clyde A21(05) Running new Brine 0.17 Post Operation

Clair 206-810 Liner running OBM 0.17/0.21 Planning/

Feasibility
Clair 206-810 Liner running WBM 0.24/0.29 Planning/

Feasibility
Marnock HA6 Screen running OBM 0.17/0.21 Planning/

Feasibility
Marnock HA6 Screen running Brine 0.3/0.3 Planning/

Feasibility
Marnock HA6 Screen running WBM 0.24/0.29 Planning/

Feasibility
Foinaven 204/24a-4 Screen running Pseudo 0.24/0.29 Post Operation

OBM Review
Foinaven 204/24-A02 Optimize running string Pseudo 0.24/0.29 Planning/

for screen installation OBM Feasibility
AFP High angle Screen/liner installation Pseudo 0.24/0.29 Planning/

development wells OBM Feasibility
Foinaven 204/24-A02 Screen running Pseudo 024/0.29 Post Operation

OBM Review

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Appendix C: Twist Calculations

Twist of the Running String
The following equations (from Roark p. 385) are used to calculate the twist
of the drill string under torque; they may provide additional information for
many situations, e.g. setting packers, stuck pipe position, etc.
TL
θ = ------------------------
J ( G + σa )
where
θ = the total twist
T = the average torque
L = the length of the string
J = polar moment of area
G = torsional modulus of rigidity
σa = axial stress (usually insignificant)
n = Poisson’s ratio
E = Young’s Modulus
And J is given by:
4 4
π ( OD – ID )
J = ----------------------------------
32
-
And G is given by
E
G = --------------------
2(1 + υ )
-

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Appendix D: Screen Stiffness and Deflection/

Stand-Off Calculations
Screen Stiffness Calculation
The complex geometry of the screens makes their stiffness difficult to
calculate. The stiffness was therefore derived by a simple experiment, as
shown below.
A simple deflection test was conducted in a Baker yard to measure the
deflection of the middle of the screen under its own weight when supported
horizontally by its ends. This test represents a standard pin-jointed beam
deflecting under its own weight which can be found in any standard
mechanics text book, as follows:
4
5wl
y max = --------------------I
384 ×10
where:
ymax = deflection at the center of the screen
w = weight per unit length of the screen
l = length of the screen between the supports
EI = stiffness of the screen
Baker measurements:
ymax = 1.75 inches
w = 24.05 lb/ft
l = 36 ft
give a calculated stiffness:
EI = 6.44 x 108 lb.inch2
This figure is based on a fairly crude deflection measurement, and it is
recommended that this be repeated accurately both with and without wash
pipe attached.
Screen Deflection and Stand-Off Calculations

Understanding how the screen deflects under load was important for the
placement of centralizers. Using the screen stiffness as calculated above
the deflection of a horizontal screen under compressive load can be
calculated. A length of connected screens being supported at each joint by
a spiralizer behaves as through each screen is rigidly fixed at each end.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Again the equation can be found in any standard text book, as follows:
wl kl
- tan  ---- – kl
y = – --------- ----
2kP 4 4
where
P
k = ------
EI
y = deflection at the center of the screen
w = weight per unit length of the screen
l = length of the screen between the supports
P = compressive load
EI = stiffness of the screen
The graph below (based on the deflection data) suggests that the screen
adds very little stiffness to the base pipe.
Deflection of Screen Between Spiralizers

1.8
1.6
1.4 Base Pipe Stiffness

Actual Stiffness
1.2
Deflection (m)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Compression (lb)

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 5
Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning
The hydraulics/hole cleaning application will calculate total

system pressure loss, maximum and minimum allowable
flowrates for the given hole and drillstring configurations,
annular velocities, hydraulic horsepower at the bit and
ECD. Maximum flowrate depends either on ECD
limitations or on pump flowrate and pressure ratings; the
minimum flowrate quoted is that which will ensure
effective hole cleaning. Results are summarized on a graph
of flowrate versus pressure. The graph shows the operating
area, bounded by the maximum and minimum allowable
flowrates. Numerical data is displayed in tables
accompanying the graph.
Reference Guide 5-1

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning DEAP v3.0 User Reference Manual
Overview
General
Features offered by this application are:
• Sophisticated mathematical hydraulics and hole cleaning models for
up to 17 1/2” open hole sections
• Tabular summaries of pressure losses during drilling, annular
velocities, density and hydraulic horsepower at the bit
• Identification of the flowrate limiting factor and maximum and
minimum allowable flowrates for efficient hole cleaning
• Rapid “what-if” investigations into ROP, nozzle sizes and conditions
and flowrate effects.
limited to its direct impact on the hydraulics applications.
Hydraulics Calculations
The hydraulics model is based on standard pressure loss equations, with
some enhancements. Different equations are used for oil based and water
based muds. The results produced by the models are within about 15% of
those obtained from field trials.
Zamora and Lord’s hydraulics model, updated at Sunbury, is used in this
application. The model uses either PV and YP or the full Fann rheology
data set as rheological input.
• If only PV and YP are entered, the model defaults to a Bingham fluid
model.
• If the full Fann data set is defined, the Herschel-Bulkley (generalized
Bingham) fluid model is used; model parameters are determined from
a “best fit” to the input rheology data.
If possible, more than two Fann readings should be entered into the
model to ensure a full description of the fluid.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP v3.0 User Reference Manual Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning
Mud type will determine the turbulent flow pressure drop correlation used
in calculations. For oil based muds, a correlation based on published data
from Dodge and Metzner will be used; for water based muds, the turbulent
flow model from the Reed Hydraulic Toolkit will be used.
Hole Cleaning
The hole cleaning model has been developed based on the experimental
data conducted at BP Exploration Sunbury using the large-scale flow loop.
It has been validated with field data collected from more than 200 hole
sections, which covered hole sizes from 6” up to 24” and both oil-based
and water-based muds.
Technical Description
The Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning application was one of the deliverables
from the research undertaken at Sunbury on hole cleaning between 1986-
1992. The project was part of the major initiative on Extended Reach
Drilling undertaken by DCB in the late 1980's and early 90's.
In excess of 20 man years of effort has been expended by BPX in this area
involving the large scale flow loop, mathematical modeling, field data
collection and university research. Some of the work has been published in
SPE papers. Significant work has gone into comparing the models with
field data.
The model does not account for bottom hole cleaning, mass of cuttings in
annulus or stoppages when circulating. Therefore cleaning and ECD details
must be individually considered and applied accordingly to ensure that
hydraulics, hole cleaning, annular pressures and ROP optimization are all
taken into account.
The program contains a series of different models. These include equations
to predict:
Pressure drop
• In a pipe
• Through the bit
• In an annulus
Transition from laminar to turbulent flow
Minimum flow rate to remove cuttings
Reference Guide 5-3

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
References
[1] Swanson, B. W., Thorogood, J. L., and Gardner, A. “The
design and field implementation of a drilling hydraulics
application for drilling optimization,” SPE 27548, presented at
the SPE European Petroleum Computer Conference (March
1994).
[2] Zamora, M., and Lord, D. “Practical analysis of drilling mud
flow in pipes and annuli,” SPE 4976 (1974).
[3] Luo, Y. “Comparison of DEAP hydraulics pump pressure
predictions with actual field data,” BP Research paper, DCB/
31/92/BR (June 1992).
[4] Luo, Y., Bern, P. A. and Chambers, B. D. “Flow rate
predictions for cleaning deviated wells,” IADC/SPE 23884
(1992).
[5] Luo, Y., Bern, P. A., Chambers, B. D. and Kellingray, D. S.
“Simple charts to determine hole cleaning requirement in
deviated wells,” IADC/SPE 27486 (1994).
Pressure Drop Model

Fluids Model: Power Law
For fluids whose rheology is a straight line on log-log coordinates, the
model used is the Power law model:.
τ = Kγn
where τ is the wall shear stress (linked to pressure drop) and γ the shear
rate (linked to fluid velocity). The K and n factors are calculated from the
Fann data where this is used, or alternatively by converting the PV and YP
values back into Fann type values with the line then being fitted through
the origin.
If only PV and YP data are input, the model defaults to the Bingham fluid
model; if more than three FANN readings are entered, a Herschel-Bulkley
fluid model is assumed.
The hydraulics model will best fit all the data presented, while the hole
cleaning model will only use the 600, 300, 200 and 100 rpm values from
the Fann, to ensure the numerical stability of the model. The assumption
made is that any changes to the mud that affect the 6 and 3 rpm values will
also affect the higher rpm values.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Laminar/Turbulent Transition
The program calculates whether the flow in the annulus is laminar or
turbulent. Different equations are used depending on the flow regime. In
order to ensure a smooth transition in the model between laminar and
turbulent flow an equation has been derived to link them. The relative
importance of the different variables such as rheology and density will alter
depending on the flow regime.
The important variables for the different types of flow regime are
summarized below:
Relative Importance
Flow regime Very Significant Unimportant
Laminar Flow Rheology, Diameter Velocity Density
Turbulent Flow Velocity, Diameter Density Rheology
Flow through nozzles, Velocity Density Rheology

motors and MWD
Temperature
The models contain no temperature dependency; it is assumed that the
rheology remains constant throughout the well.
Though this may appear to be a serious limitation, in practice it generally is
not, because most of the pressure drop in conventional drilling occurs
either in the drill pipe or across the bit. As the flow in the drill pipe is
generally turbulent, the rheology does not significantly affect the pressure
drop.
Similarly rheology has no effect on the pressure drop through the nozzles.
Therefore only if the mud is very thick and smaller hole sizes are used, or if
the pump rates are very low, will ignoring temperature affects cause a
problem in predicting pressure drop.
However within the hole cleaning model, rheology is important. Some
temperature dependency is in effect built into the scale up parameters
because of the way the scale up rules were derived. This is explained later.
Only in extreme cases is there likely to be a major problem.
Oil or Water Based Mud

During the validation work it was discovered that different equations were
needed to best predict actual field pressure drops. The different models are
only used in turbulent flow and so no effect will be seen in pressure drop
across the bit and if the flow in the drill pipe or annulus are laminar.
Reference Guide 5-5

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Polymer muds
There is some field evidence of drag reduction with low solids, high
polymer muds that reduces the pressure drop in turbulent flow by damping
the turbulent eddies.
The size of this effect is difficult to quantify as to some extent it varies with
the nature and concentration of the polymer. Recent research at Sunbury
has shown that this can reduce the pressure drop by as much as 60% in
extreme cases. Drag reduction does not affect the pressure drop in laminar
flow or through the bit so overall pump pressures may be up to 30% lower.
Pipe Roughness
Pipe roughness affects pressure drop in turbulent flow but is not considered
a variable in the program. This is partly because the effect is poorly
understood in non-Newtonian fluids, and partly because roughness is rarely
known in practice.
Newly acquired drill pipe with a smooth internal finish will have a lower
pressure drop than old corroded pipe. This can have a significant effect on
the overall system pressure loss. Drill pipe with special internal coatings
are now entering the market place and it is expected that these will have
lower frictional pressure losses.
Validation of Pressure Drop Model

The model was compared to field data collected from both the North Sea
and the Gulf of Mexico. Some 100 different field data points were
compared with the model. There is about a +/- 20% accuracy level in the
model. The wells chosen for validation include examples of both water
based and oil based fluids.
Hole Cleaning Model

Developed using dimensional analysis
The variables considered for analysis included:
• Mud rheology
• Mud density
• Mud velocity (Flow rate)
• Flow regime
• Cuttings size

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
• Cuttings density
• Cuttings shape
• Cuttings loading (ROP)
• Hole size
• Drill pipe size
• Drill pipe rotation rate
• Pipe eccentricity
• Deviation
Equations were developed to describe the inter-relationship of these
variables and the coefficients in the equations derived from the extensive
experimental program undertaken at Sunbury.
The model was derived to predict the minimum flow rate required to
remove all the cuttings. The model does not predict the actual rate at which
the cuttings are removed.
Key variables in the model are:

• Mud rheology, density and annular velocity
• Cuttings size, density and loading
• Hole size and angle
• Drill pipe size
• Drill pipe rotational speed
The relative importance of these depends on the particular conditions
within the well. These will be explained later.
The following are ignored in the current model:

• Pipe eccentricity
• Cutting shape
Validation of Hole Cleaning Model

The hole cleaning model has been validated with field data taken in a range
of operating regions. This has included data over a wide range of hole
angles and hole sizes. The program was designed to give the best available
estimate of the flow rate required to maintain effective hole cleaning.
Reference Guide 5-7

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Experience has shown that the trends predicted by the model for variables
such as ROP, hole angle and mud rheology are borne out in practice. It is
not possible to quantify the uncertainty with the absolute values predicted
by the model. However the model is believed to be conservative.
Sometimes it will be possible to drill at faster ROPs than predicted by the
model. However under these conditions it is vital that the rig team be
particularly vigilant in looking for and acting upon early indications that
the hole is not being fully cleaned (e.g. high torque/drag).
Pipe Rotation
An algorithm for pipe rotation was added, which assumes that pipe rotation
improves hole cleaning efficiency. The model is based on the fact that
when pipe is rotated it reduces the eccentricity, even in a deviated well.
This alters the velocity distribution, increasing the velocity on the narrow
side, thereby improving hole cleaning. Rotation also drag cuttings from the
low to the high side of the annulus, having a similar effect.
The model was based on a theoretical analysis of this affect but necessarily
has to make assumptions about the position of the pipe. A default rpm of
90 is assumed. This will give the same values as the earlier models. The
effect of rotation is more pronounced in laminar flow as the velocity
profiles are generally more skewed.
Suggested Ways to Use the Model

To increase the maximum allowable ROP by optimizing
hydraulics
If the limiting step is the pump pressure

Reducing this can be done is a number of different ways. Since most of the
pressure loss occurs across the drillpipe and bit, using different sized drill
pipe and/or nozzles always has a big effect on pump pressure.
To optimize mud rheology for hole cleaning
Mud rheology has a big effect on hole cleaning

Changes in rheology should allow you to drill faster without hole cleaning
problems. Optimizing mud rheology is best done with the Mud Details
window open (shown here) and put into the corner of the screen.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Entering new values in the rheology window causes the program to

automatically recalculate and display a new set of Results windows.
Figure 5-1
Mud Details
window
Turbulent vs. laminar

When optimizing rheology, find out whether the mud at the critical point in
the well is flowing in laminar or turbulent flow. If turbulent, then thinning
the mud is likely to be beneficial. If laminar, making it thick should help.
In laminar flow the ratio of YP to PV is important and the higher this value
generally the better the hole cleaning.
To determine the effect of mud density on hole cleaning
The hole cleaning model works upon the immersed density of

the cuttings, i.e. the difference in density between the mud and
cuttings
Where the cuttings density is unusually high or low (e.g. Wytch Farm
where 12-1/4" hole is being drilled at very low TVD) the model density
defaults will need to be adjusted to ensure model accuracy.
To model oval holes
The model was developed for circular holes, however this is

not always the case, as seen in Colombia for example
To model an oval hole you will need to enter a diameter that gives the same
hole area. This can be calculated from the following equation:
Equivalent Diameter = ( Diameter of maximum axis × Diameter of minimum axis )
Reference Guide 5-9

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
To determine the cause of the appearance of only small

cuttings over the shakers
It could be related to poor hole cleaning or a natural consequence of bit
characteristics.
The equations allow cutting size and density to be altered

The relative importance of these parameters depends on the geometry.
In a vertical well, or where the vertical section is rate limiting, e.g. a riser,
both size and density are important as the equations for hole cleaning are
based on Stokes Law.
Where the critical section is in the deviated section (defined as >20 deg),
density is still important, but size has a far smaller effect because the
cuttings are assumed to lie on the low side of the wellbore and because
large particles, though heavier, also offer a greater surface area against
which drag forces can be applied.
To determine if large particles are getting held up in the riser

Look at the Well Geometry window (shown previously) and adjust the
cutting size. You can also adjust the cuttings size in the Rig Parameters
window or its Model Defaults sub-window.
If you are uncertain what size and density to use, suggested values are
given in the Help window (shown below).
Figure 5-2
Model Defaults
Help window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
To determine faults in the pumping equipment
Problems other than blocked nozzles

Differences in pressure between the standpipe and that predicted by the
model, if not explained by a blocked nozzles as discussed above, are likely
to indicate other problems, for example a pipe washout, or pump valves not
seating, or incorrectly sized pump linings. Blocked nozzles increase the
pressure, while pipe washouts and valves not seating decrease the pressure.
To model the drilling and opening up of a pilot hole
The model can be used to predict the effect of drilling a pilot

hole
This is done in two stages:
• Model drilling of the pilot hole in the normal way
• Enter the pilot hole into the hole geometry window and the new BHA
into the drill string window
Ensure that the bit is placed at the top of the pilot hole and then run the
model. A warning window will indicate that you are hole opening and the
calculations will be based upon the volume of cuttings generated by
opening up the pilot hole rather that the volume of the entire hole section.
To model backreaming
If drilling proceeds when the model predicts poor hole cleaning

If this is the case, it is very likely that a bed of cuttings will be laid down
above the BHA where the annular velocity reduces. This situation is
acceptable for a limited period as long as drilling ahead proceeds. Once
pipe is tripped, the probability of packing off in this bed is very high.
If the string is backreamed out of the hole at an appropriate speed then it is
possible to remove the cuttings bed by pulling the BHA over the bed. The
reduced annular clearance increases the flow rate which causes the cuttings
to move. If however you pull too fast then the BHA will be dragged deeper
and deeper into the bed, ultimately packing off.
To solve this problem

The program can calculate the maximum backreaming rate by performing
calculations on the collars at different positions in the wellbore. This is
accessed by clicking on the Vel & Backreaming button on the Results
window.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The program estimates the extent to which the cuttings will be left behind
to determine the cuttings loading.
Figure 5-3
Results window
Use the results with care

This algorithm has some theoretical basis but it has not been as rigorously
validated as other parts of the model.
If the maximum backreaming rate shows N/A

This means that even the higher velocity generated by the collars is not
sufficient to clean the hole. This ROP and flow rate combination should
therefore be avoided.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Navigation
Main
Window
File Drillbit Mud Hole Drillstring Survey Rig

Operations Details Details Details Details Parameters
Input BHA
PV & YP Import Circulate
Maximum
Pump Rate from SPA
Input Inc. &
Fann Azi.
Model Pump Output
TVD & Defaults Calculator
Dogleg
Run
N-S &
E-W
Hydraulics / Results TFA/ROP

Hole Cleaning
ECD vs.
Flowrate Vel & Back Bits & Volumes
Pressure Reaming ECDs & Times
Annular Velocity
vs. Flowrate
Hydraulic Horsepower
vs. Flowrate
Hydraulics Well Hole
Report
Graphs Geometry Cleaning
Pressure Loss Graph Graph
vs. Flowrate
Each of the sub-applications is invoked from the main window. The mud
and rig sub-applications give access to further data input windows, while
survey has data input and output sub-windows.
The run button on the main window initiates processing after data checks
have been carried out. If the checks are successful, the three results
windows open.
If required, the user can keep data input windows open while the results are
being displayed. If new values are entered, the results screens will be
updated as soon as the values are applied.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997

The main window gives access to each of the data entry windows and to
the button which initiates processing. The user can also select the default
units which are to be used during data entry; units can be re-selected in
most of the data entry windows.
Data can be loaded into this application from a file on disc if necessary.
However, data will normally be stored in the DEAP system database.
Figure 5-4
Main
Window
File Operations
training materials.
New Option

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Open Option
set specified.


Import: CMAP Option
This option provides links to earlier versions of DEAP and opens a selection box
in which the user may select cmaps for use in the current application.


Save Option

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Save As Option
Status Option
Rename Option
Delete Option
Drill Bit Details

This sub-application is used to calculate the total nozzle area of
the drill bit.
Figure 5-5
Drill Bit Data

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Mud
This sub-application enables the user to enter PV and YP values
or FANN viscometer readings data for oil-based and water-based
muds. The application will present a table for the entry of FANN data;
additional r.p.m and scale readings can be added to the end of the table if
necessary. For improved modeling accuracy, more than 2 FANN data
readings should be entered.
Figure 5-6
PV & YP Entries
Figure 5-6
FANN Viscometer
Data Entries
Hole Details
A complete tabular description of the hole can be built up by the
use of this sub-application. Casing data can be entered directly,
although the use of a catalog is recommended.
The lines can be added to the table independently of each other. Hole
components are selected from icons at the bottom of the window. The sub-
application will check to see that the components of the hole description
are in an acceptable order; for example, an open hole will not be permitted
above a casing entry.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
If several lines are being added to the table, a single APPLY will be
sufficient.
Figure 5-7
Hole Details
Drill String
A tabular description of the drill string can be built up by the use
of this sub-application. Data can be entered directly, although the
use of a catalog is recommended.
Lines can be added to the table independently of each other, so the
accompanying procedures assume that data entry has been completed after
each line. If, however, several lines are being added to the table, a single
APPLY will be sufficient.
The sub-application will check to see that the components of the drillstring
description are in an acceptable order; for example, a surface pipe will not
be permitted immediately above a drill collar entry. TOTAL DS (drill
string) LENGTH and HOLE DEPTH figures are derived internally and are
not alterable. However, the user should adjust the lengths of the drill string
components until the figures are the same before closing the window.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 5-8
Drill String
Details
Special Feature
BHA IMPORT button — pressing this button calls up a small window, in
which the user may select a BHA to import from those stored in the
database.
Survey Data
The survey details window enables the user to enter and edit
survey data in terms of MD, inclination and azimuth and to view
the data in terms of TVD and dogleg or northing and easting. Data cannot
be edited in the viewing windows. The MD of the final entry in the survey
data table must be the same or greater than the hole depth displayed in the
drill string details window.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 5-9
Survey Details
Inclination and Azimuth

Details
Rig Parameters
This window is used to enter leakoff parameters, current ROP
and maximum values for mud pump pressure and flowrate.
Figure 5-10
Rig Parameters

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Optionally, maximum flowrate can be calculated from pump parameters.

When this option is used, the figures entered must represent the total
maximum flowrate of all the mud pumps which will be used in the drilling
operation. A further window enables the user to edit the default values for,
cuttings size and weight that will be used in the hydraulics model.
Cuttings and ROP Defaults

The following default values are recommended for cuttings diameter and
density.
Hole size (in) Cuttings Density (sg) Cuttings size (mm)
17 1/2 2.20 6.0

14 1/2 2.33 4.7
12 1/4 2.43 4.0
10 5/8 2.51 2.9
9 7/8 2.54 2.6
8 1/2 2.60 2.0
Alternatively the following equation can be used to approximate cutting

density:
TVD ( m )
SG = 1.9 + ---------------------
5000
However, if cuttings being generated are mainly sands, a density of 2.6 SG

should be used regardless of hole TVD.
Figure 5-11
Model Defaults

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Calculating Maximum Pump Flowrate from SPM

The figures entered via the pump output calculator window must represent
the total maximum flowrate of all the mud pumps which will be used in the
drilling operation.
Figure 5-12
Pump Output
Calculator
Run and Results Windows

When the RUN button is pressed, the hydraulics model will
make use of the collective data entered in the previous sections to
produce a group of main results windows, including:
• TFA/ROP window
• Graph of system pressure loss against pump flow rate
• Results window with four sub-windows
These results windows are explained over the next few pages.
Special Features
For convenience, the user can leave as many of the application windows
open as necessary. This means that numerical entries can be edited and re-
applied and the results graphs will be updated when the calculator is re-run.
TFA/ROP window (TFA = Through Flow Area)

In this window the user can alter the ROP and the nozzle sizes
experimentally by means of slider bars. Toggle buttons enable the user to
investigate the effects of opening and closing the nozzles.
The effects of alterations made to the settings in this window are reflected
in the graph and the numerical results windows.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 5-13
T.F.A./R.O.P.
Adjustment
Window
Graph of system pressure loss against pump flow rate

The graph is accompanied by an information box giving details of the
flowrate limiting factor, the maximum allowable flowrate and the
minimum flowrate for cuttings transport.
Figure 5-14
Total System
Pressure
Loss vs.
Flowrate

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The graph indicates the current operating point and a safe operating region
for cuttings transport based on current parameters, and is updated after any
change is made to the operating parameters.
Special Feature
SLIDER BAR — located at the bottom of the pressure loss vs. flowrate
graph window, it allows the user to alter the pump flowrate experimentally.
Results window with four numerical results sub-windows

• PRESSURES — displays details of pressure losses in the system
• VEL & BACKREAMING — displays mud velocities in the
drillstring & annulus and the maximum allowable back-reaming rate
during tripping out
• BIT & ECDs — displays HHP at bit and ECD at leakoff depth.
• VOLUMES & TIMES — gives hole volumes, circulating times, etc.
Each of the sub-windows displays the current pump flowrate. The
displayed values are updated after any change in the operating parameters.
Figure 5-15 : Numerical Results Window

Showing Vel & Back Reaming and Pressures options, two other options are available

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Note: The back reaming rate is only displayed in the situation

where the flow rate is insufficient to clean the open hole
section around the drillpipe, but high enough to clean
around collars. In addition, the back reaming rate is
calculated for open hole angle greater than 30 deg. only.
Special Features
PRINT button — on any of the numerical results windows, pressing the
PRINT button will send a well description and results summary file to the
report viewer.
HYDRAULIC PLOTS, HOLE CLEANING and GEOMETRY buttons —.
each of these will produce a separate graph window.
Figure 5-16
Two
Hydraulic
Plot Windows
Two others are
also available

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Well Geometry
The graph scale can be varied by changing the MTR/PIXEL setting on the
bottom right-hand corner. The slider on the left-hand side can be used to
find the TD, TVD and horizontal departure at any point of the well, which
will be displayed along the top.
If the current flow rate is insufficient to clean any hole section, the
corresponding annulus will be displayed in red.
Figure 5-17
Well
Geometry
Graph
Hole Cleaning
This graph displays the plots of the minimum flow rates for hole cleaning
against a range of ROPs (1 - 100 m/hr) in each of the hole sections. The
line sections in the red area indicate that hole cleaning in the hole sections
is inadequate in the corresponding ranges of ROPs.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The vertical dotted line indicates the current ROP setting. The cuttings
settling velocity is given on the bottom right-hand corner.
Figure 5-18
Hole
Cleaning
Graph

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Report Window
Page One

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Page Two

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
•Notes•

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 6
Cement Placement Simulator
This application provides a comprehensive simulator for

primary cement jobs. To run, it requires a well geometry
description, the cement job pumping schedule and details of
the physical properties of the fluids which will be used. The
cement placement simulator’s output can be divided into
two categories: cementing hydraulics and cement placement
optimization. The program will also calculate slurry and
displacing fluid volumes, based on top of cement and open
hole excess. Alternatively, top of cement can be calculated
from the volumes defined by the user.
Reference Guide 6-1

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Cement Placement Simulator DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual
Overview
The model used in the simulator is based on research conducted at
Sunbury, using the drilling flow loops. Data has been collected from a wide
range of geometries including narrow annuli, conventional geometries and
washouts. Oil field muds, spacers and cements with a range of densities
and rheologies have been used in collecting the data.
The model has been used by BPX cement specialists since 1991 and has
improved the effectiveness of numerous displacements in the Gulf of
Mexico and in the North Sea. The application offers:
• A sophisticated mathematical model of displacement processes —
cementing, brine displacements and mud change outs
• A graph of ECDs and pressures during mud displacement
• A prediction of gelled mud remaining in the hole during circulation
prior to cementing
• A tabular history of a cement job including pump pressures, flow in
and out of the well (taking ‘U’ tubing into account) and warnings if
the pressures exceed the pore and fracture limits
• A graph of each displacement including pressures and flow rates
• A graph of ECD and hydrostatic pressures during displacement
compared to pore and fracture limits
• A graph of displacement efficiency based on turbulence and narrow
side velocity criteria
• A volume calculator which can determine slurry and displacement
volumes based on TOC and hole geometry, including open hole
excesses
• Calculation of mix water and cementing material requirements.
limited to its direct impact on the cement placement simulator.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual Cement Placement Simulator
Operational Features
Recalculation
The simulation engine is only run when the user clicks on the VIEW
RESULTS button. This means that the results windows will not be updated
automatically when the user makes and applies alterations to the input data.
Data Exchange
The FILE MENU offers the user the option of opening case data sets from
the DEAP data base, editing them in this application, saving the results and
transferring the data set to other applications.
Cementing Hydraulics
The cement placement simulator (CPS) predicts pump pressure throughout
the pumping of slurries and displacing fluids, and calculates the effect of
U-tubing on the flow out of the well. ECD and hydrostatic head can be
monitored at up to five points in the annulus and compared with pore and
fracture limits. Results are presented graphically, with textual summaries
of the main results; warning flags are displayed where limits such as
fracture pressures are exceeded. Mud circulation hydraulics are modeled
for a range of mud flowrates.
Cement Placement Optimization

The CPS looks at three key components which help to achieve a good
cement job — mud gel removal, turbulent flow of spacers and channelling.
• Key variables, such as mud flow rate, 10 minute gel and casing
centralization, can be optimized to minimize or eliminate gelled mud.
The amount left in the annulus during mud circulation is presented
graphically.
• The application calculates the degree of turbulence achieved by each
flow in the annulus, taking into account the effects of U-tubing and
poor stand off.
• The amount of channelling is estimated for each displacement. It can
be minimized by optimizing spacer properties.
Mix water and cementing material requirements

The application will calculate the mix water and total cement additives
requirements, based on cement telex data.
Reference Guide 6-3

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
References
[1] Ryan, D. F. and Sionoid, P. “A field model of pressure drop in
eccentric annuli,” EPD Report DCB/05/90.
[2] Uner, D., Ozgen, C., and Tosun, I. “An approximate solution
for non-Newtonian flow in eccentric annuli,” Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res. 27, 698-701 (1988).
[3] Tandon, V. MSc Thesis, Imperial College of Science and
Technology, London (1993).
[4] Excel spreadsheet that carries out displacement calculations
for a single annular geometry. Available from D. Ryan and C.
Greaves, Sunbury.
[5] Lockyear, C. F., Ryan, D. F., Gunningham, M. M. “Cement
channelling: How to predict and prevent,” SPE Drilling
Engineering, 201-208 (Sept. 1990).
[6] Lockyear, C. F. and Hibbert, A. P. “Integrated primary
cementing study defines key factors for field success,” JPT
1320-1325 (Dec. 1989).
[7] Ryan, D. F., Kellingray, D. S. and Lockyear, C. F. “Improved
cement placement on North Sea wells using a cement
placement simulator,” SPE 24977, presented at EUROPEC
1992.
Mathematical Models Used in CPS

The CPS consists of a mathematical model of the wellbore and the fluids
circulating in it during a cement job. A series of sub-models describe pipe
and eccentric annular flow, mud removal and displacement. The
mathematical basis of these sub-models and their integration into the CPS
is described here.
Rheology Models
Newtonian Fluid
The simplest model suitable for simple liquids such as water,

brine and base oil
The Newtonian fluid defined as τ = µγ where τ is the shear stress, γ the
shear rate, and µ the fluid viscosity.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Bingham Plastic
The most common field model for weighted muds, spacers and
cement
The Bingham plastic model is defined as τ = τ γ + µ ρ γ where τ γ is the
yield point and µ ρ the plastic viscosity of the drilling fluid.
Power Law Fluid
For fluids whose rheology is a straight line on log-log

coordinates
n
The Power Law model is defined as τ = Kγ where n is the power law
index and K is the consistency index.
Generalized Bingham Fluid
Also known as the Yield Power Law model and the Herschel-
Bulkley model
n
Defined as τ = τ γ + Kγ , this model is a combination of the Power Law
model and Bingham Plastic which will reduce to either in extreme cases.
It will normally give a better fit to rheological data than either Power Law
or Bingham plastic models.
Additional Fluid Model Type considerations
Equivalencies
The Newtonian (n = 1, τ γ = 0 ), Bingham (n = 1), and Power Law
( τ γ = 0 ) are simply special cases of the generalized Bingham model.
µ ,µ ρ and K in the above equations are equivalent.
Unit selection
Take care to ensure that the units used are correct

This is particularly important for parameter K in Power law and
Generalized Bingham models.
Reference Guide 6-5

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Stand Off (Eccentricity of the Annulus)
Definition of Stand Off used
The eccentricity of the annulus is normally quantified during

cementing operations using the parameter casing stand off
Stand off (SO) is defined as
200b 
SO =  ------------------
D o – D 1-  %
where b is the minimum gap between casing and wellbore. Stand off is thus
100% for perfect centralization, 0% for casing touching the wellbore.
The CPS will accept casing standoff as a % (SO defined above 0-100%) or
as minimum gap width b in inches. It cannot however convert between the
two.
Casing stand off can be estimated using software from cementing
companies and centralizer suppliers. Typical values are:
• 20-40% No centralizers but external upset casing collars in gauge
hole.
• 70-80% Good centralization in gauge hole (1 centralizer per joint at
low hole angles or 2 per joint at high angles).

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
(A)
Do
(B)
D1
h dP/dL
h
b
τw
Figure 6-1: Eccentric annulus and gelled mud removal
(A): Eccentric annulus showing parameters used to define stand off
(B): Cross-section along annulus showing force balance used to determine
gelled mud removal.
Eccentric Annular Flow

The pipe flow model in the CPS consists of exact equations relating
pressure gradient and flow rate for laminar flow and semi-empirical flow
models from the literature in the turbulent flow regime.
The CPS uses a "slot model" approach to account for annulus eccentricity
in pressure drop calculation. The basis of the slot model approach is to
unroll the eccentric annulus into a slot of variable height (see next
illustration).
The model accurately predicts both the pressure drop vs. flow rate
relationship (important for pressure and ECD prediction) and the
distribution of flow around the annulus (important for gelled mud removal
and displacement modeling).
The slot model predictions have been validated in laminar flow by
comparison with results of computer simulations (Polyflow) which model
exactly the eccentric annulus.
Reference Guide 6-7

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
TURBULENT
LAMINA
R
GELLED
180 0 180
Figure 6-2: Eccentric annulus and the slot model

Eccentric annulus with turbulent, laminar and stationary
(gelled) regions together with slot approximation.
Simulations show the slot model predicts pressure drop with an accuracy of
+5% for gauge hole cementing geometries while a concentric annulus
model can over-predict pressure drop by more than 40% in the same
geometry.
Turbulent flow models were validated against experimental data from the
Amoco flow loop. (Uner, D., Ozgen, C., and Tosun, I. "An approximate
solution for non-Newtonian flow in eccentric annuli," Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res. 27, 698-701, 1988.)
Gelled Mud Removal
Breaking down gelled mud

When left stationary in the annulus, mud will form a gel resistant to flow.
A first step towards good cement placement is breaking down this gel and
achieving flowing mud throughout the annulus.
CPS uses the model described below to establish whether mud gel is
broken down all around the annulus during mud circulation prior to the
cement job.
Two factors are important in determining whether mud will be successfully
removed from a section of the annulus: mud gel strength and frictional
pressure drop (see earlier illustration).

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Mathematically the condition for mud removal can be expressed as:

dp 2τ g
dl- > -------
----- h-
where τ g is the mud’s 10 min gel strength, h is the local width of the
annulus between casing and wellbore, and dp/dl is the frictional pressure
gradient as estimated using the slot model in the flowing mud region.
If this inequality holds for h = b (the minimum gap between casing and
wellbore), then full gelled mud can be achieved. Otherwise gelled mud will
occur over that section of the annulus where the gap is less than hmin given
by:
2τ g
h min = --------------
dp ⁄ dl-
The CPS calculates the percentage area of the annulus x-section for which .
h > hmin
Note that the degree of mud removal can be improved by increasing:

• flow rate (increases dp/dl)
• mud viscosity (keeping τ g constant)
• stand off (increases b)
or decreasing:
• gel, τ g (keeping viscosity constant)
The CPS models gel strength only for the mud in the hole at the start of the
cement job. This is because other fluids are assumed not to be left
stationary in the annulus during the job.
However spacers and cement which are Bingham Plastic or Generalized
Bingham fluids can have a stationary region on the narrow side of the
annulus if frictional pressure does not exceed the fluids yield point ( τ γ ) .
The equation describing the size of the stationary region is exactly
analogous to that for gelled mud removal, i.e. fluid will be stationary on the
narrow side of the annulus for a region where h < h min where h min is
given by:
2τ γ
h min = --------------
dp ⁄ dl-
Reference Guide 6-9

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Survey Data
Survey data calculations
The CPS automatically calculates TVD from MD and inclination

α based on the following assumptions:
• When inclination varies between survey points a constant change of
angle (build rate - deg/meter) is assumed.
• The effect of azimuth on TVD is ignored. This is equivalent to
assuming a spiralling well shape between survey points.
• Common field survey techniques assume an arc of a circle between
points and include change in azimuth in TVD calculations. The
difference between the two is small and has no significant impact on
the accuracy of CPS calculations.
• For this reason the simpler technique is used in the CPS, i.e. azimuth
data is ignored; it is included only for compatibility with other DEAP
applications.
Displacement Modeling
During the displacement of mud by spacer and spacer by cement in an
eccentric annulus there is a tendency for the displacing fluid to channel
past the displaced fluid.
Consider the displacement of Fluid A by Fluid B in an eccentric inclined
annulus (see next illustration). Two forces act on Fluid A in the narrow
side of the annulus: pressure gradient and buoyancy.
The conditions to establish movement of Fluid A on the narrow side of the
annulus and a method to estimate its velocity if moving are described
below.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Yield Stress of the Displaced Fluid

The yield stress of the displaced fluid (Fluid A) must be overcome to cause
movement on the narrow side of the annulus. The pressure and buoyancy
driving forces acting on Fluid A are shown below:.
(A) (B)
Fluid A Fluid A
α D
α
P
P Fluid B Fluid B
2 2
sqrt ( P + D + 2PD cos α ) P + D cos α
Figure 6-3: Forces acting during displacement in a deviated well

(A): Heavy fluid displacing lighter fluid. (B): Light fluid displacing heavier fluid.
The channelling model in the CPS looks at the situation where a small
amount of Fluid A is left in the narrow side of the annulus. The pressure
gradient can then be calculated based on Fluid B's properties alone.
Two situations must be considered:
ρ <ρ
• A B (buoyancy acts upwards; Figure 6-3A) and
ρ <ρ
• A B (buoyancy acts downwards; Figure 6-3B)
CASE 1: ρ A
<ρ B
If the spacer is heavier than mud, Fluid A will move out of the narrow side
of the annulus provided the vector sum of pressure and buoyancy forces
exceed the yield force, i.e.
2 2
P + D + 2PD cos α
------------------------------------------------------ > 1
Y
where
2τ g
Y = -------
b-
D = ( ρ B – ρ A )g
P = dp ⁄ dl

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
CASE 2: ρ A
>ρ B
When the spacer is lighter than mud, Fluid A is constrained to move along
the narrow side parallel to the wellbore. Movement upwards will occur if
P + D cos α
--------------------------- > 1
Y
and downwards if
P + D cos α
- > –1
--------------------------
Y
where D given above is now negative.

If neither of these two equations are satisfied Fluid A will remain
stationary on the narrow side of the annulus. Physically frictional pressure
and buoyancy acting in opposite directions cancel each other out and thus
cannot overcome the yield point of the fluid to be displaced.
The ratio described in the equations given in Case 1 and Case 2 is defined
as the "Displacement Number" and it forms the basis of the displacement
spreadsheet. (Ryan, D. and Greaves, C. An Excel spreadsheet that carries
out displacement calculations for a single annular geometry; available from
authors at Sunbury.)
Narrow Side Interface Velocity

Where movement of Fluid A does occur, the velocity of the interface on
the narrow side of the annulus, Vmin is estimated and compared to the
average interface velocity, Vav (see Figure 6-4).
Vav
VNarrow
Figure 6-4: Interface velocity on narrow side of annulus
The ratio, Vmin/Vav is a measure of the degree of channeling in the annulus.

A value of zero implies there is no movement on the narrow size. A value
of one implies that the interface velocity is the same all around the annulus.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The assumptions of the channelling calculations are as follows:

• The driving force for movement on the narrow side of the annulus is
the combination of pressure gradient and buoyancy given previously
in the section on the Stand Off Table.
• Fluid B properties are used to calculate pressure gradient.
• Fluid A rheology is used to calculate velocity on narrow side.
• Pressure calculations are based on the slot approximation (see the
Survey Table section).
Thus we can write:
( V min = V ( b ,P ) )
where V is the slot model solution to the velocity of Fluid B on the narrow
side of the annulus (h = b) for an imposed effective pressure gradient P .
2 2
P= P + D + 2PD cos α for ρ A < ρ B
( P = P + D cos α for ρ A > ρ B )
where P and D are defined in the equation specified in Case 1 under Yield
Stress.
Turbulence and Displacement

The percentage of the annulus in turbulent flow is calculated by the
eccentric annulus slot model (see the Survey Table section). To be fully
effective a nominally turbulent flow spacer must be turbulent throughout
the annulus. The narrow side of the annulus is most critical as it is there
that mud is most difficult to remove.
The slot model is used to determine the angle Θ at which turbulent flow T
occurs for fluids flowing in the annulus. The results are presented in the
CPS as the percentage area of the annulus in turbulent flow. This is given
by:
Θr
∫0 dA
ATURB = ----------------------------------------
2 2-
π [ ( R2 ) – ( R1 ) ]

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Validation of Displacement Model
Development of the model

The displacement model in the CPS was developed from an extensive
experimental program on a large scale flow loop at Sunbury. (Lockyear, C.
F., Ryan, D. F., Gunningham, M. M. "Cement channelling: How to predict
and prevent," SPE Drilling Engineering (Sept. 1990) 201-208) and
(Lockyear, C. F. and Hibbert, A. P. "Integrated primary cementing study
defines key factors for field success," JPT (Dec 1989) 1320-1325.)
Displacements performed
Displacements were carried out in which parameters such as rheology,
density, hole angle, standoff, flow rate and annulus OD and ID were varied
systematically.
The CPS model successfully predicted the degree of channeling over a
wide range of conditions, including narrow annuli (5" pipe inside a 6"
hole), conventional geometries (7" pipe inside an 8-1/2" hole), and
washouts (7" pipe inside a 12-1/2" hole).
Use of CPS
An earlier Vax version of the CPS was used extensively in Sunbury and
Dyce for several years to provide technical support to field operations.
The software has consistently improved cementing success rate. (Ryan, D.
F., Kellingray, D. S. and Lockyear, C. F. "Improved cement placement on
North Sea Wells using a cement placement simulator," SPE 24977
presented at EUROPEC 1992.)
CPS Structure
The CPS engine consists of:
• A mathematical description of the well
• An algorithm to track the circulation of multiple fluids around the
well and monitor overall pressure
• Calls to the sub-models for each fluid in each well section
• An algorithm to handle U-tubing
Well Mathematical Description

The circulating system consists of surface pipe work, pipe flow inside of
casing/liner/drill pipe, and annular flow in cased and open hole.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The mathematical description divides the wellbore into a series of pipe and
annular sections of variable length. Each section has a unique value of the
listed parameters. A new section begins when any of the variables change
significantly.
Figure 6-5 illustrates annulus, pipe and surface pipe sections. Surface pipe
is assumed horizontal and has bends (important for chicksan). Sections are
of variable length to minimize calculations, e.g. for a vertical well with a
previous shoe at 2,500m the entire cased hole annulus can be one section.
Wellhead Surface pipe section

with one bend
Riser
Annulus
section
Cased Hole
Open Hole Pipe

section
Figure 6-5: Well diagram

Shows typical surface pipe, annulus and pipe sections used in CPS model.
Only one pressure gradient and hydrostatic calculation per fluid is required
to establish the pressure at the previous shoe. Shorter sections will be
needed where geometry changes quickly such as kickoff points or liner
laps.
Impact of U-tubing
As cement (and spacers) heavier than the mud in the hole are pumped
down the casing a hydrostatic pressure imbalance is generated between the
heavier fluid column inside casing and the light mud column in the
annulus.
This pressure may be counteracted by the frictional pressure loss in the
system. However if it becomes too large enhanced flow out of the well by
pulling a vacuum inside the casing can occur.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
When this "U-tubing" phenomenon occurs the flow rate in the well is
uncontrolled. The initial high flow rate stage will be followed by a period
when flow out of the well will be lower than the flow in as the displacing
fluid catches up. Eventually the displacing fluid catches up and the flow
rates in and out of the well equalize.
U-tubing is significant for a number of reasons:
• Larger than expected pit gains due to U-tubing could be
misinterpreted as a kick.
• The increased flow rate could cause losses by fracturing weak
formations.
• Cement placement can be adversely affected as the actual annular
flow rates of spacer and cement may be substantially lower than the
displacement rate for some of the displacement.
• U-tubing will occur when the total pressure inside casing at the drill
floor reaches zero absolute.
Impact of U-Tubing on Speed of Application

The speed of solution of the CPS depends on a number of factors. The two
most important are the complexity of the problem (geometry, number of
fluids pumped etc.) and the amount of U-tubing.
A significant part of the simulation is spent calculating pressure drop in
pipe and annular sections.
To speed up solution the results of pressure simulations from one time step
are stored. If a fluid is flowing at the same flow rate in a given section for
the next time step the stored value is used. This significantly reduces
computation time when the well is not U-tubing.
During U-tubing flow rate out of the well is continuously varying; thus
pressure gradient must be recalculated for each time step. However the
stored value is used as a first guess.
The constant recalculation of pressure gradient combined with the need to
iterate on flow rate and reduced time steps mean that U-tubing dramatically
slows down a simulation. For jobs with a lot of U-tubing effort should be
made to ensure the input data is as simple as possible.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Navigation
Navigation in the simulator is centered on the main window, the user
returns to it after each data entry session. Only the fluid properties sub-
application gives access to any data entry sub-windows. A more detailed
navigation diagram is given later for the results section.
Main
Window
Hole Survey Cementing Pore/Frac View

File Geometry Table String Table Results
Mud Cement Slurry

Circulation Job Volumes
Results Results Plot
Volume Stand Off Pumping Fluid Rig

Calculator Table Table Properties Parameters
Liquid Solid Cement Edit Fluid FANN

Additives Additives Properties Names Input
FANN
Results

The main window gives the user access to all of the data entry windows
and to the button which initiates the simulation itself. each window is
opened by clicking on the appropriate icon. The user can have as many
data entry windows open simultaneously as are required.
The FILE OPERATIONS icon gives access to a pop-up menu which
enables the user to load data into the simulator and to save it to a file on
disc. For more details of file operations, the user is referred to the
Introduction to DEAP.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The main window also offers the user the choice of default sets of units for
use throughout the application. They are selected from a pop-up menu in
the bottom left hand corner of the window. Units can be re-selected in each
of the data entry windows if necessary.
Figure 6-6
Main window
File Operations
training materials.
New Option
Open Option

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
set specified.
creator of the data set; all other users must use the save as function.


Import: CMAP Option

This option opens the CMAP selection box used in earlier versions of
DEAP, in which the user may select a cmap file to import.


Save Option

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Save As Option
Recover Option
This option allows the user to recover the data used in the last simulation;
any data currently in the application is overwritten when the user elects to
recover data using this option.
Status Option
Rename Option
Delete Option
Hole Geometry
The hole geometry window enables the user to build up a tabular
description of the hole by specifying riser, casing, liner and open
hole section details. Casing data can be entered directly, although the use
of a catalogue is preferred.
each line. If several lines are being added to the table, a single APPLY will
be sufficient.
Lines can either be added to the bottom of the table or they can be inserted
into it. The sub-application will not permit inappropriate entries: for
instance, an open hole section will not be permitted above a casing section.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The icons at the bottom of the window change from white on black to black
on white as the sections become unavailable. A warning panel will appear
at the top of the window as soon as any modifications have been made to
the hole configuration.
Figure 6-7
Hole
Geometry
Details
Calculating Open Hole Inside Diameter from Caliper Data

If necessary, open hole ID can be calculated from caliper data. Upon
pressing the caliper button in the open hole data entry section of the hole
geometry window, a caliper calculator window appears, in which the user
may enter pertinent data.
Figure 6-8
Caliper
Calculator
Window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Special Feature
ERROR list window — if the data the user has entered into any window in
the cement placement simulator is inaccurate, when the user attempts to
exit an affected window a warning message will appear asking the user to
choose to exit anyway or to view a list of the errors that require correction
and the window in which the errors may be corrected...
Figure 6-9
Hole
Geometry
Errors List
Window
Survey Table
Survey data for up to 30 points can be entered via this window.
Figure 6-10
Survey Data
Table

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Cementing String
The cementing string window enables the user to build up a
tabular description of the string by specifying surface pipe, drill
pipe, HWDP, casing, liner and float equipment details. Casing, liner, drill
pipe and HWDP data can be entered directly, although the use of a
catalogue is preferred.
Figure 6-11
Cementing
String
Details

each line. If several lines are being added to the table, a single APPLY will
be sufficient.
Lines can either be added to the bottom of the table or they can be inserted
into it. The sub-application will not permit inappropriate entries: for
instance, a liner section will not be permitted above a drill pipe section.
The icons at the bottom of the window change from white on black to black
on white as the sections become unavailable. A warning panel will appear
at the top of the window as soon as any modifications have been made to
the hole configuration.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Note: The float equipment data are used to calculate the

displacement volume. The collar on which the Top Plug
lands at the end of the displacement should thus be used
in defining the “Distance of Float collar above Float
Shoe” parameter.
Pore/Fracture Table
This window is used to specify up to five ECD calculation
points. Pore and fracture data can be entered either as pressures
or as densities and depths can be specified as either measured depths or
true vertical depths.
The appropriate units and reference system must be selected before data
entry begins, as the sub-application will not convert the data from one
system to another.
Note: It is important to ensure that pore/fracture data does not

extend beyond the bottom of the casing shoe.
Figure 6-12
Pore and Fracture
Details

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Stand Off Table

This window is used to enter standoff details, including top
depth, bottom depth and stand off. Stand off can be entered either
as a percentage or in inches. Standoff in inches is defined as the minimum
gap between casing and wellbore.
Standoff in percentage is this minimum gap divided by the gap for
perfectly centralized pipe expressed as a percentage.
Figure 6-13
Stand Off
Table
Pumping Table
In this window the user specifies the fluids which will be
pumped during mud circulation and cement jobs and the order in
which they are to be pumped. The user enters top depths, volumes and flow
rates, and the sub-application calculates the pumping time required.
Calculated volumes are based on hole and drillstring or cementing string
geometries.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 6-14
Fluid
Pumping
Data
Spacer and Cement Details

For spacers and cements, the user has the option of entering a top depth and
a flow rate and letting the application calculate the time and the volume.
Alternatively, the user can enter a volume and a flow rate and the
application will calculate the top depth and the time.
Displacing Fluid Details

For displacing fluids, the user enters either a flow rate or a volume and a
flow rate; the application will calculate time, top depth and, if appropriate,
volume. The options are selected by means of toggles.
Only one flow rate can be entered for each fluid. So, when it is necessary to
pump a fluid at two or more different flowrates — such as at the end of a
pumping job — the user should insert the appropriate number of lines for
the fluid, with the required flow rate in each.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The volume of one displacing fluid will be calculated automatically — the

volume to bump the top plug on the float collar. If more than one
displacement fluid or more than one flow rate is entered, then the volume
should be specified for all but one displacement fluid entry.
The calculations are carried out when the user completes the pumping table
by adding the top plug and a final displacing fluid and applies the data.
Mud In Hole Details

Mud in hole must be specified first, before any other entries are made. The
system will not permit the user to start the pumping table description with
anything else. The volume quoted in the mud in hole details entry is the
volume of mud left behind the casing at the end of the cement job. The
flow rate quoted is the circulation rate of mud prior to the cement job.
Shut Down Details

Shut Down is used to enter any significant time delays during the job e.g.
while releasing plugs. It is particularly useful in post-job analysis when
CPS simulation is compared to rig site data.
Fluid Properties
The fluid properties window is used to inspect and edit the
properties of the fluids that can be used in the pumping table. If
the SHOW PUMPED FLUIDS toggle is selected, the system will display
the names and the data for the fluids which have been called up in the
pumping table; if the SHOW ALL FLUIDS toggle is selected, the names
and data for all fluids will be displayed.
Fluid data can be entered either in terms of PV and YP or as FANN
rheometer readings. If the FANN data is used, the system will
automatically select the model which gives the best fit. The model can be
Newtonian, Bingham, Power Law or Generalized Bingham.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 6-15
Fluid
Parameters
Table
Special Feature
EDIT FLUID NAME button— this button opens a small window in which
the user may modify the fluid name as required.
Figure 6-16
Fluid Name
Editing Window
Selecting a Fluid
After a fluid has been selected, any available data will be displayed. If
there is none, the user is prompted to select either FANN data or user input.
Special feature
VIEW FIT — opens the Fann results window, in which the user can check
how well the various fluid models fit the data entered. The quality of the fit
is displayed on a sliding scale at the bottom of the FANN results window.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 6-17
Fann Input
This feature is intended primarily for the expert user who may want to
override the system’s choice for some reason
Figure 6-18
FANN
Results
Window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Rig Parameters
The rig parameters window is used for entering pump
performance details: maximum flow rate, maximum pump
pressure and stroke volume.
Figure 6-19
Rig Parameters
View Results
By clicking on the VIEW RESULTS button, the user initiates
the processing of the current set of data. When the button is
pressed, a pop-up menu appears, offering the options MUD
CIRCULATION and CEMENT JOB. Depending on which is chosen, the
simulator produces appropriate sets of graphical results.
Figure 6-20 View Results

CPS Results
Navigation
Mud Circulation Cement Jobs Slurry Volumes
Circulation
Wellhead & Status Display
Pump Pressure Pressure vs.
Time/Volume/Strokes
Mud Circulation
and ECDs vs. Positions vs.
Flow Rate Time/Volume/Strokes
Gelled Mud Displacement ECD vs.

Removal Plots Time/Volume/Strokes

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Mud Circulation Graphs

When the simulation is complete, the user can select the following graphs
from buttons along the top of the results window (see illustrations):
Wellhead Pressure vs. Flow Rate (Time)
Figure 6-21
Wellhead
Pressure vs.
Time
ECD vs. Flow Rate
Figure 6-22
ECD vs.
Flow Rate

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Gelled Mud Removal

The % gelled graph displays the percentage of annulus for which mud is
not flowing at each depth. Mud should be flowing all around the annulus
(% gelled = ZERO, all green) at depths requiring zonal isolation. % gelled
mud can be reduced by:
• Increasing mud circulation rate (Mud in Hole, Pumping Table)
• Decreasing mud 10 min gel (Fluid Properties)
• Increasing standoff using centralizers (Standoff Table).
Figure 6-23
Mud Removal
Profiles
Cement Job Graphs
Calculation Status Window

After the user has invoked the CEMENT JOB option on the VIEW
RESULTS pop-up menu, a calculation status window will open. In
addition to giving an analogue indication of the progress of the simulation,
this window displays a table giving the following details:
• Time (into the cement job)
• Flow rate in and out
• Pump pressure
• Fluid being pumped
• Fluid at the shoe
• Comments (generated by the application).

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 6-24
Calculation
Status
Window
Special features
ABORT CALCULATION — aborts the calculation at any time.
PRINT RESULTS — displays the results on the DEAP standard report
viewer.
DRAW GRAPHS — displays updated graphs.
Cement Job Results Graphs

As soon as the simulation is complete, the results window will open. The
following graphs and profiles are selectable by clicking on the buttons and
toggles at the top of the window (see illustrations):
• Pressure and flowrates vs. time, pumped volume or displacement
strokes
• Interface positions during the cement job vs. either time or pumped
volume
• ECD vs. time, pumped volume or displacement strokes for each of the
points specified in the pore/fracture table
• Displacement profiles: well diameter, % turbulence and Vmin/Vav.
Note: When the plot vs. strokes option is selected only the
displacement (all fluids after the top plug) is plotted. This
feature is useful for monitoring displacement of cement
by the rig pumps.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Pressure and Flowrate vs. Time
Figure 6-25
Pressure and
Flowrate vs.
Time
Interface Positions During Cement Job
Figure 6-26
Interface
Depth vs.
Time

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Cement Job: ECD vs. Time
Figure 6-27
ECD vs. Time
Displacement Profile Graphs

These graphs are used to display the effectiveness of each displacement in
the annulus. They can be used to optimize the cement job by looking at the
effect of varying input parameters on displacement efficiency. Buttons
along the top of each graph are used to select the displacement to display.
Three graphs are displayed for each displacement.
Figure 6-28
Displacement
Plot

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Left hand graph

A vertical schematic of the well geometry.
Middle graph
Displays % turbulence. The turbulent flow of spacer fluids is a very
effective aid to displacement. When a casing string is not perfectly
centralized (Stand Odd < 100%) turbulence will occur first on the wide
side of the annulus As flow rate is increased, the turbulent part of the
annulus cross section will increase until eventually all the annulus cross-
section is in turbulent flow.
This condition, plotted as all green in the graph, is required for a turbulent
spacer to be effective. The % turbulence can be increased towards 100% by
reducing spacer rheology, increasing flow rate, and/or improving
centralization (stand off).
Right hand graph

A calculation of the degree of channelling of the displacing fluid. It is a
primary measure of success for a laminar flow displacement. Vmin / Vav,
the ratio between the minimum velocity of the interface between fluids to
the average velocity, is displayed. The graph can be interpreted as follows:
Vmin/Vav Colour Comments
0 All red No flow on narrow side of annulus, continuous mud channel
<0.3 Displacement over short distances. Good enough for

displacement at shoe, but severe channelling higher up
0.3 to 0.7 Significant channelling
>0.7 Good displacement — little channelling
1 All green Excellent displacement — no channelling
Vmin/Vav can be increased (channelling reduced) by increasing displacing

fluid density and/or rheology, decreasing displaced fluid rheology and/or
density, and/or improving centralization (stand off)
Note: Displacement optimization should concentrate on the

measured depth ranges over which zonal isolation is
required.
Note: If multiple spacers are used, the displacement of mud by

each spacer in turn is analyzed — not the displacement of
the previous spacer by the current spacer. Slurries
displace the fluid immediately in front of them.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Slurry Volumes Graph

This window displays a schematic of the hole and a colour coded table of
the various fluids. Table headings include: fluid name, volume, top depth,
bottom depth and position in the hole.
Figure 6-29
Slurry
Volumes

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Cement Volume Calculator

This window produces figures for water required, slurry yield, total cement
and total mix water for the selected cement slurry. The application also
produces a slurry report which summarizes the data entered by the user and
lists the final job details.
Figure 6-30
Cement
Volumes
After describing solid and liquid additives, cement properties and mix
water, the user can run the calculator. Volume and weight data will be fed
back into the additives windows. Slurry density is imported automatically
from the fluid properties window; slurry volume is imported from the
pumping table.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
User-Defined Mix Water
Figure 6-31
Add User
Defined Mix
Water
Liquid Additives
Additive names are listed in four groups, each devoted to the products of
one manufacturer. Buttons are provided on the pick list for selection
between the manufacturers.
Figure 6-32
Liquid
Additives

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Solid Additives
Additive names are listed in four groups, each devoted to the products of
one manufacturer. Buttons are provided on the pick list for selection
between the manufacturers.
Figure 6-33
Solid
Additives
Cement Properties
Figure 6-34
Cement
Properties

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Report Window
Figure 6-35: Cement Slurry Report
Available from the cement volume calculator view report button.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
•Notes•

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 7
Swab / Surge Predictor
This application will calculate swab and surge pressures at a

user-defined point of interest when tripping pipe anywhere
in the wellbore. The point of interest could be a potential
fracture zone or a zone of overpressure, for example. The
model can consider the movement of drilling and cementing
geometries with open or closed ends at trip speeds from 5 to
300 seconds per stand.
Reference Guide 7-1

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Swab / Surge Predictor DEAP v3.0 User Reference Manual
Overview
Given the expected fracture pressure or pore pressure at the point of
interest, the application produces a graphical optimum trip speed versus
depth schedule, designed to avoid hole problems.
Alternatively, plots of actual surge pressures at the point of interest may be
obtained as functions of trip depth (for constant trip speed) or of trip speed
(for constant trip depth). Trip depth and speed can be specified by means of
sliders for rapid “what-if” studies of swab and surge pressures at the point
of interest.
Capabilities this application offers include:
• Steady state prediction of swab and surge pressures,
taking mud gels into account
• Pressure monitoring at any point in the well during
tripping
• A tabular summary of maximum trip speed and
pressures at a point of interest
• Graphs of maximum trip speed for drilling assemblies
and for casing
• Graphs of pressure vs. trip speeds and pressure vs. depth.
engineering applications. Due to differences in the data structures across
the engineering applications, not all data is transferred; for example, fluids
data from the cement placement simulator is not transferable.
limited to its direct impact on the swab and surge predictor.
Swab Surge Model

Based on the steady state model published by Fontenot and Clark. Notable
enhancements include:
• An improved open pipe solution technique
• Use of the Zamora and Lord hydraulics pressure loss model (as used
in the DEAP Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning application)

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP v3.0 User Reference Manual Swab / Surge Predictor
• Use of either PV and YP or the full FANN rheology as fluid input

• If PV and YP are entered, a Bingham fluid model is assumed; if more
than three FANN readings are entered, a Herschel-Bulkley fluid
model is assumed. The model is based on a “best fit” to the input
rheology data to ensure that low shear rheology is adequately
described.
• Maximum surge pressure is calculated from the sum of a dynamic
surge component and a gel component
Model Parameters
The parameters that affect swab or surge pressures are the same as those
that affect pressure drop during mud circulation with the addition of the
running speed. These parameters are:
• Hole geometry
• Pipe geometry
• Mud rheology
• Mud density
• Pipe running speed
Fluids Model: Bingham Plastic τ = τy + µγ

τ is the wall shear stress (linked to pressure drop) and γ the shear rate
(linked to fluid velocity).
The τy (yield stress or YP) and µ (plastic viscosity or PV) factors are
calculated from a least squares fit to the Fann data where this is used.
The model requires mud rheology data, including mud gels. The mud gel
must be broken before fluid can flow around the annulus. Depending on the
fluid properties this can make a significant difference to the maximum trip
speed.
The mud gel requested is the 10 minute gel. In practice the gel used should
reflect the time the fluid has been stationary. As this number is rarely
known, the 10 minute gel is chosen as a practical available number.
The model ignores the effect of temperature and pressure on rheology. The
mud rheology should therefore be measured as close as possible to the
downhole conditions.
Clearly in some cases this will not be possible and advice should then be
obtained from a fluids specialist as to the likely effect of temperature and
pressure on rheology.
Reference Guide 7-3

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Annular Clearance and Pipe Size

Any fluids model is very sensitive to the flow area through which the fluid
has to pass. In turbulent flow the pressure drop is a function of the 5th
power of the diameter. In laminar flow it will also be important, but to a
lesser extent.
When modeling swab/surge it is therefore important to enter the geometry
correctly with particular emphasis on the narrowest gaps if they extend for
any length in the wellbore. You should not generally enter the outer
diameter of the stabilizers, but see “Common Mistakes and Explanations”
for further details.
Validation
Validation of the model was carried out by comparing its predictions with
test data from the Rogalands Research test well in Stavanger. During the
test, a 9-5/8” casing was run into the hole to a depth of around 2000m. A
series of pressure transducers were placed through the wall of the 9-5/8”
casing from the 9-5/8” to13-3/8” annulus.
Water based mud was placed into the 9-5/8” casing and a simulated drilling
assembly run into the hole. This was then tripped at different speeds, both
in and out, and the pressure at the bottom of the well measured. Three
different mud weights were used: 1.3 sg, 1.5 sg, and 1.7 sg (10.8, 12.5 and
14.1 ppg). The rheology of the different muds was measured.
The pressures measured showed a surge as the pipe accelerated, a steady
state pressure as the pipe traveled at constant velocity of a period of time
and then a damped pressure oscillation as the pipe decelerated and came to
a stop.
The measured pressures during the steady state phase were compared to the
predicted pressures from the program. The model predicted the swab or
surge pressures within approximately 15%, which means that if the mud
weight was 1.3 sg (10.8 ppg) and the additional surge pressure was 0.1 sg
(0.83 ppg), then the actual bottom hole pressure during tripping would be
between 1.38 and 1.42 sg (11.46 and 11.8 ppg).
Limitations
The model used is a steady state model. This means that it takes no account
of the effect of pipe acceleration and deceleration on swab or surge
pressures. Comparison between this model and the much more complicated
dynamic models shows that in most circumstances the simple steady state
model is adequate.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The model calculates the displacement volume of the pipe to be run into
the hole and then calculates the pressure drop resulting from forcing this
volume of liquid up the annulus. If the pipe is open ended, with for
example bit nozzles or autofill casing float equipment, then the program
distributes the flow up the pipe and annulus, ensuring that the pressure drop
through each is the same.
Navigation
File Operations Main Window
Mud Details Survey Details Hole Select either Casing String Trip
Details or Drill String Details Run
Inclination and
Azimuth Simulation
PV & YP Data Progress
Casing Drill Diagram
String String
TVD and Details Details
FANN Data dogleg
N/S and E/W Float Bit

Equipment Details
Details
Maximum Trip Pressure vs. Pressure vs. Numerical

Speed vs. Trip Speed Depth Graph Results
Depth Graph Graph
Each of the sub-applications is invoked from the main window. The mud
sub-application gives access to further data input windows, while the
survey sub-application has data input and output sub-windows.
The data entry screens presented to the user will change according to
whether the drilling assembly or the casing string is to be analyzed, and on
whether swab or surge analysis has been selected. When analysis has been
completed, the user can select from three sets of graphs, results and
information screens
If required, the data input windows can remain open while the results are
being displayed. If new values are entered, the results screens will be
updated as soon as the values are applied.
Reference Guide 7-5

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997

The main window enables the user to select swab surge analysis of either
the drilling assembly or of the cementing string. The data entry windows
which appear subsequently, and some of the main window icons, will
depend on which option has been selected. It is not necessary to close the
data entry windows before running the analysis.
Data can be loaded into this application from a file on disc if necessary.
However, data will normally be stored in the DEAP system database.
Figure 7-1
Main
Window
File Operations
training materials.
New Option

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Open Option
set specified.


Import: CMAP Option

This option provides links to earlier versions of DEAP and opens a
selection box in which the user may select cmaps for use in the current
application.


Save Option
Reference Guide 7-7

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Save As Option
Status Option
Rename Option
Delete Option
Drill Bit Details

This sub-application enables the user to specify the specify the
effective area of the bit nozzles. the bit may have three possible
states:
BLOCKED BIT — no fluid flowing through the nozzles
OPEN BIT — fluid flowing through the nozzles
NO BIT — an open ended pipe with no bit fitted
The state is selectable by means of radio button buttons.
Users are free to enter the bit diameter in either decimals or fractions. If
fractions are used, a space must be left between the whole number and the
numerator of the fraction, e.g. 7 1/2.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 7-2
Drill Bit
Data
Float Equipment
This window enables the user to describe the float equipment.
Three different configurations are available: closed end,
differential fill and open end.
Depending on the user’s choice of configuration, the window’s text fields
become editable or non-editable, as appropriate. When the differential fill
configuration has been selected, default values for collar TFA and shoe
TFA, based on the collar and shoe OD, will be supplied on request.
Figure 7-3
Float
Equipment
Reference Guide 7-9

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Mud
This sub-application enables the user to enter PV and YP values
or FANN viscometer readings data for oil-based and water-
based muds. The application will present a table for the entry of FANN
data. Additional r.p.m and scale readings can be added to the end of the
table if necessary.
Figure 7-4
PV & YP Entries
Figure 7-4
FANN Viscometer
Data Entries
Hole Details
A complete tabular description of the hole can be built up by the
use of this sub-application. Casing data can be entered directly,
although the use of a catalogue is recommended.
The lines can be added to the table independently of each other, so the
each line. The sub-application will ensure that the components of the hole
description are in an acceptable order; for example, an open hole will not
be permitted above a casing entry. If several lines are being added to the
table, a single APPLY will be sufficient.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 7-5
Hole Details
Note: In the hole details, casing string and drill string details
windows, the user can call up a special pop-up edit menu
by pointing at the icon on an appropriate row in the table
and clicking with the left mouse button. Making a
selection on this menu allows simple amendments
(DELETE, INSERT ABOVE, INSERT BELOW) to be
made to a table which has already been set up.
Drill String Details

A tabular description of the drill string can be built up by the use
of this sub-application. Data can be entered directly, although
the use of a catalogue is recommended. Lines can be added to the table
independently of each other, so the accompanying procedures assume that
data entry has been completed after each line. If, however, several lines
have been added to the table, a single APPLY will be sufficient.
The TOTAL DS LENGTH and BIT DEPTH figures are derived internally
and are not alterable.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The BHA IMPORT… button calls up a dialogue box which displays a list
of all BHA runs. The user may select an appropriate run whose details will
then be inserted in the drill string details window.
Figure 7-6
Drill String
Details
Casing String Details

A tabular description of the casing string can be built up by the
use of this sub-application. Data can be entered directly,
although the use of a catalogue for drill pipe, heavyweight drill pipe and
casing sections is recommended. Lines can be added to the table
independently of each other, so the accompanying procedures assume that
data entry has been completed after each line. If, however, several lines are
being added to the table, a single APPLY will be sufficient.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The TOTAL CS LENGTH and FLOAT DEPTH figures are derived

internally and cannot be altered.
Figure 7-7
Casing String
Details
Survey Data
The survey details window enables the user to enter and edit
survey data in terms of MD, inclination and azimuth and to view
the data in terms of TVD and dogleg, or northing and easting. Data cannot
be edited while the viewing windows are being displayed.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 7-8
Survey
Details
Inc and Azi;
TVD vs. Dogleg;
N/S and E/W
Trip Details
The trip details window enables the user to enter and edit trip
data in terms of fracture pressure and fracture depth for a surge
analysis and in terms of formation pressure and formation depth for a swab
analysis.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 7-9
Trip Details
Run
Data processing begins when the user clicks on the RUN icon.
Because processing may take a considerable time, the
application displays an animated graph of the simulation’s progress in the
form of a drillstring or a casing string moving in or out of the hole; it is not
intended to represent either the string or the hole accurately.
When processing has finished, the application produces three graphs and a
numerical results window. The results are based on the maximum trip
speed that will not cause the swab or surge pressure to exceed the fracture
pressure specified in the trip details window.
Each graph displays a slider so that the user can vary the independent
parameter. The value selected by the user will be indicated by an arrowed
line in the results window, while at the same time another arrowed line, at
right angles to the first, will indicate the corresponding values of the
dependent parameters.
The graphs depicted in the following figures are not from the same well.
They were selected in order to be able to show a range of features.
A zoom feature has now been added to the reports screens, allowing the
user to zoom in on (and out of) selected areas of the graph. Selection is
made by pointing, clicking and dragging the mouse pointer across the
required area. + and – buttons allow the user to move a step further in on
the graph or back from it one step at a time.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 7-10
Simulation
Progress
Diagram
Tabular Results Window

This window accompanies the graphs. It gives the values of trip depth,
maximum trip speed, pressure at the weak zone, and equivalent mud
weight at the weak zone. All of the text fields are read-only.
The values displayed in the window correspond to the slider settings
chosen by the user. When a value selected by the user results in the
simulated swab or surge pressure exceeding the formation pressure or the
fracture specified in the trip details window, the text field backgrounds will
change in appearance.
Figure 7-11
Swab Surge
Numerical
Results Window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Depth vs. Trip Speed and vs. Pressure Graphs
Figure 7-12:
Trip Speed
vs. Depth
Zoom
buttons
Figure 7-12
Pressure vs.
Depth @
Tripspeed
Validity
warning
message

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Pressure vs. Depth Graph
Figure 7-13
Trip Speed
vs.
Pressure

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Report Windows
Page One

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Page Two

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 8
Offset Well – Allocation
The offset well allocation application has been designed to

enhance the user defaults facility by providing users with
fast access (via user defaults) to actual wells which are
related in some way to the well currently being worked on
and which have been allocated as offset wells within this
application. This will assist within the field of planning new
wells and in the comparison of well costs, times, etc.
Reference Guide 8-1

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Offset Well – Allocation DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual
Overview
The offset well application allows the user to set up certain search criteria
(primary and secondary) on which relevant wells will be selected.
However, if the user knows the details of a particular well which is to be
allocated as an offset to the current well, a SELECT FROM ALL
WELLS… button has been included to allow this to be done.
The geologist and the drilling engineer will judge whether an offset well
has any relevance to the well currently being planned. The geologist
considers the geology, pressure prediction and hydrocarbon type of
previously drilled wells, while the drilling engineer considers drilling
performance and well engineering. This provides further background both
to the planned well’s prognosis and to confirm the predicted performance
when drilling. The selected offset well can therefore be used as a model for
any “what if” calculations during the planning process.
The offset wells allocated here will appear within the offset wells list in the
user defaults window, when the user is setting up defaults for a DEAP
session.
The user may further customize the list created in this way by deleting
from the list, any wells which are not considered relevant to the current
task.
Navigation
Main
Window
Select Wells
Filtered Wells Filter Wells Select Uninitialized

Details Report Wells (not
implemented)
Filtered Wells
Report
Offset Wells
Report

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual Offset Well – Allocation

The default COUNTRY and WELL (as selected in the user defaults
window) will be displayed at the top of the window, for information.
Figure 8-1
Offset Well
Allocation —
Main Window
Special Features
Primary Selection Criteria Pane

In the top left-hand pane of the window are the main SELECT OFFSET
WELLS WITHIN: search criteria — FIELD(S), BLOCK(S) and RADIUS,
which allow the user to instruct the system to select all wells in the same
field or fields, all wells in the same block(s) and all wells within a
particular radius of the location of the current default well.
These three primary criteria will be mutually exclusive and are operated by
means of radio buttons, so that when the FIELD(S) option is selected, the
BLOCK(S) and RADIUS options will not be selectable. RADIUS will be
able to cross national boundaries.
Secondary Selection Criteria Pane

The filter may be even more closely specified by the entry of secondary
well-related criteria, in the top right-hand pane of the main window.
Reference Guide 8-3

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The items which may be specified here are: WELL DEPTH,

DISPLACEMENT, WATER DEPTH, INCLINATION, AZIMUTH MIN/
MAX and SPUD DATE.
For each of these, there is an option menu button, allowing the user to
choose whether the system is to search for details greater than (>) or less
than (<) the specified parameter WELL DEPTH also has a further option
menu button, enabling the user to choose between measured depth and true
vertical depth, where this is applicable. (For wells for which no trajectory
information is available, the system will assume that the TVD is equal to
the MD value.)
Filter Buttons and the Filtered Wells Lists

APPLY FILTER button — once the primary and secondary criteria have
been specified as required, the user should press the APPLY FILTER
button, to instruct the system to run the selection procedure. When this is
complete, the filtered data will be displayed in the FILTERED WELLS list
at the bottom left of the screen.
CLEAR FILTER button — may be used to clear any details which have
already been set, allowing new criteria to be specified instead. When this
button is used, any wells listed in the FILTERED WELLS list, in the lower
left pane of the window, will disappear also, but those in the OFFSET
WELLS list will remain.
Wells which are displayed in the FILTERED WELLS list can be
highlighted, by pointing and clicking with the mouse, and moving them
into the OFFSET WELLS list via the SELECT FILTERED WELLS –>
button.
DETAILS… button — calls up the report viewer window. The report will
list each of the FILTERED WELLS selected, displaying the secondary
filter criteria values against the appropriate well name. The heading on the
report will show the following details: COUNTRY, FACILITY, AREA,
SLOT, FIELD, WELL, BLOCK and DATE (of output).
DELETE button — used to remove a selected item from the list of
OFFSET WELLS and move it to the list of FILTERED WELLS, upon
pressing the APPLY FILTER button once more.
Select Wells Buttons

Also in this lower pane of the window are the <–SELECT
UNINITIALISED WELL … and <–SELECT FROM ALL WELLS…
buttons.
SELECT UNINITIALIZED WELL… button — not implemented in the
current release of DEAP, and therefore not selectable.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP 3.0 User Reference Manual Offset Well – Allocation
SELECT FROM ALL WELLS… button — the select well window will be
displayed. The window contains items which can be selected via picklists
on this window, comprising the details which can be specified within the
user defaults window, for specifying an initialized well: COUNTRY,
AREA, FIELD, FACILITY and WELL. (WELL is mandatory here.)
Report Windows
Figure 8-2 OWA Filtered Wells Details Report
Reference Guide 8-5

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 8-3 OWA Offset Wells Report

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Chapter 9
NPD Interface Program
The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) require

clients to submit drilling data in the form of a daily report.
This report consists of NPD compliant files which are
transmitted to the NPD Daily Drilling Report System
(DDRS). The NPD Interface Program (NIP) was designed
to enabled users to meet the requirements of this report
within DEAP.
Reference Guide 9-1

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
NPD Interface Program DEAP v3.0 User Reference Manual
Overview
The NPD interface program may be initiated from the DEAP application
launcher (APL) under the daily operations applications.
Daily Drilling Report System

An NPD DDRS report may only be generated for wells that have been
defined via the standard DEAP well initialization.
The NPD daily drilling report system (DDRS) currently consists of fifteen
report parts, each containing a set of data related to a specific topic
associated with the drilling operation.
At present the following report parts and sub-parts are defined as follows:
• Part I Basic Information
• Part II Status
• Part III Mud/pore pressure
• Part IV Present operation
• Part V Survey
• Part VI Operation/mode
• Part VII Log
• Part VIII Core
• Part IX Well test
• Part X RFT test
• Part XI Weather
• Part XII Remarks
• Part XIII Lithology
• Part XIV Equipment fail
• Part XV Kick
• Part XV I. Preliminary Zonation
• Part XV II. Perforation Intervals
A new DDRS data file will be generated for every active well for each
report period. For the normal operational circumstances, where there is one
well being drilled, only one file will be generated for the report.
A separate DDRS file can be generated for each well for each day of the
report period. For example, if there are two wells being drilled over a
selected report period of three days then six data files will be generated.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEAP v3.0 User Reference Manual NPD Interface Program
However, it is assumed that the normal mode of operation will be to report

on a single well over the last 24 hours (1 day).
The data for each report part is transmitted to the NPD, by each client, in
the form of an ASCII batch file consisting of records formatted in
accordance with the NPD. This data is reported on a daily basis.
Only the program and report sections marked as completed will be written
to the DDRS data file. If any sections are incomplete then a warning notice
will be displayed with the option to abort or continue.
Any report written to the DDRS data file will be marked as SENT. A report
marked as sent cannot be re-sent and will be uneditable until the UNSEND
option is used. On re-sending a report, a dialog will warn the user that the
previous file will be overwritten.
Figure 9-1:
Overwrite
data file
dialog box
Pre-Spud Program
In addition to the report data described above, program data consisting of
general well, operator and planned well detail information is transmitted to
the NPD. This data is sent only once for a particular well, before it is
spudded. The pre-spud program data, at present, consists of the following
three parts and sub-parts:
• Part I Basic well
• Part II Estimated/planned well
• Part IIa Planned Mud Type
• Part IIb Estimated/planned mud/pore pressure
• Part IIc Estimated fracture gradient
• Part IId Estimated casing string
• Part IIe Estimated phase
• Part IIf Estimated directional
• Part III Predicted Zonation
Reference Guide 9-3

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
General
This application does not include processes for communication and
transmission of data from the client to the NPD. The key components of
the interface may be summarized as follows:
• Extract NPD DDRS specific data into DDRS compliant format.
• Store DDRS intermediate data on DEAP database.
• View, edit and add data using screens with standard DEAP display
fields and DDRS compliant units.
• View DDRS compliant files.
From within the single interface running as part of the active DEAP
system, the user will be able to extract data from the DEAP database
specific to the NPD DDRS and generate DDRS compliant files ready for
transmission to the NPD.
Note: Data extracted from the DEAP database and modified in

this application will not affect other applications.
Modified data will be saved only to NIP-specific parts of
the database.
File Names
Data files sent within the this application are automatically provided with a
unique name to identify them as associated with a specified report period
for a particular well, according to the following format:
• NIP prefix
• DDRS compliant well name
• Report day
• .ddrs suffix
The well name and report day are separated by an underscore. The report
day is the day number since the well was spudded, where the spud day is
day 1. This value is always displayed at the top of all data entry screens.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
As an example: NIP 000201A01_23.ddrs contains data for the 23rd day

after spud of well 0002/01-A01.
Figure 9-2:
Report
Directory
window
Showing data file
names
If files of the same name already exist in the selected directory, such as
from a previous data extraction of the same well over the same report
period, then a confirmation dialog box will be displayed.
Data Entry Screens

The top panel of all the data entry screens will contain read only text fields
displaying information such as the current FACILITY and WELL name for
user reference only.
The bottom area of the data entry screens will contain the standard DEAP
control buttons for the SAVE, CLOSE and HELP functions.
Additional buttons will vary according to the screen and will allow access
to other data entry screens of related data where it can not be
accommodated on the one screen. For example in the kick data entry
window a REMARKS button will open the kick remarks window.
The COMPLETED button will mark the current part of the report as
completed. No data will be sent to the NPD DDRS data file for program or
report parts that have not been marked as completed. This button is
available in all the data entry windows.
Reference Guide 9-5

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Field Units and Format

The fields will always show values formatted, in terms of justification and
length, in accordance with DEAP standards. All depths will be measured
relative to RKB.
Where there are associated units with a value, then initial default display
units will be those that comply with the current DEAP units. Such values
will also have the standard DEAP pulldown units selection button
associated with the value to the right of the field.
This will allow the user to display values in units of NPD DDRS
specification. Modified data will, however, always be saved to file in NPD
DDRS specified units.
Where a conflict arises between the length and justification of standard
numeric DEAP data fields and those compliant with the DDRS, then the
value will be appropriately rounded and justified to comply with DDRS.
The default units of measurement for DDRS compliant files are:
m Depth (relative to RKB) kg Weight
ins Size mpa/s Viscocity
sg Equivalent mud weight pa Yield point
bar Pressure m/s Velocity
m3 Volume deg C Temperature

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Navigation
Main
Window
Pre-Spud Program
Basic Hole Casing Directional Predicted

Well Phase Program Program Zonation
Daily Drilling Report System
Basic Status Fluid/ Present

Information Report Pressure Operation Survey
Log Core
Operations Report Report Well Test RFT Test
Weather Lithology Equipment Kick

Report Remarks Report Failure Report
Perforation Preliminary
Intervals Zonation
Report
Reference Guide 9-7

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Application Main Screen

This is the main control screen of the application, allowing the user to
extract data into DDRS compliant files over a specified time period. All
other interface screens allowing data relating to the required DDRS report
parts to be viewed and edited will be accessed from this screen.
The facility, well and program fields are all read only and refer to the
current facility as selected in the user defaults. This information will also
be available in all the data entry windows.
The icons are only be enabled after the day field has a value. Unavailable
icons are greyed out; inverted icons indicate windows containing data that
has been marked as completed.
• For existing wells, the user must make a selection from the report day
pick list before proceeding.
• For new wells, the only available user action will be the basic well
icon in the pre-spud program section of the window.
The pre-spud program windows must all be marked as complete before the
user is able to generate any reports from the daily reporting system
windows. Once these windows are completed, the day field will have a
value of 1.
Figure 9-3:
Main window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Special Features
Report Day and Format Selection

REPORT DAY pick list — Allows the user to select and display the report
day via a pick list of available days for the currently selected well. The day
will default to the day after the last report day marked as sent.
Each day of the current well will be displayed in the pick list with its
current status as to completed and/or sent. All potential combinations will
be possible, namely NOT ENTERED, NOT SENT, or SENT.
Selecting a day and pressing on the OK button will cause the report day
field in the main window to be populated. Alternatively, the user may
double-click on the desired report day.
• If the report for this day has already been defined, then the data for
this day will be loaded to populate the application.
• If a new report is being created then data from the previous day will
be used to populate relevant fields.
• For the spud day certain fields will be populated by NPD defaults.
FORMAT pick list — Allows the user to select the required report file
format definition. The format definition defines the data display field
format and units and the internal report file format.
Only NPD format is defined at present.
DEAP Data Extraction

EXTRACT DATA button — Allows the user to extract available DDRS
data from the DEAP database into the NPD data tables and into the data
entry report windows to support the generation of DDRS compliant files
for the selected report period.
The following data sets or sub-sets may be extracted:
• DAILY DATA — All available data from DEAP for the period.
• PRE-SPUD DATA only. The pre-spud data option is only available
for report day 1, i.e. the spud date. Thereafter it will be greyed out.
Fields that cannot be loaded from DEAP will keep their previous value.
If the user attempts to re-extract data for a selected report day, a warning
dialog box will appear asking the user to confirm the action before
proceeding.
Reference Guide 9-9

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Sending and Unsending Files

SEND FILES — This button generates the DDRS compliant data file for
the selected well and day and opens a standard DEAP report directory
window from which the user may select a directory in which to store the
generated file.
The file will be named automatically according to the data file naming
conventions discussed previously.
Figure 9-4:
Report File
Directory
window
The selected file directory must have write permission for the user. If the
selected directory is not writable for the user then a standard DEAP error
handler warning message will be displayed.
Actual transmission of the data file to the NPD is currently beyond the
scope of the application.
UNSEND FILE button — This button will allow a report marked as sent to
be marked as unsent, thus allowing it to be edited if required. This button
will only be enabled if the report for the selected well and day has been
marked as sent and if the user has DBA access privileges.
Generating the Report

REPORT menu button — Will allow the user to select to view:
• A DDRS ASCII file.
• A simple report of the data within the completed report parts.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Pre-Spud Program Icons

For a new well, only the basic well icon will be enabled. These remaining
icons are only enabled once data entered in the basic well window has been
marked as completed. The icons are displayed with an inverse background
when the details in each window have been marked as completed.
BASIC WELL — This button opens the basic well data entry screen which
allows the user to enter general well and operator information. This
information is only required once for a particular well.
HOLE PHASE — Opens the planned hole data entry screen which allows
the user to enter planned hole and mud details.
CASING — Opens the planned casing data entry screen, which allows the
users to enter planned casing details.
DIRECTION — Opens the planned directional data entry screen which
allows the user to enter planned well data.
PREDICTED ZONATION — Opens the predicted zonation data entry
screen which will allow the user to enter predicted formation data.
Daily Drilling Report System Icons

These icons are only enabled once data has been extracted for the selected
report period for the selected well. They are displayed with an inverse
background when the details for each section of the report have been
marked as completed.
BASIC INFORMATION — Opens the basic information report, DDRS
part I, data entry screen.
STATUS — Opens the status report, DDRS part II, data entry screen.
MUD/PRESSURE — Opens the mud/pressure report, DDRS part III, data
entry screen.
PRESENT OP — Opens the present operation report, DDRS part IV, data
entry screen.
SURVEY — Opens the survey report, DDRS part V, data entry screen.
OPERATIONS — Opens the operations/mode report, DDRS part VI, data
entry screen.
LOG — Opens the log report, DDRS part VII, data entry screen.
CORE — Opens the core report, DDRS part VIII, data entry screen.
WELL TEST — Opens the well test report, DDRS part IX, data entry
screen.
RFT TEST — Opens the RFT test report, DDRS part X, data entry screen.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
WEATHER — Opens the weather report, DDRS part XI, data entry screen.
REMARKS — Opens the additional remarks report, DDRS part XII, data
entry screen.
LITHOLOGY — Opens the lithology report, DDRS part XIII, data entry
screen.
EQUIPMENT FAILURE — Opens the equipment failure report, DDRS
part XIV, data entry screen.
KICK — Opens the kick report, DDRS part XV, data entry screen.
PERFORATION INTERVALS — Opens the perforation intervals report,
DDRS part XVII, data entry screen.
PRELIMINARY ZONATION — Opens the preliminary zonation report,
DDRS part XVI, data entry screen.
Pre-Spud Program: Basic Well Data

The pre-spud program basic well data entry screen allows the
user to enter, view and edit data associated with the basic well,
part I of the DDRS program. This information is only required once for a
particular well.
Some of the data in the basic and remarks program parts will be obtained
from the DEAP database. Data fields associated with DEAP data will be
populated with the values obtained when the data is extracted.
Fields which have no corresponding DEAP data will default to a DDRS
compliant default value, or if none, a blank field for entry by the user.
Figure 9-5:
Basic Data
window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Special Features
WELL NO fields — These four fields display and allow entry of the well
number broken down into the DDRS format component parts as follows:
• Field identification number
• Block identification number
• Platform identification letter
• Well identification number
The three numeric component parts will have leading zeroes. All values are
assigned by the NPD. These values will not be populated and will require
manual entry.
HISTORY fields — These two fields display and allow entry of the well
history identification digits as assigned by the NPD.
TRACK field — Displays and allows entry of the well track number as
assigned by the NPD.
FIRST REPORT field — Displays and allows the entry of the date of the
first report.
LATITUDE and LONGITUDE fields — Displays and allows entry of the
latitude as three fields for degrees, minutes and seconds in the form
DDMMSS.SS. All three values will have leading zeroes if appropriate.
PLANNED DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the planned total
measured depth (MD) of the well.
PLANNED TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the planned total
true vertical depth (TVD) of the well.
WATER DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the water depth at
the Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT).
REMARKS fields — These fields display and allow entry of remarks
about the well program.
Pre-Spud Program: Planned Hole Data

The pre-spud planned hole phase window allows the user to
enter, view and edit data associated with the planned well, (part IIa-c, e) of
the DDRS program.
Data for the planned hole program is not available from the DEAP
database and all fields will be entered by the user. Fields will default to a
DDRS compliant default value, or if none, a blank field.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The field name and where appropriate the units selector button for each of
the fields will be displayed in the title area immediately above the data
entry fields scrolled area.
Figure 9-6:
Planned
Well
Program
window
Special Features
DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the measured depth for the
planned hole phase.
TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the true vertical depth for the
planned hole phase.
SIZE field — Displays and allows entry of the phase hole size diameter.
MW field — Displays and allows entry of the planned mud weight at the
specified depth.
PP field — Displays and allows entry of the planned estimated pore
pressure at the specified depth. The value will be in equivalent mud weight
units.
FG field — Displays and allows entry of the planned estimated fracture
gradient at the specified depth. The value will be given in equivalent mud
weight units.
Pre-Spud Program: Planned Casing Data

The planned casing program window allows the user to enter,
view and edit data associated with the planned casing, (part IId) of the
DDRS program.
Data for the planned casing program is not available from the DEAP
DDRS compliant default value, or if none, a blank field. Scrollbars allow
additional required records to be viewed.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 9-7:
Planned
Casing
Program
window
Special Features
planned hole phase.
TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the true vertical depth for the
planned hole phase.
CASING SIZE field — Displays and allows entry of the planned casing
size (outer diameter).
CASING WEIGHT field — Displays and allows entry of the planned
casing weight.
START DAY field — Displays and allows entry of the planned casing start
day. This will be the day number that the casing is planned to be set.
END DAY field — Displays and allows entry of the planned casing end
day. This will be the day number that the casing cement is planned to be
finished.
GRADE field — Displays and allows entry of the planned casing grade.
THREAD field — Displays and allows entry of the planned casing thread
type. Where the casing string is made up of two or more different thread
sections, a new planned casing data set will be specified for each section.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Pre-Spud Program: Planned Directional Data

The planned direction data window allows the user to enter, view
and edit the planned directional data for part IIf of the DDRS program.
Scroll bars allow additional data records to be viewed.
Figure 9-8:
Planned
Directional
Program
window
Special Features
planned azimuth and inclination.
TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the TVD for the planned
azimuth and inclination.
AZIMUTH field — Displays and allows entry of the planned azimuth. The
value will be in the format of compass degrees (0-360).
INCLINATION field — Displays and allows entry of the planned
inclination.
Pre-Spud Program: Predicted Zonation Data

The predicted zonation data window allows the user to enter,
view and edit the predicted zonation data for part IIf of the DDRS program.
Scroll bars allow additional data records to be viewed.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 9-9:
Predicted
Zonation
Program
window
Special Features
predicted zonation.
TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the TVD for the predicted
zonation.
FORMATION/ZONE field — Displays and allows entry of the formation /
zone.
DDRS: Basic Information Report

The basic information report window allows the user to enter,
view and edit data associated with the basic information part I of the DDRS
report.
The majority of data in the basic information report will be obtained from
the DEAP database. Data fields associated with DEAP data will be
Fields with no corresponding DEAP data will default to a DDRS compliant
default value, or if none, a blank field and will be entered by the user.
Figure 9-10:
Basic
Information
Report
window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Special Features
OPERATOR field — Displays and allows entry of the operator name. This
field will be populated with a default value of BP Norge.
CONTRACTOR field — Displays and allows entry of the contractor name.
Default is the value from the previous day.
RIG field — Displays and allows entry of the rig name. Default is the value
from the previous day.
CLASS menu option button — Displays and allows selection of the well
class from among the following values: Appraisal, Injection, Observation,
Production, or Wildcat. Default is the value from the previous day.
RIG HEADING field — Displays and allows entry of the current rig
heading. If appropriate the value will have leading zeroes. Default is the
value from the previous day.
ELEVATION field — Displays and allows entry of the elevation of the
RKB above mean sea level. Default is the value from the previous day.
WELLHEAD field — Displays and allows entry of the elevation of the
wellhead above MSL.Default is the value from the previous day.
DDRS: Status Report

The status report window allows the user to enter, view and edit
data associated with the status part II of the DDRS report.
The majority of data in the status report will be obtained from the DEAP
database. Data fields associated with DEAP data will be populated with the
values obtained when the data is extracted.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 9-11:
Status
Report
window
Special Features
REPORT DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the current report
depth. This will be the measured depth to the total drilled depth at the end
of the report period for the current selected day.
REPORT TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the current true
vertical depth. This will be the to the drill bit at the end of the report period
for the current selected day.
PLUG BACK DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the measured
depth to the top of the last plug. Default is the value from the previous day.
PHASE HOLE SIZE field — Displays and allows entry of the size
(diameter) of the current phase. Default is the value from the previous day.
Where a phase has changed during the current selected day of the report
period, then the latest phase size will be displayed, unless the change
occurred in the last 12 hours, in which case the field will be blank and no
entry will be required.
PHASE CHANGE DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the
measured depth to the point of the last change in phase size if during the
current days report period. Default is the value from the previous day.
LAST CASING SIZE field — Displays and allows entry of the size
(outside diameter) of the last casing.
LAST CASING DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the
measured depth to the last casing shoe.
TECHNICAL SIDETRACK field — Displays and allows entry of the
status of a technical sidetrack. If one is being performed, the toggle button
should be selected. Default is the value from the previous day.
PILOT HOLE field — Displays and allows entry of the current hole type.
If the current hole is a pilot hole, the toggle button should be selected.
Default is the value from the previous day.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
PILOT HOLE SIZE field — Displays and allows entry of the pilot hole
size (diameter). Default is the value from the previous day.
PILOT HOLE TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the planned true
vertical depth of the pilot hole. Default is the value from the previous day.
KICKOFF DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the measured
depth to the kickoff point of the sidetrack. Default is the value from the
previous day.
LEAK OFF EMW field — Displays and allows entry of the equivalent
mud weight value of the last formation strength test.
LEAK OFF DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the measured
depth to the last formation strength test point.
TEST TYPE field — Displays and allows entry of the formation strength
test type. Default is the value from the previous day. Values will be
selected from the menu option button to the right of the field as follows:
• LOT Leak off test.
• FIT Formation integrity test.
DDRS: Mud/Pressure Report

The mud/pressure report window allows the user to enter, view
and edit data associated with the mud/pressure part III of the DDRS report.
The majority of data in the mud/pressure report will be obtained from the
DEAP database. Data fields associated with DEAP data will be populated
with the values obtained when the data is extracted.
Figure 9-12:
Mud and
Pressure
Report window
Special Features
BOP RATING field — Displays and allows entry of the BOP stack
pressure rating.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the measured depth of the
mud and pressure report data. The depth will apply to both the mud and
pressure data.
TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the true vertical depth of the
mud and pressure report data. The value will apply to both mud and
pressure data.
EST. PORE PRESSURE field — Displays and allows entry of the
estimated pore pressure in equivalent mud weight.
MUD TYPE field — Displays and allows entry of the drilling fluid in use.
MUD DENSITY field — Displays and allows entry of the mud density in
equivalent mud weight.
PV field — Displays and allows entry of the drilling fluid viscosity.
YP field — Displays and allows entry of the drilling fluid yield point.
DDRS: Present Operation Report

The present operation report window allows the user to enter,
view and edit data associated with the present operation part IV of the
DDRS report.
The majority of data in the present operation report will be obtained from
the DEAP database. Data fields associated with DEAP data will be
Figure 9-13:
Present
Operation
Report window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Special Features
OPERATION START TIME field and icon — Displays and allows entry
of the time for the start of the present operation. The time value may be
selected from the standard DEAP date/time window available from the
time icon to the left of the fields.
REMARKS field — Displays and allows entry of remarks about the
present operation. The scrollbar to the right of the remarks fields will allow
the user to bring into view other remark lines not currently displayed.
DDRS: Survey Report

The survey window allows the user to enter, view and edit data
associated with the survey part V of the DDRS report.
The majority of data in the survey report will be obtained from the DEAP
Other fields which have no corresponding DEAP data will default to a
DDRS compliant default value, or if none, a blank field and will be entered
by the user.
Each survey entry will be stored as a separate record in the DDRS data
files. The scrollbar to the right of the data fields will allow the user to bring
into view other data sets not currently displayed.
Figure 9-14:
Survey Data
Report window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Special Features
SINGLE SHOT toggle — Displays and allows selection of single shot
measurement. If a single shot measurement is defined (default), the toggle
button should be selected.
DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the survey measured depth.
AZIMUTH field — Displays and allows entry of the survey azimuth.
INCLINATION field — Displays and allows entry of the survey
inclination.
DDRS: Operations / Mode Report

The operations / mode report window allows the user to enter,
view and edit data associated with the operations/mode part VI of the
DDRS report.
The majority of data in the operations/mode report part will be obtained
from the DEAP database. Data fields associated with DEAP data will be
Figure 9-15:
Operations /
Mode
Report
window
Each operation and its modes will be stored as a separate record in the
DDRS data files. The data entry screen will display the data set for only
one such operation/mode record at a time. A scrollbar allows the user to
view additional data sets.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Special Features
STOP TIME field and icon — Displays and allows entry of the time at
which the operation stopped. The time value may be selected from the
standard DEAP date/time window available from the time icon.
DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the operation measured
depth. The exact value of the operation depth will be determined by the
sub-operation as detailed in the sections describing operations below.
SUPERIOR field — Displays and allows entry of the current type of
drilling equipment from the following options: Rig, Snub, Coil.
REMARKS fields — Display and allow entry of remarks about the
operation being described.
Main Operation Selection

MAIN OPERATION menu option button — Displays and allows selection
of the main operation from the following selection values:
• Completion • Drilling
• Formation Evaluation • Interruption
• Moving • Plug and Abandon
• Workover
Sub-Operation Selection
SUB-OPERATION menu option button — Displays and allows selection
of the sub-operation. The available valid values for a sub-operation will be
determined by the value of the main operation.
The sub-operation selected will also determine the value specified for the
operation depth described above. Each of the valid sub-operation selection
values for each main operation is given below with the depth that applies
for that sub-operation.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Moving
• Transit DEPTH: 0
• Anchor DEPTH: 0
• Skid DEPTH: 0
• Jack DEPTH: 0
• Position DEPTH: 0
Drilling
• Drive DEPTH: TD at end of period
• Drill DEPTH: TD at end of period
• Hole — Open DEPTH: Maximum depth
• Underream DEPTH: Maximum depth
• Trip DEPTH: Bit depth at end of sequence
• Casing DEPTH: Casing shoe
• BOP/Wellhead Equip DEPTH: 0 or MD where relevant
• Pressure Detection DEPTH: 0 or MD where relevant
• Circ/Cond DEPTH: Relevant depth.
• Ream DEPTH: Bottom of reamed section
• Survey DEPTH: Survey depth
• BOP Activities DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
• Mill DEPTH: Relevant depth
• Wait DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
• Rig Up/Down DEPTH: 0
• Other DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
Formation Evaluation
• Trip DEPTH: Bit depth at end of period
• Circ/Cond DEPTH: Relevant depth
• Core DEPTH: Maximum core depth
• Log DEPTH: Maximum log depth
• RFT/FIT DEPTH: Maximum RFT/FIT depth
• Circ Samples DEPTH: Relevant depth
• DST DEPTH: Top perforating depth
• Production Test DEPTH: Top perforating depth

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Completion
• BOP/Welllhead Equip DEPTH: 0 or sea floor
• Wireline DEPTH: 0 or depth of wireline tool
• Circ/Cond DEPTH: 0 or measured depth
• Perforate DEPTH: 0 or depth of tool/top perfs
• Stimulate DEPTH: 0 or top perforations
• Flow DEPTH: Top of perforations
• Hydraulic W.O. DEPTH: 0 or depth of working string/tbg
• Sand Control DEPTH: 0 or top of perforations
• Test SCSSSV DEPTH: Depth of safety valve
• Completion String DEPTH: 0 or depth of tail pipe/tubing
Workover
• BOP/Wellhead Equip DEPTH: 0 or sea floor
• Wireline DEPTH: 0 or depth of wireline tool
• Circ/Cond DEPTH: 0 or measured depth
• Perforate DEPTH: 0 or depth of tool/top perfs
• Stimulate DEPTH: 0 or top perforations
• Flow DEPTH: Top of perforations
• Hydraulic W.O. DEPTH: 0 or depth of working string/tbg
• Sand Control DEPTH: 0 or top of perforations
• Test SCSSSV DEPTH: Depth of safety valve
• Completion String DEPTH: 0 or depth of tail pipe/tubing
Plug & Abandon

• Trip DEPTH: Bit depth at end of period
• Circ/Cond DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
• Perforate DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
• Cement Plug DEPTH: Top of plug

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
• Mechanical Plug DEPTH: Top of plug

• Squeeze DEPTH: Perforation or relevant depth
• Cut DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
• Equipment Recovery DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
Interruption
• Maintain DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
• Repair DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
• Fish DEPTH: Top of fish
• Well Control DEPTH: Bit depth
• Lost Circulation DEPTH: Bit depth
• Sidetrack DEPTH: Kickoff point
• Wait on Weather (WOW) DEPTH: 0 or relevant depth
Main Mode Selection

MAIN MODE menu option button — Displays and allows selection of the
main mode to represent the result of the operation being described from the
following selection values: OK or Fail.
Sub-Mode Selections
SUB-MODE menu option button — Displays and allows selection of three
sub-mode values from the list below. These values will represent the result
of the sub-operation being described.
• Injury • Stuck
• O Fail • E Fail
• Kick • Hang
• C Loss • OK
• M Loss

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DDRS: Log Report

The log report window allows the user to enter, view and edit
data associated with the log part VII of the DDRS report.
Data for the log report part is not available from the DEAP database and all
fields will be entered by the user. Fields will default to a DDRS compliant
default value, or if none, a blank field.
Figure 9-16:
Log Report
window
Special Features
LOG NUMBER field — Displays and allows entry of the log run number.
This value must start at one for the first log run.
COMPANY field — Displays and allows entry of the logging company.
TOP field — Displays and allows entry of the measured depth at the top of
the log interval.
BOTTOM field — Displays and allows entry of the measured depth at the
bottom of the log interval.
TYPE field — Displays and allows entry of the log name and type.
DDRS: Core Report

The core report window allows the user to enter, view and edit
data associated with the core part VIII of the DDRS report.
The majority of data in the core report will be obtained from the DEAP

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Each core data set will be stored as separate records in the DDRS data files.
The remarks field for each data set will be stored as a separate record in the
DDRS data files.
entry fields area.
Figure 9-17:
Core
Report
window
Special Features
CORE field — Displays and allows entry of the core number.
IN field — Displays and allows entry of the measured depth at the start of
the core interval.
OUT field — Displays and allows entry of the measured depth at the end of
the core interval.
RECOVERED field — Displays and allows entry of the recovered length
of the core.
LENGTH field — Displays and allows entry of the core barrel length.
INNER BARREL toggle — Displays and allows selection of the use of an
inner barrel. If an inner barrel is used the toggle button should be selected.
The value will default to ‘Y’.
MUD TYPE field — May be selected from the adjacent pick list and
displays and allows entry of the core barrel type. Available selections
include Aluminum (the default), Gel Coring, GRP, Steel, and WL Coring.
REMARKS field — Displays and allows entry of a description of the core
interval.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DDRS: Well Test Report

The well test report window allows the user to enter, view and
edit data associated with the well test part IX of the DDRS report.
Data for the well test report is not available from the DEAP database and
all fields will be entered by the user. Fields will default to a DDRS
compliant default value, or if none, a blank field.
Figure 9-18:
Well Test
Report
window
Special Features
SCROLL feature — There may be multiple instances of this record part.To
move through the list of data, a scroll bar is provided as with previous
interfaces. However instead of seeing the records move up and down the
screen with the movement of the scroll bar, the user will see only the data
values change while the screen remains stationery.
TEST TYPE pick list — Displays and allows selection of the test type from
the following selections: Drill Stem Test, and Production Test.
TEST NO field — Displays and allows entry of the test number.
TOP DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of measured depth at the
top of the test interval.
BOTTOM DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of measured depth at
the bottom of the test interval.
CHOKE SIZE field — Displays and allows entry of choke size internal
diameter.
WATER PRODUCED field — Displays and allows entry of the amount of
water produced per day at the maximum flow rate conditions.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
OIL PRODUCED field — Displays and allows entry of the amount of the
oil produced per day at the maximum flow rate conditions.
GAS PRODUCED field — Displays and allows entry of the amount of gas
produced per day at the maximum flow rate conditions. The actual value
for this field will be x106 (mega m3).
GAS RATIO field — Displays and allows entry of the gas to oil ratio at
maximum flow rate conditions.
WATER RATIO field — Displays and allows entry of the water to oil ratio
at maximum flow rate conditions.
CHLORIDE field — Displays and allows entry of the chloride content of
the produced water.
OIL GRAVITY field — Displays and allows entry of the oil gravity.
GAS GRAVITY field — Displays and allows entry of the gas gravity.
Values will be relative to air.
SHUT IN PRESSURE field — Displays and allows entry of the final shut
in pressure. The actual value for this field will be x106 (mega pa).
FLOW PRESSURE field — Displays and allows entry of the final flow
pressure. The actual value for this field will be x106 (mega pa).
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE field — Displays and allows entry of the
bottom hole pressure. The actual value will be x106 (mega pa).
CO2 field — Displays and allows entry of the concentration of carbon
dioxide if present.
H2S field — Displays and allows entry of the concentration of hydrogen
sulfide if present.
DDRS: RFT Report

The RFT report window allows the user to enter, view and edit
data associated with the RFT part X of the DDRS report.
Data for the RFT report is not available from the DEAP database and all

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
The scrollbar to the right of the data fields will allow the user to display
other records within the data set.
Figure 9-19:
RFT Report
window
Special Features
DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the measured depth of the
RFT measurement point.
PRESSURE field — Displays and allows entry of the formation pressure at
the measurement point. The actual value will be x106 (mega pa)
GOOD SEAL toggle — Displays and allows selection of the quality of the
seal. If the seal is good, the toggle button should be selected.
SAMPLE DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the measured
depth of the sample.
SAMPLE TYPE pick list — Displays and allows selection of the most
dominant sample component. from among the following types: Oil, Gas,
Water, Condensate, and Filtrate.
GRAVITY field — Displays and allows entry of the gravity of the
hydrocarbon component. For gas the gravity value will be relative to air.
VOLUME field — Displays and allows entry of the volume of sample
recovered.
REMARKS field — Displays and allows entry of remarks about the RFT
test.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DDRS: Weather Report

The weather report window allows the user to enter, view and
edit data associated with the weather part XI of the DDRS report.
The majority of data in the weather report will be obtained from the DEAP
Figure 9-20:
Weather
Report
window
Special Features
TIME field and icon — Displays and allows entry of the time at which the
weather data was collected. The time value may be selected from the
standard DEAP date/time available from the time icon to the left of the
field.
WIND SPEED field — Displays and allows entry of the wind velocity as a
10 minute average.
WIND DIRECTION field — Displays and allows entry of the wind
direction in degrees relative to North (0 deg).
AIR TEMPERATURE field — Displays and allows entry of the air
temperature.
SUBSEA TEMPERATURE field — Displays and allows entry of the sea
temperature.
HEAVE field — Displays and allows entry of the rig heave.
ROLL field — Displays and allows entry of the rig roll.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
PITCH field — Displays and allows entry of the rig pitch.

WAVE HEIGHT field — Displays and allows entry of the wave height as
a 20 minute average.
WAVE DIRECTION field — Displays and allows entry of the wave
WAVE PERIOD field — Displays and allows entry of the wave period.
SWELL HEIGHT field — Displays and allows entry of swell height as a
20 minute average.
SWELL DIRECTION field — Displays and allows entry of the swell
SWELL PERIOD field — Displays and allows entry of the swell period.
DDRS: Remarks Report

The remarks window allows the user to enter, view and edit data
associated with the remarks part XII of the DDRS report.
Data for the remarks report is not available from the DEAP database and
Figure 9-21:
Remarks
Report
window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DDRS: Lithology Report

The lithology report window allows the user to enter, view and
edit data associated with the lithology part XIII of the DDRS report.
Data for the lithology report is not available from the DEAP database and
Figure 9-22:
Lithology
Report
window
Special Features
INTERVAL TOP and BOTTOM fields — Displays and allows entry of the
measured depth at which the lithological interval started and ended.
LITHOLOGY DESCRIPTION field — Displays and allows entry of
descriptions for the specified lithological interval. The scrollbar to the right
of the description fields will allow the user to bring into view other
description lines not currently displayed.
DDRS: Equipment Failure Report

The equipment failure report window allows users to enter, view
and edit data associated with the equipment failures part XIV of the DDRS
report.
Some of the data in the equipment failure report will be obtained from the
DEAP database. Data fields associated with DEAP data will be populated
with the values obtained when the data is extracted.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Each equipment failure will be stored as a separate record in the DDRS

data files. The data entry screen displays the data set for only one such
equipment failure record at a time. The scrollbar to the right of the data
fields will allow the user to bring into view other data sets not currently
displayed.
Figure 9-23: Equipment Failure Report window
Special Features
STOP TIME field and icon — Displays and allows entry of the time at
which the operation stopped due to the equipment failure. The time value
may be selected from the standard DEAP date/time window available
when the user clicks on the time icon to the left of the field.
FINISH DATE fields and icon — These three fields display and allow
entry of the date that the equipment repair will be finished. The date value
may be selected from the standard DEAP date/time requester which opens
when the user clicks on the time icon to the left of the field.
DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the relevant measured depth.
SUPERIOR pick list — Displays a pick list allowing entry of the current
type of drilling equipment from the following options: Fixed, Snub and
Coil.
DURATION field — Displays and allows entry of the duration of the
equipment failure in minutes.
REMARKS field — Displays and allows entry of remarks for the
equipment failure.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Main Operation Selector

MAIN OPERATION pick list — Displays and allows selection of the
aborted main operation from a list of valid options for the main operation,
as below:.
• Workover
Sub-Operation Selector
SUB-OPERATION pick list — Displays and allows selection of the
aborted sub-operation from a list of valid options for the sub-operation, as
below:
• BOP/Wellhead Equipment • Circ/Cond
• Compl String • Flow
• Mill • Other
• Perforate • Rig Up/Down
• Sand Control • Stimulate
• Test SVSSSC • Wait
• Wireline
Main System Selector

MAIN SYSTEM pick list — Displays and allows selection of the main
equipment system that failed from a list of valid options for the main
system, as below:
• Drillfloor Equip/System • Hoisting Equipment
• Pipe Handling Equip/System • Mud and Bulk Systems
• Well Control Equip/System • Drillstring/Downhole Systems
• Service Equip/System • Material Handling System
• Miscellaneous Equip/System
Sub-System Selector
SUB-SYSTEM pick list — Displays and allows selection of the sub-
system equipment that failed from a list of valid options for the sub-system
which are associated with the selected main system as follows:

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Drillfloor Equipment/Systems
• Drilling Control • Drawworks
• Rotary Table • Tensioning System
• HP Air System • Wirelines
• Other
Hoisting Equipment
• Derrick Structure • Crown Block
• Travelling Block • Heave Compensation
• Other • Top Drive
Pipe Handling Equipment / Systems

• Vert Pipe Handl System • Drillfloor Handl System
• Power Packs • Slips and Spiders
• Elevator • Manual Tongs
• Other
Mud and Bulk Systems

• Bulk Storage/Transfer • Bulk Air System
• Mud Additive System • Mud Mixing/Storage
• Mud Supply • Mud Solids Control
• Drill Water System • HP Equipment
• Other
Well Control Equipment / Systems

• BOP Stack • BOP Control System
• Shallow Gas Stack • Diverter
• Riser System • Choke/Kill System
• Other
Drillstring / Downhole Equipment

• Drillpipes • Drill Collars
• Subs and Lift Plugs • Stabilizers
• Downhole Drilling Tools • Fishing Tools
• Misc Drillstring Equip • Other

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Service Equipment / Systems

• Cementing Unit • Well Testing Equipment
• Mud Logging Equipment • Electric Logging Equipment
• Special Service Equipment • Wellhead/Tubular Equipment
• Other
Material Handling Systems

• Deck Cranes • Overhead Cranes
• Monorail Systems • BOP Transport System
• Utility Winches • Anchor System
• Other
Miscellaneous Equipment / Systems

• Wellhead/Subsea Run/Test • Subsea Inspection System
• Acoustic/Reference Pos • Misc. Instruments and Auxiliary Equip
• Hydr/Pneum Power Packs • Other
DDRS: Kick Report

The kick report window allows the user to enter, view and edit
data associated with the kick report part XV of the DDRS report.
Figure 9-24:
Kick Report
window

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Data for the kick report is not available from the DEAP database and all
Special Features
SCROLL feature — There may be multiple instances of this record part.To
move through the list of data, a scroll bar is provided as with previous
interfaces. However instead of seeing the records move up and down the
screen with the movement of the scroll bar, the user will see only the data
values change while the screen remains stationery.
STOP TIME field — Displays and allows entry of the time when the
operation stopped.
DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the relevant measured depth.
TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the TVD at the time of the kick.
DURATION field — Displays and allows entry of the duration of missed
time due to the kick. This value will be calculated from the finish date and
time and the time the interruption started.
FINISH DATE field and icon — Displays and allows entry of the date that
the kick finished. The date value may be selected from the standard DEAP
date/time window available from the time icon to the left of the field.
BIT SIZE field — Displays and allows entry of the current bit size.
BIT DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the relevant bit depth.
MUD WEIGHT field — Displays and allows entry of the drilling/
completion fluid weight.
PORE PRESSURE field — Displays and allows entry of the pore pressure.
CASING DIAMETER field — Displays and allows entry of the casing
diameter.
FORMATION field — Displays and allows entry of a short description of
the formation at the kick depth.
SUPERIOR field — Displays and allows entry of the current type of
drilling equipment from among the following: Fixed, Snub, or Coil.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
MAIN OPERATION menu option button — Displays and allows entry of

the aborted main operation from a list of valid options for the main
operation, including:
• Workover
SUB-OPERATION menu option button — Displays and allow entry of the

aborted sub-operation from a list of valid options for the sub-operation,
including:
• BOP/Wellhead Equipment • Circ/Cond
• Compl String • Flow
• Mill • Other
• Perforate • Rig Up/Down
• Sand Control • Stimulate
• Test SVSSSC • Wait
• Wireline
LAST CASING MEASURED DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry

of the measured depth to last casing shoe.
GAIN VOLUME field — Displays and allows entry of the gain in volume
when the kick was taken.
SHUT IN CASING PRESSURE field — Displays and allows entry of the
shut in casing pressure due to the kick.
SHUT IN PIPE PRESSURE field — Displays and allows entry of the shut
in drillpipe pressure due to the kick.
KICK CLASS menu option button — Displays and allows entry of the kick
classification name. The value may be one of the following: Gas Kick, Oil
Kick, Other, Shallow Gas Kick, and Water Kick.
KILL PROCESS menu option button — Displays and allows entry of the
name of the kill process being used. The value may be one of the
following: Bullheading, Drillers, Other, Volumetric, Wait and weight.
BOTTOM HOLE TEMP field — Displays and allows entry of the bottom
hole temperature.
CHOKE PRESSURE field — Displays and allows entry of the choke
pressure.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
REMARKS button — This button opens a dialog to enable the display and
entry of remarks describing the kick.
Figure 9-25:
Kick Report
Remarks
window
DDRS: Preliminary Zonation

The preliminary zonation window allows the user to enter, view
and edit data associated with the preliminary zonation part XV of the
DDRS report.
Data for the preliminary zonation report is not available from the DEAP
Figure 9-26:
Preliminary
Zonation
window
Special Features
DEPTH field —Displays and allows entry of the measured depth for the
preliminary zonation.
TVD field — Displays and allows entry of the TVD for the preliminary
zonation.
FORMATION / ZONE field — Displays and allows entry of the formation
/ zone.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
DDRS: Perforation Intervals

The perforation intervals window allows users to enter, view and
edit data associated with the perforation intervals part XV of the DDRS
report.
Data for the perforation intervals report is not available from the DEAP
Figure 9-27:
Perforation
Interval Data
Special Features
FROM DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the top perforation
measured depth.
TO DEPTH field — Displays and allows entry of the bottom perforation
measured depth.
OPEN DATE — Displays and allows entry of the date the perforation
interval was opened.
CLOSED DATE — Displays and allows entry of the date the perforation
interval was closed.
DDRS: Report Generation

Output from this application will consist of an ASCII text file whose
internal format will be compliant with the NPD DDRS specification.
A separate file will be generated for each well for each day of the selected
report period. Hardcopy output of any specified report file will be available
via the standard report file viewer.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Figure 9-28: Complete Data Report Option
NPD File Option

When the user selects the NPD file option from the report option menu, the
standard DEAP file directory window will open.
After locating a file, the user may either select it and click OK or double-
click on the file name to open an ASCII version of the NPD data file.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
.
Figure 9-29:
Report File
Directory
window
Figure 9-30: NPD File Report Option — ASCII

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997
Appendix: References
The following documents are referenced in this specification document.
Users of this document should refer to these documents and use them in
conjunction with the material within this document.
[1] Product Initiation Form (PIF) - Ref Fax & Memo, 11 May 94,
Andy Morley/Harold Grayson.
[2] DDRS-Batch Transfer System, 29 Aug 93, Jonas Stokka.
[3] BPN-Deap-IDRS Interface, Version 1.0, Jan 93, Kari Berge/
Svein Erik Arnesen.
[4] NPD Daily Drilling Report System, Final Version, 18 April
95, NPD.
[5] NPD Interface Program Requirements, Draft, 12 Jul 94.
[6] DEAP Human Interface Specification, Version 3.0, 23 Feb 92.
[7] DEAP Default Handling Design Specification, Version 1.0, 20
Nov 91.
[8] BPN Comments on External Design Document, Version 1.0,
29 Aug 94.

80494H-002 Rev. B / January 1997

DEAP Reference Vol2

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Baker Hughes INTEQ

User Reference Manual

80494H-002 Rev. B January 1997

Baker Hughes INTEQ

Case Data Exchange

Vertical Section Definition

Directional Survey Calculator

Drill String Simulator

Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning

ii Baker Hughes INTEQ

Hole Cleaning Model ................................................................................5 - 6

Cement Placement Simulator

Reference Guide iii

Swab / Surge Predictor

Offset Well – Allocation

NPD Interface Program

iv Baker Hughes INTEQ

Pre-Spud Program: Predicted Zonation Data .......................................9 - 16

vi Baker Hughes INTEQ

Case Data Exchange

The case data exchange mechanism was designed to provide

Reference Guide 1-1

Data Transfer Between Engineering Applications

1-2 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Case Ownership and Control

File Options Menu

Reference Guide 1-3

1-4 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Reference Guide 1-5

1-6 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Rename Dialog Box

Status Dialog Box

Reference Guide 1-7

Delete Dialog Box

1-8 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Import Function and Sub-menu

Reference Guide 1-9

1-10 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Vertical Section Definition

This application has been designed to allow the user to

Reference Guide 2-1

Figure 2-1: Two Vertical Sections Defined in a "Designer" Well

Co-ordinate Types in DEAP

2-2 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Application Main Window

Reference Guide 2-3

Defining A Vertical Section

2-4 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Vertical Section Definition Window

Reference Guide 2-5

Adding or Editing a Section

Survey Selection Window

2-6 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Viewing a Survey Data Point

Reference Guide 2-7

2-8 Baker Hughes INTEQ

North, East and Vertical Local Co-ordinates option

Grid East, Grid North and Local TVD Co-ordinates option

Reference Guide 2-9

Well Target Locations in Field option

Target Location Allocated to Well option

2-10 Baker Hughes INTEQ

Directional Survey Calculator

The directional survey calculator (DSC) allows the