STEM 5

An overall examination
reviewer beneficial to the Senior High I. MEASUREMENTS
School students
of San Pedro College
A. MEASUREMENTS
This reviewer serves as the compilation of
all the lessons discussed by different ● Assigning numerical value to describe
teachers of the same subject, it also an objects’ property or quality.
includes examples and short activities to ● 2 important components
sharpen one’s knowledge about the topic. ○ Number
○ Point of comparison
If there are topics included that are not
discussed, please clarify with your subject B. UNIT
teachers.
● Standardize value of comparison
OUTLINE ● Metric System/Unit:
I. Measurements VI. Vector ○ Based on the power of 10.
A. Measurements Quantity Rules ● SI System/ Unit
B. Unit A. Determining ○ Usually used by the scientific
C. Metric Prefixes Direction community.
II. Significant B. Trigonometric
Figures Function
III. Significant C. Adding Vectors ● FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITY
Figures/Rules D. Cases of Length meter (m)
A. Addition/Subtr Vectors
action Addition Mass kilogram (kg)
B. Multiplication/ VII. Rectilinear
Division & Motion Time second (s)
Trigonometric A. Motion in One
Function Dimension Temperature kelvin (k)
C. Multiple B. Mechanics
Operation C. Kinematics Amount of Substance mole (mol)
D. Conversion of Equation
Units D. Free-Fall Electric Current ampere (A)
E. Accuracy and E. Graphical
Precision Analysis of Luminous Intensity candela (cd)
IV. Types of Error Motion
A. Systematic VIII. Review
Error Questions Note: you can combine quantities to create a
B. Random Error new quantity.
C. Source of
Errors ● DERIVED QUANTITY
V. Scalar and
Vector Quantities Area 𝑚 × 𝑚 =𝑚
2
A. Fundamental
Quantities
Volume 𝑚 × 𝑚 × 𝑚 =𝑚
3
B. Derived
Quantities
Speed 𝑚 ÷ 𝑠 = 𝑚/𝑠

Density 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
3

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 STEM 5

0.703 96 hm →deci
C. METRIC PREFIXES ○ 0.703. 96 → 703.96
(from hecto to deci, your gonna move the
decimal point three places to the right)
Power Prefix Abbreviation
of 10 D. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
● Decimal to Scientific Notation
10
12 Tera T ○ If it’s a very large number, the
exponent is positive.
10
9 Giga G ○ If its a very small number, the
exponent is negative
6 Mega M ○ As you count to the left, the
10
exponent will be positive
3 Kilo k ○ As you count to the right, the
10
exponent is negative
○ Examples:
10
2 Hecto h
● Scientific Notation to Decimal
○ If the exponent is positive, you
10
1 Deca dk
count going to the right
○ If the exponent is negative,
Base Unit you count going to the left.
○ Examples”
10
−1 Deci d
II. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
10
−2 Centi c
● The precision of the device will
determine the significant figures
10
−3 Mili m ● All digits know with certainty and an
estimated digit.
10
−6 Micro µ ● Example:
● Remember:
10
−9 Nano n ○ All non-zero digits are significant
○ Zeroes between non-zero digits are
10
−12 Pico p significant
○ Leading zeros are not significant.
● Example ○ Trailing zeros with a decimal point is
significant.
92.1 Tb → Giga ● Examples:
○ 92.100. → 92 100 610 240 148
(from Tera to Giga, your gonna move the [9 significant figures (sig fig)]
decimal point three places to the right)
61 µg → centi 180 300
○ 0.0061 → 0.006 1 [4 sig fig]
(from Tera to Giga, your gonna move the 64 780.
decimal point four places to the left) [5 sig fig]

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 STEM 5

0.13 111.2572 = 111.26

[2 sig fig]
● 11 000 kg + 563.73 kg + 1 017 kg - 1.1 kg
0.000 000 000 000 3 11 000 kg
[2 sig fig] + 563.73 kg
+ 1 017 kg
- 1.1 kg
III. SIGNIFICANT 12 579.63 = 13 000
FIGURES/RULES
B. MULTIPLICATION/DIVISION &
A. ADDITION/SUBTRACTION TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
● Least degree of precision ● Least number of significant figures
● Farthest estimate to the left
STEPS IN MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING
STEPS IN ADDING AND SUBTRACTING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 1. Identify the least number of significant
1. Take note of the least precise figures
measurement (the estimate of each 4 sf 3 sf
value is the digit with the red font 750.1 m ÷ 10.3 s
below)
2. Round off the answer to the nearest
3 890 000 J tenths for it to have 3 significant
+ 55 000 J figures
- 2.0567 J 4 sf 3 sf
750.1 m ÷ 10.3 s = 72.825242… m/s
2. Round off to the ten thousands
because that is the least precise place 3. The number will be retained because
its next digit is 2, which is less than 5.
3 890 000 J 3 sf
+ 55 000 J 72.8 m/s
- 2.0567 J
3 944 997.9433 J EXAMPLES
● (31 N)(256 m)(cos 56.4°)
3. The number will be retained because 2 sf 3 sf 3 sf
its next digit is 4, which is less than 5. (31 N)(256 m)(cos 56.4°) = 4 391.71… Nm
Put zeros as placeholders. 2 sf then put zeros as placeholders
4 400 - final answer
3 940 000 J
● (69.41)(39.5)÷(28.9)
EXAMPLES 4 sf 3 sf
● 1250 km - 86 km + 500 km (69.41)(39.5)
1250 km = 94.8683… = 94.9
(28.9)
- 86 km 3 sf
+ 500 km
1 664 km - round up because its next digit is 6 ● ½ (50.94)(10.18)(3.5)
1 700 km - final answer 4 sf 3 sf 2 sf
½ (50.94)(10.8)(3.5) = 962.766 = 960
● 100.6342 N + 53.65 N - 64.273 N
100.6342 N
- 53.65 N
+ 64.273 N C. MULTIPLE OPERATIONS

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 STEM 5

● Follow PEMDAS ● Conversion factors:

● Take note of the rule at a time ○ 1 in = 2.54 cm
○ 1 ft = 12 inches
EXAMPLES 2 sf 2 sf
● (35.5 - 20.1) ÷ 1.7 1 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡
160 cm x x = 5.249… ft
3 sf 2.54 𝑐𝑚 12 𝑖𝑛
35.05 − 20.1 14.95 = 5.2 ft
= = 8.794… = 8.8
1.7 1.7
2 sf 2. The mass of a certain object is 0.286 lbs.
What is this in grams?
● (9.64)(33.1) + (55.45)(6.7) ● Conversion factors:
3 sf 3 sf 4 sf 2 sf ○ 1 kg = 2.205 lb
(9.64)(33.1) + (55.45)(6.8) ○ 1 kg = 1000 g
= 319.084 + 360.425
= 679.509 3 sf 3 sf
= 680
1 𝑘𝑔 1000 𝑔
0.286 lb x x = 129.705… g
● (1.9 + 2.39) ÷ (4.01)(7.81) 2.205 𝑙𝑏 1 𝑘𝑔
2 sf = 130. g
1.9 + 2.39 4.29
= = 0.137157... = 0.137 3. The top speed of an ODM gear is 25 m/s.
(4.01)(7.8) 31.278
What is this speed in km/h?
3 sf 2 sf 2 sf
● Conversion factors:
○ 1 km = 1000 m
○ 1 hr = 60 min
D. CONVERSION OF UNITS ○ 1 min = 60 s
● The answer must contain the same
number of significant figures as the 2 sf
original value. It is because we are 1 𝑘𝑚 60 𝑠 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
only converting from one unit to 25 m/s x x x
1000 𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑟
another = 90. km/hr - 2 sf
E. ACCURACY AND PRECISION
CONVERSION FACTORS
Accuracy
● Time
● How close the experimental value
○ 1 min = 60 s
(average) is to the accepted value
○ 1 hr = 60 min
Precision
● Mass
● Refers to how close a series of
○ 1 kg = 2.205 lbs
measurements are to one another
○ 1 kg = 1000 g
Accepted Value (AV)
● Volume
● Regarded as true by the general
○ 1 gal = 3.785 L
3 public and scientific community
○ 1 mL = 1 𝑐𝑚 Experimental Value (EV)
○ 1 gal = q quarts (qt) ● Values that we gather in an
● Length experiment
○ 1 in = 2.54 cm PERCENT ERROR
○ 1 ft = 12 in Percent Error (%E)
○ 1 mi = 1.61 km ● Measure of accuracy
○ 1 yard = 3 ft ● Must always be reported into 1
decimal place
EXAMPLES ● 5% ME (margin of error) is the
1. Levi Ackerman’s height is 160 cm. What is allowable error in a
his height in feet?

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 STEM 5

research/experiment. If the margin of ● Measure of precision

error is 5% (5% ME), then the level of ● 1 significant figure only
confidence is 95% (95% LC) 𝑟𝑖
● Usually the allowable percent error in ● One observation in the data set
the medical allied field is 2% ME which 𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑔
is also 98% LC
● Arithmetic mean of the observations
● Example No. 1 n
Boiling Point of Water: 100°C ● Number of observations in the data set
Students’ Data A:
Trial 1 99.8°C ● Example No. 1
Trial 2 100.5°C Boiling Point of Water: 100°C
Trial 3 100.3°C Students’ Data A:
100.2°C Trial 1 99.8°C
Trial 2 100.5°C
|𝐸𝑉−𝐴𝑉| Trial 3 100.3°C
%Error = x 100 100.2°C
𝐴𝑉
|100.2−100| 2
%Error = x 100 ⅀(𝑟𝑖−𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑔)
100 SD =
%Error = 0.2% 𝑛−1
2 2 2
● Example No. 2 ⅀(99.8−100.2) +(100.5−100.2) +(100.3−100.2)
Boiling Point of Water: 100°C 3−1
Students’ Data B: 0.16 +0.09 + 0.01
Trial 1 99.5°C = 0.360 (3 - uncertainty)
2
Trial 2 101.3°C
Trial 3 96.8°C Match the measurement to the uncertainty to
99.2°C have the same place value
tenths tenths
|𝐸𝑉−𝐴𝑉|
0.360 100.2°C
%Error = x 100
𝐴𝑉
100.2°C ± 0.3 °C
|99.2−100| 99.9°C - 100.5°C
%Error = x 100
100
%Error = 0.8%
● Example No. 2
● Example No. 3 Boiling Point of Water: 100°C
Boiling Point of Water: 100°C Students’ Data B:
Students’ Data C: Trial 1 99.5°C
Trial 1 97.7°C Trial 2 101.3°C
Trial 2 103.1°C Trial 3 96.8°C
Trial 3 94.9°C 99.2°C
98.6°C 2
⅀(𝑟𝑖−𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑔)
|𝐸𝑉−𝐴𝑉| SD =
𝑛−1
%Error = x 100
𝐴𝑉 2 2 2
|98.6−100| ⅀(99.5−99.2) +(101.3−99.2) +(96.8−99.2)
%Error = x 100 3−1
100
%Error = 1.4% 0.09 +4.41 + 5.76
= 2.264 (2 - uncertainty)
2
STANDARD DEVIATION
Standard Deviation (SD)

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 STEM 5

Match the measurement to the uncertainty to Boiling Point of Water: 100°C

have the same place value Students’ Data A:
ones ones Trial 1 103.5°C
2.264 99.2°C Trial 2 99.3°C
Trial 3 96.9°C
99°C ± 2 °C Average 99.9°C
97°C - 101°C
C. SOURCE OF ERRORS
● Example No. 2 - All of these errors can be either
Boiling Point of Water: 100°C random or systematic depending on
Students’ Data C: how they affect the results.
Trial 1 97.7°C
Trial 2 103.1°C a. Precision of Instruments
Trial 3 94.9°C - Precision is defined as the closeness
98.6°C between two or more measured
2
values to each other.
⅀(𝑟𝑖−𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑔) - In measurements, the last digit is
SD = considered as an estimate
𝑛−1
- Estimates vary from person to person
2 2 2
⅀(97.7−98.6) +(103.1−98.6) +(94.9−98.6)
3−1 b. Scale Error/Inaccurate Calibration
- scale error is when measurements
0.81 +20.25 + 13.69 consistently differ from the true value
= 4.16 (4-uncertainty)
2 proportionally.
- Measuring using an object with a
Match the measurement to the uncertainty to known value can help us determine if
have the same place value the instrument is properly calibrated.
ones ones
4.16 98.6°C Ex. Know value: 100kg of steel
Reading: 102.5kg
99°C ± 4 °C
95°C - 103°C - Instrument needs calibration

c. Zero Error
IV. TYPES OF ERRORS - defined as the condition where a
measuring instrument registers a
A. SYSTEMATIC ERROR reading when there should not be any
- Deviation from the true value reading.
- Reduces accuracy - defined as the error a measuring
instrument is reading when it should
Boiling Point of Water(true value): 100°C be on the zero mark.
Students’ Data A: Ex. The flat end screw of a micrometer gauge
Trial 1 104.2°C touches the stud and the gauge reads other
Trial 2 103.6°C than zero.
Trial 3 104.5°C Nothing is placed between the jaws of
Average 104.1°C a vernier caliper yet the reading is >0.

B. RANDOM ERROR d. Parallax Error

- Deviation among - occurs when the measurement of an
measurements object's length is more or less than the
- Reduces precision true length because of your eye being

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 STEM 5

positioned at an angle to the - Quantity of something.

measurement markings.
- refers to the change in the apparent
position of an object when viewed
from different points.
Ex. failure to read the volume of a
liquid properly in a graduated cylinder or
burette.
- A numerical value with units.
Ex. 6 Kg, 100°C, 28 km
Direction
- Describes which way something is
going (North, East, West, and South)

e. Environmental Error
- an error in calculations that are being
a part of observations due to the
environment.
- Occurs when the surrounding
environment (such as a lab) causes
errors in the experiment
For example, if you are trying to
measure the mass of an apple on a scale, and
your classroom is windy, the wind may cause
the scale to read incorrectly.

f. Reaction Time A. Fundamental Quantities

- All fundamental quantities are scalar
- A random error
quantities.
- the reaction times will not be the Time(m), Mass(g), Temperature(K), Amount of
same in repeated measurements; Substance(mol), Electric Current(A), Luminous
our measured times will be Intensity(cd)
randomly distributed around the Length is not always Scalar
true time. Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to
For example, we may delay too long in "how much ground an object has covered"
starting the watch or delay too long in stopping during its motion. Ex: 420 km
the watch.
Titration: is the slow addition of one Displacement is a vector quantity that refers
solution to a known volume of another solution to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the
of unknown concentration(a test of reaction object's overall change in position.
time) - Shortest distance between two points.
- If one’s reaction is slow, then a greater Ex: 96 km, East
amount of the titrant will be added
resulting in inaccurate determination of
the concentration. B. Derived Quantities
There will always be uncertainty in
a. Scalar & Scalar = SCALAR
measurements caused by errors that are
controlled or uncontrolled by us. We cannot 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝑙) × (𝑤)
completely eliminate uncertainty, but we can 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × ℎ
minimize it by minimizing or avoiding errors. 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = (𝐴)(𝑡)
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
V. SCALAR AND VECTOR 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
QUANTITIES 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

Magnitude b. Vector & Scalar = VECTOR

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 STEM 5

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)(𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)(𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)

c. Vector & Vector

C.1 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 & 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ= Vector
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
C.2
𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 & 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ= Scalar
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠θ B. Trigonometric Functions

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
VI. VECTOR QUANTITY sinθ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
RULES 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cosθ =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
A. Determining Direction tanθ =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
● There are three (3) ways to determine Note: The trigonometric Functions are derived
the direction: from the right triangle. Remember that the side
1. With respect to positive x directly opposite from the right angle is called
the hypotenuse and it’s the longest side of the
2. With respect to the x-axis (reference triangle. However, the side facing the given
angles) angle is called the opposite side, and the side
a. with respect to the East directly attached to the given angle is called
b. with respect to the West the adjacent side.

3. With respect to the y-axis

a. with respect to the North
b. with respect to the South
Example
C. ADDING VECTORS
● Resultant (R)
○ The sum of all vectors
○ A single vector which is
equivalent to the combined
effect of two or more
component vectors acting at
the same point.

Method of Adding Vectors

● Analytical Method
a. Pythagorean Theorem
c2 = a2 + b2
b. Trigonometric Function
𝑆𝑜ℎ𝐶𝑎ℎ𝑇𝑜𝑎
c. Component Method
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

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 STEM 5

Solution:
D. CASES OF VECTORS
ADDITION
● Collinear Vectors
○ vectors along the same line
○ If the collinear vectors are in
the same direction, then the
given should be added and
follow the same direction for Magnitude
the unit. 2 2
R= 𝑎 + 𝑏
EXAMPLES 2 2
R = (37. 2) + (31. 8)
R =48. 93955
R = 48.9 m/s

Equation
𝑜𝑝𝑝
tanθ =
𝑎𝑑𝑗
If the collinear vectors are in the opposite 𝑜𝑝𝑝 |
θ = tan-1 ||
direction, then the given should be 𝑎𝑑𝑗 |
subtracted and follow the direction of which 31.8
has the bigger magnitude. θ = tan-1 || | → 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ of
37.2 | → 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡
θ = 40.5251
θ = 40.5° S of W
Final Answer
48.9 m/s, 40.5° S of W

● Non-collinear Vector
● Perpendicular Vector ○ Component Method
○ vectors at 90° or forms a right
triangle 1. Determine the components of all
○ Possible directions that can vectors
form perpendicular vectors 2. Add all components
a. North and East 3. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to
b. North and West calculate the magnitude
c. South and East 4. Use the Trigonometric Function to
d. South and West determine the direction
○ Equations to be used:
a. Pythagorean Theorem
EXAMPLE
b. Trigonometric
Functions 68.3 km/hr, 25.0° W of S
Given:
EXAMPLE
Given:
10.3 m/s, South Solution
50.1 m/s, West
21.5 m/s, South
12.9 m/s, East

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 STEM 5

*since it is with respect to the South or the y

axis, Ry=cosθR.
VII. RECTILINEAR
MOTION

A. MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

● Frame of Reference
○ set of coordinates that
describe the points relative to
the body Figure 2. distance = 0.2 km or 200m.
● Displacement
○ the shortest path taken
between two points
● Instantaneous Speed
○ the speed at a particular point
● Instantaneous Velocity
○ the instantaneous speed with
direction
● Acceleration
○ rate of change in velocity
/⃤ 𝑣
𝑎=
⃤ 𝑡
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎=
Figure 1. Frame of Reference. 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖

● Motion
○
change of position over time EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
● Distance
○ the total path taken between two
points

Figure 3. Initial Velocity.

Figure 4. Final Velocity.

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 STEM 5

2 2
3. 2𝑎𝑑 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
1 2
4. 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2

EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
1.) Albedo drove 15.6 km to the north in
23.3 minutes. What is Albedo’s
average speed and average velocity
for this motion?
*it is recommended that you draw the problem
first before proceeding*
Figure 4. Time.

𝑣𝑖 = 19 𝑘𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑟 5. 3 𝑚/𝑠 STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS

𝑣𝑓 = 44 𝑘𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑟 12 𝑚/𝑠 ① Change the minute into seconds
𝑡 = 6. 80𝑠 𝑡 = 23. 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 60 𝑠
𝑡 = 1398 𝑠
12 𝑚/𝑠−5.3 𝑚/𝑠 And kilometer to meter
𝑎=
6.80 𝑠 𝑑 = 15. 6 𝑘𝑚 * 1000 𝑚
2 𝑑 = 15600 𝑚
𝑎 =0. 985... 𝑚/𝑠
2 ② Find which equation to use for the
𝑎 =1 𝑚/𝑠
average speed or average velocity.
B. MECHANICS *you can start at any order*
● Kinematics 𝑑
○ Description of Motion a. 𝑣 =
𝑡
○ Ex: 10 m/s | 25 km/hr
𝑑⃗
● Dynamics b. 𝑣⃗ =
𝑡
○ Explanation of Motion
③ Following the equation, divide the
○ Asking why an object is
displacement and the time. Beware of
fast/slow
the significant number.
● Statics
15600 𝑚
○ No change in motion a. 𝑣 =
1398 𝑠
○ Ex: Buildings | Trees
𝑣 = 11. 16... 𝑚/𝑠
C. KINEMATICS EQUATION 𝑣 = 11. 2 𝑚/𝑠
Constant Motion: 15600 𝑚, 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ
b. 𝑣⃗ =
1. 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 1398 𝑠
𝑑 𝑣⃗ = 11. 16... 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ
a. 𝑣= 𝑡
(constant velocity) 𝑣⃗ = 11. 2 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ
𝑑⃗
b. 𝑣⃗ = (average velocity)
𝑡
2.) Klee went fish blasting with Kaeya and
Constant Acceleration:
throw her Jumpty Dumpty in which
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖
2. 𝑎 = 2
accelerates 8.00 𝑚/𝑠 . Find the
𝑡
following:

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 STEM 5

a.) The velocity of the Jumpty 𝑡 = 3. 4125 𝑠

Dumpty after it has traveled 𝑡 = 3. 41 𝑠
46.6 m ⑧ Last, solve for c.). Find the right
b.) How much time has elapsed equation to use.
c.) Calculate the average velocity. 𝑑⃗
𝑣⃗ =
𝑡
⑨ Following the equation divide the
STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS
displacement and time
① Solve for a.) first and find the right 46.6 𝑚
equation to use 𝑣⃗ =
31.41 𝑠
a. 𝑣𝑓 =? 𝑣⃗ =13. 67... 𝑚/𝑠
2 2
2𝑎𝑑 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑣⃗ =13. 7 𝑚/𝑠
2
② Cross out the 𝑣𝑖 since our initial is at
rest therefore it’s equal to zero (0) 3) Zhongli and Venti decided to visit
2𝑎𝑑 = 𝑣𝑓
2 Ei in Inazuma. The Waverider
③ In order, to get the squared out of the travels at a constant velocity of
way, add square root and cross out 12.2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 for 60.5𝑠 from
2 Mondstadt to Liyue. Then it
2𝑎𝑑 = 𝑣𝑓 → 2𝑎𝑑 = 𝑣𝑓 2
④ Since we need to find the 𝑣𝑓change accelerates at 7.40 𝑚/𝑠 for 75.3𝑠
the position and put the given then until it comes to a full stop at
solve Inazuma. Find the following:
𝑣𝑓 = 2𝑎𝑑 a) displacement traveled
2 b) velocity before sailing off
𝑣𝑓 = 2(8. 00 𝑚/𝑠 )(46. 6 𝑚)
𝑣𝑓 = 27. 31... 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑓 = 27. 3 𝑚/𝑠 STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS
⑤ Proceed to solve b.) and find the right ① Change km/hr to m/s by multiplying
equation to use 1000 and dividing 3600
b. 𝑡 =? 𝑣𝑖 = 12. 2 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 × 1000 ÷ 3600
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖 = 3. 39 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎=
𝑡 ② Solve for the displacement first and
But since we need to find the find the right equation to use.
time, change the position However, note that there is 2
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 displacements in this problem, and we
𝑡=
𝑎 are finding the “total” displacement.
d1=?
⑥ Cross out the 𝑣𝑖 since our initial is at
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡
rest therefore it’s equal to zero (0)
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓
𝑑 = (3. 39 𝑚/𝑠)(60. 5 𝑠)
𝑡= →𝑡 = 𝑑 = 205. 095 𝑚
𝑎 𝑎
⑦ Using the final velocity that we obtain 𝑑1 = 205 𝑚
in solving for a.), and solve
27.3 𝑚/𝑠 d2=?
𝑡= 2 1 2
8.00 𝑚/𝑠 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2

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 STEM 5

1
𝑑 = (3. 39 𝑚/𝑠)(75. 3 𝑠) +
2
2 2
(7. 40 𝑚/𝑠 )(75. 3 𝑠)
𝑑 = 255. 267 𝑚 + 20979. 333 𝑚
𝑑 = 21234. 6 𝑚
𝑑2 = 21200 𝑚

dT=?
𝑑𝑇 = 205 𝑚 + 21200 𝑚
𝑑𝑇 = 21405 𝑚
𝑑𝑇 = 21400 𝑚
③ Next, solve for b., find the right
equation to use to find the final
velocity.
vf=?
EXAMPLE
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖
𝑎= 1.) Tartaglia shoots down an arrow
𝑡
(without initial velocity) from the top of
However, since we are looking for the a cliff. The sound is heard after 7.20
final velocity change the equation seconds. What is the height of the
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑣𝑖 cliff?
2
𝑣𝑓 = (7. 40 𝑚/𝑠 )(75. 3 𝑠) + 3. 39 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑓 = 557. 22 𝑚/𝑠 + 3. 39 𝑚/𝑠
STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS
𝑣𝑓 = 560. 61 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑓 = 561 𝑚/𝑠 or 2020 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 *It is recommended that you draw the problem
to make it easier to understand. You can also
choose to write the given.
D. FREE-FALL
① Find the right equation to find the
● Motion under the influence of gravity
height. Don’t forget to look at the given
alone where air resistance is
to find which equation to use.
negligible.
1 2
● Vertically upward/downward 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
We used “g” here instead of “a” since
it’s about gravity and not acceleration.
② Change the equation with the given
and solve. The “g” is already given
2
which is “𝑔 = − 9. 81 𝑚/𝑠 ”
2 2
𝑑 = 0 + 1/2(− 9. 81 𝑚/𝑠 )(7. 20 𝑠)
𝑑 = − 254. 2752 𝑚
𝑑 = − 254 𝑚
③ Take note if what we are trying to find
is a “Scalar” or “Vector”. Since we are
● Escape Velocity of Earth: 11 200 m/s
looking for the height and height is a
● Acceleration due to Gravity:
2 scalar the negative sign (-) is not
𝑔= − 9. 81 𝑚/𝑠 needed.

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 STEM 5

Final Answer: The height of the cliff is

254 m.

2.) Kokomi throws the Delusion from the

top of Sangonomiya Shrine with an
initial velocity of 45.0 m/s straight
upward, at an initial height of 222 m
above the ground. The Delusion just
misses the edge on its way down.
Determine the following:
a.) the maximum height relative
to the ground
b.) the total time for the ball to 2 2
2𝑔𝑑 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 we can’t use 1, 2,
reach the ground
and 4 because time is still not given
c.) the position and velocity of the
ball at time 6.00 s 2
② Cross out the 𝑣𝑓 since it is equal to
zero(0),
STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS 2 2 2
2𝑔𝑑 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 → 2𝑔𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖
① Starting with a.) we are going to find Divide both sides with 2𝑔so we will
the maximum height, which means only be left with 𝑑 since we are looking
from the highest point until the ground. for the distance then solve.
2
−𝑣𝑖
𝑑=
2𝑔
2
−(45.0 𝑚/𝑠)
𝑑= 2
2(−9.81 𝑚/𝑠 )
𝑑 = 103. 21... 𝑚
follow the least significant figures
𝑑 = 103 𝑚
③ Add the height of the shrine and the
highest point.
ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 103 𝑚 + 222 𝑚 = 325 𝑚
④ To find the total time we need to find
the following:
In order to get that we need to find the a. time until it reaches the
height from the initial velocity until the highest point
highest point. Find the right equation
to use.

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 STEM 5

b. the time until it falls. Cross out the − 4. 905 so 𝑡

2

will be left and divide the other

side
2
𝑡 = 66. 2589
𝑡 = 8. 13996
𝑡𝑏 = 8. 14 𝑠
⑥ Add both 𝑡𝑎and 𝑡𝑏to get the total time
𝑡 = 4. 59 𝑠 + 8. 14 𝑠 = 12. 73 𝑠
⑦ Next, we are going to find the 𝑑 and
𝑣𝑓 at 6. 00 𝑠. Find the right equation to
use.
1 2
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝑑 = (45. 0 𝑚/𝑠)(6. 00 𝑠) +
2
2
Find the right equation to use in a. and (− 9. 81)(6. 00 𝑠)
b. 𝑑 = 270 𝑚 + (− 176. 58 𝑚)
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 𝑑 = 93. 42
a. 𝑡 =
𝑔 𝑑 = 93. 4 𝑚
1 2
b. 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑔𝑡 + 𝑣𝑖
⑤ Solve one-by-one starting with 𝑣𝑓
2
= (− 9. 81 𝑚/𝑠 )(6. 00 𝑠) + (45. 0 𝑚/𝑠)
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 = − 58. 86 𝑚/𝑠 + 45. 0 𝑚/𝑠
a. 𝑡 =
𝑔 𝑣𝑓 = − 13. 86 𝑚/𝑠
Cross out the 𝑣𝑓 𝑣𝑓 = − 13. 7 𝑚/𝑠
−45.0 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡= 2
−9.81 𝑚/𝑠
E. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF
𝑡 = 4. 587... 𝑠
MOTION
𝑡𝑎 = 4. 59 𝑠
1 2 ● Position vs. Time Graph
b. 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 ○ The SLOPE of the line joining
2
Cross out the 𝑣𝑖𝑡 two points of the graph
1 2
represents the average
− 325 = (− 9. 81)𝑡 velocity of an object.
2
We put negative(-) in the
displacement because it is
below the origin
2
− 325 = − 4. 905𝑡
2
−325 −4.905𝑡
−4.905
= −4.905

EXAMPLE

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 STEM 5

1.) 3s is a and 10s is b

𝑌𝑏−𝑌𝑎 15 𝑚/𝑠−10 𝑚/𝑠
1.) 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴3𝑠 − 10𝑠 =
𝑋𝑏−𝑋𝑎 10 𝑠−3 𝑠
10 𝑚 −15 𝑚 5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴3𝑠 − 10𝑠 =
2 𝑠−0 𝑠 7𝑠
2
5𝑚 𝐴3𝑠 − 10𝑠 =0. 714... 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑎𝑏 =
2𝑠 2
𝐴3𝑠 − 10𝑠 = + 0. 7 𝑚/𝑠 → 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 2. 5 𝑚/𝑠 𝑌𝑏−𝑌𝑎
𝑌ℎ−𝑌𝑓 2.) 𝐴4𝑠 − 6𝑠 =
2.) 𝑉𝑓ℎ = 𝑋𝑏−𝑋𝑎
𝑋ℎ−𝑋𝑓 (−1 𝑚/𝑠)−7.5 𝑚
7.5 𝑚−(−7.5 𝑚) 𝐴4𝑠 − 6𝑠 =
𝑉𝑓ℎ = 6 𝑠−4 𝑠
12 𝑠 −10 𝑠 (−8.5 𝑚/𝑠)
15 𝑚 𝐴4𝑠 − 6𝑠 =
𝑉𝑓ℎ = 2𝑠
2𝑠 2
𝐴4𝑠 − 6𝑠 = − 4. 25 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓ℎ = 7. 5 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑌𝑔−𝑌𝑑 𝐴4𝑠 − 6𝑠 = − 4 𝑚/𝑠 → 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛
3.) 𝑉𝑑𝑔 =
𝑋𝑔−𝑋𝑑
0 𝑚−0 𝑚 𝑌𝑏−𝑌𝑎
𝑉𝑑𝑔 = 3.) 𝐴9𝑠 − 10𝑠 =
11 𝑠−7 𝑠 𝑋𝑏−𝑋𝑎
0𝑚 15 𝑚/𝑠−15 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝑔 = 𝐴9𝑠 − 10𝑠 =
4𝑠 10 𝑠−9 𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝑔 = 0𝑚/𝑠 0 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴9𝑠 − 10𝑠 =
1𝑠
2
● Velocity vs. Time Graph 𝐴9𝑠 − 10𝑠 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
○ The AREA under the curve
represents the displacement
of an object.

EXAMPLE VIII. REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Find the average experimental value,
percent error, and standard deviation
of the given below:

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 STEM 5

9. An airplane accelerates down a

Boiling Point of Water: 100°C 2
runway at 6.14 𝑚/𝑠 for 37.5 s until it
Students’ Data A:
finally lifts off the ground. Determine
Trial 1 98.9°C
Trial 2 99.7°C the distance traveled before takeoff.
Trial 3 100.3°C
10. Aether wishes on Hu Tao’s banner, the
2. What is the sum of all vectors called? intertwined fate shoots down (without
initial velocity) from Celestia. The
3. What possible directions can form sound is heard after 620. seconds.
Perpendicular Vectors?
What is the height of Celestia from the
4. Vectors that form a right triangle are ground?
called?
ANSWER KEY
5. True or False. Noncollinear vectors
are vectors that are not along the
same line.

6. Determine the type of error given the

student’s trials

Melting Point of Gallium: 29.8°C

Student’s Data A:
Trial 1 23.4°C
Trial 2 26.9°C
Trial 3 31.2°C
Trial 4 34.5°C
Trial 5 32.5°C

7. Determine the accuracy and precision

Melting Point of Gallium: 29.8°C
Student’s Data A:
Trial 1 23.4°C
Trial 2 26.9°C
Trial 3 31.2°C Answer 8
Trial 4 34.5°C
Trial 5 32.5°C

8. A sailboat sails 29.30 km, East;

120.55 km, North. Then it sails 33.21
km, South and finally 7.00 km, West
until it arrives at the shore. Calculate
the boat’s displacement.

Given:
29.30 km, East
120.55 km, North
33.21 km, South
7.00 km, West

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 STEM 5

Mary Glendale Hizoler

Member

Approved by:

(SGD)
Carmelo Banlasan Jr., LPT
General Physics Teacher

Answer 9
2
Quiliano Jr G. Oracion, LPT, MAT-MATH
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 1/2 𝑎𝑡 General Physics Teacher
1 2
𝑑 = (37. 5) + (6. 14 𝑚/𝑠 )(37. 5 𝑠)
2
𝑑 = 152. 625
𝑑 = 153 𝑚

Answer 10
1 2
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
1 2
𝑑= (− 9. 81 𝑚/𝑠 )(620. 𝑠)
2
𝑑 = − 3041. 1 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑 = 3040 𝑚/𝑠

VALIDATED
Prepared by:

Karyl Joy Mancera

Math Representative

Angel Aika Matsui

Subject Sub-Leader

Breanna Colleen Pangilinan

Member

Yuri Patrick Subibi

Member

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