Introduction To Subsea Field Components

PIPELINES AND RISERS
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Zahiraniza Mustaffa, CEng. MImaREST

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
32610 Seri Iskandar
Perak, Malaysia
Email: zahiraniza@utp.edu.my
© 2017 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Zahiraniza Mustaffa owner.
1
CONTENT OF LECTURE
1. Introduction to Subsea Field Components

2. Carbon-Manganese Steel Pipeline
3. Pipeline Route Selection
4. Pipeline Construction
5. Pipeline Installation Method
6. Pipeline Design
7. Problems Associated with Pipelines
8. Flexible and Composite Pipelines
VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Zahiraniza Mustaffa
2
Introduction:
Offshore Oil Field Development
In this lecture, you will be given an historical overview of

offshore oil field development and flowlines/pipelines.
The offshore oil and field technology progresses based on

below development:
•
•

3
It is all about extracting the
hydrocarbon out from the sea..

4
Be thankful to the dinosaurs!

5
Dinosaurs became oil!

6
7
Sedimentary
layers can
contain
fossils of
ancient
plants and
animals

8
“Crude is a nasty material, very destructive
when it spills into the environment, and very
toxic when it contacts humans or animals.
It’s not even useful for energy, or anything

else, until it’s chemically processed, or refined,
into suitable products like naphtha, gasoline,
heating oil, kerosene, asphaltics, mineral
spirits, natural gas liquids, and a host of
others.”
(http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2014/04/26/pick-your-poison-for-crude-
pipeline-rail-truck-or-boat/)
9
Historical development..

10
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Lecture 1:
Subsea Field Components
In this lecture, you will learn about the subsea field components
involved in a production of offshore oil and gas resources.
The subsea field components involved comprises:
• Risers
• Tie-in spools/Jumpers
• Flowlines/Pipelines
• Subsea structures (SSIVs, Manifolds etc.)
• Xmas Trees
• Umbilicals
• Deepwater Manifold and Templates
• Diverless Technology
• PLETS

16
Typical Subsea Field Components

17
Photo of Subsea Components: Santos Basin
Platform

18
19
Field
Development
Concept

20
When do we pump in
water or gas?

21
Subsea Field Components
• Risers
• Tie-in spools/Jumpers
• Flowlines/Pipelines
• Subsea Structures (SSIVs, Manifolds and etc.)
• Xmas Trees
• Umbilicals
• Deep Water Manifold and Templates
• Diverless Connectors
• Pipeline End Termination (PLET)

22
SHALLOW WATER FIELD
COMPONENTS
• Risers
• Tie-in spools / jumpers
• Subsea structures:
o SSIVs
o Manifolds
o PLEMs
o Riser bases
• Xmas trees
• Umbilicals
• Subsea distribution units

23
Riser
Functions:
• Pipes used for production, drilling and export of oil and gas from seabed.
• Transfer hydrocarbon, platform's topside and chemicals, injection water &
gas between subsea pipeline system

24
• Riser system is a key component for offshore drilling or floating production
projects.
• The cost and technical challenges of the riser system increase significantly
with the water depth.
• Design of riser system depends on field layout, vessel interfaces, fluid
properties and environmental condition.

25
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Tie-in Spool/Jumper
• Function:
• Connects components:
• Connect riser to pipeline (Tie-in spool)
• Connect pipeline to manifold / riser base (Tie-in spool)
• Connect manifold to Xmas tree (Jumper)
• Accommodates pipeline's expansion
• Eases installation of pipeline, manifold etc. by

accommodating installation tolerance. Tie-in spool
dimensions can be adjusted to compensate for installation
tolerances

27
28
Pipeline
• Function:
• Transports hydrocarbon, chemicals, injection water & gas
from one point to another point
• lnfield flowlines: To transport hydrocarbon/water/gas

between components of a field (e.9. manifold and riser
base)
• Export pipelines: To transport hydrocarbon to the other

platforms or onshore
• Trunk pipeline: To transport oil and petroleum products over

long distances

29
Pipeline System

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Zahiraniza Mustaffa 30 30
Pipeline System
• Pipeline system may be grouped under different categories:
• Single Pipe Pipelines
• Piggybacked Pipelines
• Pipe-In-Pipe Pipelines
• Bundle Pipelines

31
Single Pipe Pipeline
• Simplest pipeline
configuration.
• Wet insulation (insulation

exposed to the water).
• Average heat conductivity

(U-Value) –2 to 5 W/M 2 K

32
Piggybacked Pipeline
• A secondary pipeline is
piggybacked to preliminary
pipeline.
• It eases installation as both

lines are installed in one go.
• It minimizes seabed
intervention (trenching,
backfilling, crossing and
etc.). as both pipeline are
installed in one trench.

33
Pipe-In-Pipe (PIP) Pipeline
Why PIP?
– Low heat conductivity (U-Value) – about 1W/M 2 K
– good resistance against global buckling as section acts as a
composite section
Structure of PIP
– Cross-Section:
• Consists of two concentric pipe
• Annulus can be filled in by a layer of insulation (if required)

34
Bundle Pipelines
• Advantages
• All fabrication work is performed onshore and
bundle towed to site
• Several pipelines installed in one go
• Good/Low heat conductivity
• Can include umbilical cores
• No need for trenching
• Disadvantages
• Limited number of installation contractors
can do it
• Is good for short pipelines
• Installation location can not be very far away
from onshore fabrication yard due to
transport loads and fatigue

35
Subsea Isolation Value (SSIV)
Structure
• SSIV is to isolate the pipeline inventory from platform
• SSIV may be required depending on the chemical characteristics of pipeline

inventory / hydrocarbon and safety considerations (usually required for gas
pipelines)
• SSIV generally consists of one actuated valve and one or two manual
valves which are enclosed in a frame
• SSIV actuated valve is controlled by an umbilical
• SSIV can be combined with other subsea structures. e.g. it can be placed
in a riser base structure.

36
37
Subsea Manifold
• Components:
• An assembly of piping (headers and branches), valves,
pressure & temperature transmitters and flow meters
enclosed in a structure
• Subsea Control Module (MCS)
• Function:
• Collects and commingles production of several trees
• Routes water / gas injection pipeline into several injection
wells
• Commingles several pipeline at a riser base and routes into
one riser
• Regulates and measures the flow
• Provides chemical injection points

38
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Pipeline End Manifold (PLEM)
• ln principal, is same as a typical manifold but is simplified due to
the limited functional requirement.
• Located at the end of the pipeline and is an interface

betweenpipeline and adjacent facilities (e.g. riser).

41
• The PLEM is independent of type of connector and connection
system.
• The PLEM has facilities for pig launching and/or receival and can
be equipped with a retrievable check valve module (CVM).
• The header is equipped with a ball valve, to isolate the line,

allowing recovery of the Pig Launcher / Receiver.

42
Xmas Tree
• General
• Dry vs. wet (subsea) Xmas trees
• Subsea Xmas trees:
• Horizontal Xmas tree (HXT)
• Vertical Xmas tree (VXT)
• Function
• Routes hydrocarbon from well to
flowline
• Routes injection water / gas from
flowline to well
• Regulates the flow (choke valve)
• Shuts down the well / production
• Can include chemical injection points

43
44
Umbilical: Component & Function
• Hydraulic tubes/hoses:
• To supply hydraulic power to
actuated valves (direct hydraulic
systems)
• To supply hydraulic power to subsea
control modules (Electrohydraulic
systems)

45
• Chemical injection tubes / hoses
• To supply chemical injection to injection points
• Electrical power cables

• To supply power to subsea equipment and subsea control
modules

46
Umbilical: Component & Function (cont.)
• Control / signal cables
• To remote control subsea equipment (e.9. operating valves)
• To monitor subsea equipment
• To transfer signals indicating pressure and temperature
• Fibre optic cables

• Same as control / signal cables but with much higher capacity
• Filler material
• Are added to obtain a circular cross-section
• lnner sheath
• Extruded over tubes/hoses/cables
• Armour layers
• To protect umbilical against external loads, impact

47
DEEP WATER FIELD DEVELOPMENT
➢ Key differences with shallow water field development:
o All operations should be diverless as divers can not dive

below about 140 m.
o Components should be designed so that all installation and

intervention operation could be performed by ROV (e.g.
traditional flange connections can not be used).
o Subsea operations become more difficult due to water

depth.
o Deep water seabed soil is usually soft / very soft clay which
is challenging from a design point of view.

48
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50
51
Manifolds Mounted on Templates – No
Provision for Drilling
• A template structure /base is installed first - suction piled (if soft clay
seabed) or piled
• Once template installed, manifold will be mounted on it (funnel & guide

post configuration)
• Manifold equipped with driverless in-board hubs (connectors)
• Satellite wells will be connected to manifold by jumpers equipped with

diverless out-board hubs (connectors)
• Why template and manifold are not integrated?

• Becomes too large and difficult to handle
• Better access to operate vent points of suction piles
• Less possible damage to manifold as template is installed first

52
53
Manifolds Mounted on Templates –
With Provision for Drilling
• A template structure is installed first. There are slots on template
to accommodate drilling activities.
• Once template installed, manifold will be mounted on it (funnel &

guide post configuration)
• Template/manifold configuration eliminates the need for driverless

jumpers.
• Eliminates the need for satellite wells - all welds are drilled from
the same template.

54
Diverless Jumpers/Tie-in Spools
• Diverless out-board hubs (connectors) are installed at the ends of
jumper / tie-in spool and are used to connect:
• Xmas trees to manifolds
• Manifolds to pipelines
• Pipelines to riser bases
• There are funnels on connector to help its landing onto guide posts of
subsea structure.
• Connector is actuated by ROV to mate into diverless in-board hub

(connector) of manifold/riser base/SSIV/PLET/Xmas tree.

55
Pipeline End Termination (PLET)
• ln deep water, tie-in spools/jumpers can not be connected to
pipeline by flange connection due to diving depth limitation.
• A diverless in-board hub (connector) need to be connected to the

end of pipeline.
• Connector have its own supporting structure.
• PLET (diverless connector + structure) is installed with pipeline.

And therefore, once pipeline laid on seabed it has an in-board
diverless hub (connector) ready to mate with jumper's out-board
diverless hub (connector).

56
End of Lecture 1 on:
Introduction to Subsea Field
Components

57

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PIPELINES AND RISERS

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Zahiraniza Mustaffa, CEng. MImaREST

© 2017 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be

1. Introduction to Subsea Field Components

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

In this lecture, you will be given an historical overview of

The offshore oil and field technology progresses based on

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

It’s not even useful for energy, or anything

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

The subsea field components involved comprises:

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• Accommodates pipeline's expansion

• Eases installation of pipeline, manifold etc. by

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• lnfield flowlines: To transport hydrocarbon/water/gas

• Export pipelines: To transport hydrocarbon to the other

• Trunk pipeline: To transport oil and petroleum products over

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• Pipeline system may be grouped under different categories:

• Single Pipe Pipelines

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• Wet insulation (insulation

• Average heat conductivity

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• It eases installation as both

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• SSIV may be required depending on the chemical characteristics of pipeline

• SSIV actuated valve is controlled by an umbilical

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• Located at the end of the pipeline and is an interface

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• The header is equipped with a ball valve, to isolate the line,

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• Electrical power cables

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• Fibre optic cables

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

➢ Key differences with shallow water field development:

o All operations should be diverless as divers can not dive

o Components should be designed so that all installation and

o Subsea operations become more difficult due to water

VDB4133 Pipelines & Risers

• Once template installed, manifold will be mounted on it (funnel & guide