Ce Thai) iter ( taste lg Florence TemkoIntroduction Prepare to imenerse yourself in the world of fight and origami with Stationery Flight. This book contaies deections for constructing ‘unusual paper airplanes, using a wide variety at folding. techniques. (Michael Weinstein combines his exteraive knowledge af origars with is interest in acrocyraamics the fies his own airplane) bo create collection of paper models that includes giders, fighter jets, bombers, an antique biplane, and other craft. Soene exhibit little resemblance to-conventional airplanes. yet all are capable of Fight, Along the forces. and clescribes oxigami Florence Temko -Why Paper Airplanes Fly: Because we throw them. ‘This bs partly correct, Any object wal fy iM ghren sufficerst Burts Rockets are simply engines with fins, and even your grandfather's Buick wi fy H you attach a large enough engine (indeed its fhght characteristics may even surpass ts road handing). Paper airplanes are no different. Rocks fly just fine, as do ‘dahes, crystal, and various other common boxsehold terns. On the:other hand, ‘ying rocks and other items are not a very efficent use of energy. Hurled with ‘the same force, a wellemade paper airplane sulted to: high-speed launch wil ly much farther than a rock. And it takes more fuel for a mise to traverse the same distance as an airplane. The reason is that airplanes, bath paper and real, _Benerate their own upward force, called Mt. AB objects in fight have: number ‘of forces acting on them, including thrust, drag. weight, and lft: t Drag: The friction of the object wath air, The smoother the eT ctiject, the fess ction and the Theust: The force that mower the fess drag. That's one reason base object forward. In the case af alts fly tarther than rocks. rocks and paper akplanes, is the acceleration of throwing them. ‘Weight: The Earth's gravity pulls any object toward the ground. Rocks generate lft too, but very, very little. Baseballs actually generate lift in the direction of their sin which és why good pitcher can throw ‘curve balls and siokers.So where does this It stulf come from? Its exitenee comes from the fct that Aids (and gases, leo aid) exert bess pressure when their velocity increases. as first described by an Italan named Bernoulli over two hundred years ago. To sce how this affects airplanes. we need to examine an airplane's ining, The shape of a typical wing shows its curvature, ar camber. The curve ‘on the top of the wing, or alrfod, & what causes Ito have lft. To see why, Jet's examine the travel of air across the wing. Se ‘Notice that the air on the upper surtace of the wing has to ‘travel farther than the air an the bottom. Since it has to travel tess praccine a farthes, the air on top speeds up. But remember Bernall? He to rapid air flow discovered that when ai speeds up. exerts less pressure. Since | the air on top enerts less pressure than the air cA the bottom, ‘there isa net upward torce, or lft. Al airplane wings exert lft, ‘net upward even paper ones. The litte curicues shown at the back of the pressure mtv? Wing represent hurbulence, which Is produced when ait moves { from regions of high to low velocity. This produces drag. ori ‘The more It. the more drag. Airplanes have devices caled flaps, phate ‘which increase lft and drag. so that they can By ut lower speeds for landing. But now we run into 4 problem. Paper airplane wings. are not curved. but are relatively flat. What gives? ‘To understand this, we have to talk about a long-deceased engineer named Gibourne Reynolds, wha figured out how vescosiy affects the Ibeharior of iquids. Vixcasity isan indication a the stickiness af a quid or gas, Reynolds developed a formula to determine the effect of aie en an object; thus every object has its. own Reynolds number For a paper aire plane the number is im the ters of thourinds, while it's im the milions for teal airplane. This means that from a paper airplane's perspective, airs ‘very sticky: is therefore hard for something tiny to produce lots of it, Ibut easy to make plenty of drag. ‘So paper airplanes have very thin wings, which produce less lift and fess drag. Fortunately, paper is ight, ard tte itt is needed! to keep an aver- age papet aplane aloft fer the tine t tains to traverse the being rocen ‘The effect of the Reynolds number can be seen in the shape of animal ‘wings: bed wings are thick and shaped lke an airfod;Ibees have very flat ‘wings, as they have lower Reynolds numbers and are governed by the _veicosity of alr. Real airplanes are so large that the camber of their wings is easily visible‘The length of the wing is referred to as its chord, while the distance across ts its span. Wingspan divided by wing chord equals the aspect ratio, an important measure of how much drag a wing wil produce. Swept-back wings have a kre (s -aspect ratio, and peoduce litle drag. Rectangular, thick wings produce mote. We can see haw the shape of the wing affects chord the flyht of a paper airplane with a couple of examples, span/ chords Aspect Ratio Example 1: NA Mountain fold. ‘This probably one of the oldest ard best paper airplanes. “The fintt example aircraft should fy straight and kevel, and wery quickly.Fold the edge over to the crease you just made. ‘This is another verserable favoeie that has withstood the test of time. As youl see, Might ls as different from the fest airplane as its looks.Try theoweg this airplane as you did the first. See the difference? This airplane shoots up instead of fing straight and level. Since hit depends on theust, you can try giving it a lighter throw to get less of an upward course. You'll notice that the airplane flies more slowly than the first. Why? There ane some obvious differences between these two alr PANES. For instunce, One has swept-back wings, while the other has Sraight wings. How does that affect the aspect ratio? In the first example, the wing choed is vanable. But we can define an average wing chow by drawing: ne roughly through the middie of the wing. Notice that the faster airplane hax 2 longer chord and smaller span, ‘which makes its aspect ratio much higher, and reduces drag, That's one reason why Example 2 fies so much more slowly. But Example 2 also shows much more lift than Ectemple 1, Why? To answer that question. ‘me should look at a cross-section of the two wings: es Exampie 1 Example 2 The wing in Example 2 resembles an airfodl much mare closely than Example 1 Ittherefore produces more lft and tends to nose wp. tt also produces more drag. $0 it slows down. This combination of face tors affects marry of the paper airplanes you wil be folding, and can be used to get better, or mare custoenized fhght from an airpiane. But there are other good ways ta make the same aimptane fly very differ- ent fight pathe. A mormal airplane has to ascend, descend, tuen, and do many other things. Bath paper and ceal airplanes use trim to fly the way’ their pilots wantTrim ‘You can further control the flight of your aitplane by using control sur- faces and tren, Real airplanes have a neeriber of these control surfaces, Including dlevators, ailerons, and rudder. The elevators control the pitch, ‘or whether the airplane points up or down. Mat can be handy if yoo ‘wart to take off of land. The rudder tuens the aineratt left or right, aesd in said Gn pélot Bingo) to control the yar, The alerons control whether the wings are level, or are canted at an angle. This is called roW, and the angle between the wings and the ground is caled the angle of bank. Paper airplanes also have control surtaces. This can be demonstrated by giving Example Aiplane 1 elevators. Fold Example Airplane 1 and ‘throw it. Notice how it fles. Now, fold small flaps up ia the near of the wings. Theve wil act ike the elevators in a real aeplane, Natice Pow this affects the plane's performace, elevators —_ ee The dlevator tends to force the tail end of the aircraft down and the nose vp, causing it to Ny a higher course, Of course, the elevators also inereave drag, causing the plane to fy mare shew.‘On areal airplane, the elevater can also be used to paint the nose: down tor descent. You can do the same thing with a paper plane, ‘Example Airplane 1s not in need of any down elevator, but Example ‘Airplane 2 could use some to straighten out its course. Fold Example ‘Airplane 2. and give t some dawn elevator by making, senall flaps in the back and bending theen down, This should bring the rear of the airplane: ‘ep and the nase down, leveling off an otherwise unstable fight. Eleva- tor can be used to give an airplane a smoother course, or to give its {fight an upward or downwaed path. depending on what you like. The important thing is that it gives you a chance to decide how your ae plan wl fy ‘You éan do more with trim than just level out an airplane's flight. Using horizontal and vertical control surfaces, you can make your airplane do ‘almost anything you want.Statione - Extraordinary a Paper Airplanes introduction by Florence Temko Michael Weinstein Cypress Housewy Contents Introduction ‘Why Paper Airplanes Fly Symbols Paper Airplane Bases Aiptane base Canard base Getting Started Thirdsies Bottlenose Raptor Skeeter Gider Supreme Slapse Raa Omega Flyer Thin Layer Aerodynamics Loopmaker Mach th ae Muti-Stage Craft ad Jet Fighter Wings Coriolis Max pene Pocket Acrobat Leah? Bibliography 63 6 7 7 a 76 80 a ao 90 3 96 101 04 108 Two-Piece Models‘The flaps on puper airplanes can also be used as ailerons, which bank teal airplanes in order to turn therm. Bicycles, motorcycles, and speeds boats ako baricin turns. To give your aixplane ailerons, bend one flap ‘up and the other down. ‘Try giving this airplane a really nentie throw, and watch earefuy. ‘YoU see the wings start going at an angle, and the entire plane should turn to one side. Le ‘Real airplanes combine changes in roll, such as the bank you just made with the ailerors, with changes in yaw using the naddes. Although your paper airplanes do not have an empennage (the tall and rear wings, derived from a French word meaning “that thingie on the back of the tieplane”) they do have vertical stabilizers.iy] ‘You can use the vertical stabiaers of your cxample airplanes for nadders to make thers tum in fight. Try bending the vertical stabilizers, ‘of Example Airplane 2. R's a bit tricky. as the vertical a stabizers are attached to the wing, but it ean be done. Now give the plane an easy toss. Notice how it adopts a 1 ‘turning flight, simslarto- what it di with the aleron adjustments? Now “for the cat's meow", combine the ailerons with the rudder. You can use these adjustments to get a rumber of diferent fight characteristics out of the same airplane! Example Airplane 215 not the best airplane on which to use tren, af the vertical control surfaces are serail, and the aspect ratio ts ‘extreme. Example Airplane 1 puffers similarly. But, there age lots of planes in Stationery Fligirt that have nice big control surfaces and intermediate aspect ratios, you can try all ifferert kinds of trim! Dihedral The next time you're at your local airport, have a look at the airplanes. and look closely at the wangs. Youll find that they/re sighely upcwept, lke the Piper Cherokee shown. This wing angle, called dihedtal, can stabilize an aireraft lang its longitudinal axis, from front to back. Normal airplanes have a limit to the amount of dihedral they can use, because if they have too much they go into what's known as.a Dusich Rol, which Involves really scary back-and-forth movements of the plane. The good thing 1s that paper airplanes doe't Dutch Rol (oe if they do i ismrt scary, since youre Con the grousdh, so you can use jst as much hedral as you lke to stabilize an airplane in fight. Notice that dihedral # an upward angie. Downward angle. or anhedval, 4 used in some really swoopy fighter jets, but it usually doesn’t work very well in paper airplanes, although it works ia a few of the highty unarasa designs of Stationery Flight. Each airplane has a front view where the recommended dihedral and angles for vertical stabilzers are shown. However, every airpline is a bit different. so feel free to play with the trim and dihedral to muike the gline do what you want,Valley fold Fold so the crease points away trom you land the flap toward you), | -Mountain fold Fold so that the crease points toward you (and the flap away from you). Inside Reverse fald Fold so that a point falls between layers.i Z a] i] il i 3Squash fold Separate two adjacent layers and flatten the pocket that forms between them. Md | | 4, 4\-4. Fetal fold Separate two layers while flattening the pockets that form on either side, 4 \-4 7-4! 4)\-4)‘Sink fold A multi-layered point gets pushed to the inside, The point is partially unfolded and mountain folded at the desired position.Paper Airplane Bases Origami models often involve the same steps at the beginning, For example, if you wanted to fold a bird, you would need 2 head, neck, tal, and wings. in fact, ane of the clic origami bases {s the bird base, trom which these structures are easly derived. The origami genius John Monto! thas developed a dog base, trom which one can reacsly fold the parts needed for a four-footed anienal. Many of the alnplanes in Stationery Flight are derived from a sat of common precursors, instructions for which follow on the next page. The Airplane Base & short, and generates two evenly sized sets of wings. The Canard Base is the basés for most of the canard, or forwand-wing aircraft, Airplane Base This will make two sets of wings, or one set of wings and ane set of...Canard Base This base makes it easy to design canard, or forward-wing aircralt, because it generates two flaps in the front that can easy be manipy- luted to make many shapes and do a number of interesting things.“Making and flying paper ainalanes is educational, recreational, environmental (all that recycling of paper) and just plaie fun. There am, of course, a lew things that aid in the pursuit of the perfect plane. Paper Many kinds of paper are good for the aspiring parchment pilot. All of them are reasonably thick and strong: nevespaper makes kousy fighter bomnbers, for ientance. On the other hind, too much thickness spois tbe party, Rosterboard mulkes for eealy tough Origami, ad most rea ‘sonably cool paper ainplanes wouldn't dream of being made from ‘construction paper. The paper must aizo hold a crease tally well ment softer papers ane way out of it. Copier paper tt one of ery fiwor- ites, as Rcombines strength. ahi weight, and ducabyaty, ‘Allbut one of the Stationery Flight airplanes are made from paper that 1: 8¥4 x 54 inches. This is not some enysterious paper any avaiable in ‘the finée bookistones of Tibet, but s.a half sheet of ordinary 86 x tt Inch paper, avaiable everywhere. When creating my cellulose squadron | noticed that a nanmal-sized piece of paper was sort af short and didn't leave me much room to ply around and do fun and intesesting things \(Bke use a Pagoda to create Canard wings). found that a hall-sheet ‘was longer. and more fun to create with. ‘The craft contained within are all indoor flyers (growing up-in northern ‘Ohio, we had to appreciate pood-weather days, all twe of them), Being manufactured fren smaiier paper malkes them lighter and more eimbée ‘than theie Luger brethren. Making the reqjuieed sire of paper is very simple; fold an 8% » 1t piece of paper in hall, and eut along the crease, ‘A paper-cutter makes i even easier. lf you're locked in eocen with prone of these things, you can simply tear a plece af paper in hafHow to Make an 84x54 ae reese Inch Sheet of Paper Fold an 8 x 11 inch sheet of paper in half, and crease really well. Unfold. Hold the paper so the create faces up toward you. Pull evenly around the crease at the part nearest to you. —_ ie a a ‘The paper should start to tear where the midline crease meets the forward edge. ‘Continue to apply pressure evenly, and the paper will tear very meatly in half, With 3 Dit of practice, this becomes really easy, and faster than scissors!Getting Started Stationery Flight begins with a series of relatively easy airplanes, before building to the mind-twisting stuff. Good tuck, and happy landings! nThirdsies5S. Feild so that the top corner lies along the crease made In Step 3.|B. Walley fold the tep dows 40 that the top edge lies on the comers.10. Valley fold the top down along the crease made in step 2. 4 Mountain fold the top all the ‘way underneath.Hold Thirdsies ia the back, and let go fora nice, steady glide.Bottlenose ‘Start with an 814 » 5% Inch sheet of paper creased in buf lengthwise.4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 on the ‘other side, 7. Fold the top flap over and untold.‘8. Mountain fold one side over but leave the short triangle at the top where it i. aa 9. Fold the wings up parallel to the left the 10. Fold the stabilizers up habtway down the wings. = emSkeeter ‘Thrown hard or soft, Skeeter will give a good flight every time, The folding gets a Title bit more complicated, though. 2. Like 0. Repeat om the other side. Valley fold s0 that the top comer lies on ‘the center line, The fold should pass right ‘through the bottom comer, This gets a bit tricky. Valley fold so that the top left comer lies on the center line. Make Unfold and repeat on the other side, ‘sure that the fold runs through the intersection of the two flaps you just folded in,‘Rabbit ear the top down and to the side using the creases made In the last two steps. Fold the top flap acrass and crease well. Squash fold the flap to the other side. Valley told the bottom point of the fop layer ‘Git consists of paired white flaps) to the peeetecnt Carefully fold theough ail the layers.fom pm ‘Mountain fold the battom point up into the lintertor of the Skeeter using the fold made in step 8. Fold the wings down following a line by the top: layer in the front.Glider Supreme ‘Start with an Btls x 5% inch sheet of paper cenased in half lengthwise. The paper should alviays be creased in the middie to preserve symmetry. Fold the tangular portion along: the raw edge. The mountain fold should line wp with the folded edge at the bottom.ep View — ag - AW you give this alrplane an ‘easy toss, it will give you an elegant, gentle pide.Elapse lapse presents lange control surfaces, and can be trimmed to do a great many things. Start with a sheet of paper creased im half lengthwive,F-14 ‘This sleek design reminds me of an F24 Tomeat in ‘supersonic flight. Start with a sheet of paper folded i half and creased down the middle. a ‘Mountain fold the flaps in halt. a zeOmega Flyer < Another good stunt wleplane: begin with the Airplane Base. ‘Mountain fold the top s0 the point touches the base of the upper triangular area. ‘Crease the outside flaps foren stabilizers. ‘Front View ‘hp View aaThin-layer Aerodynamics A collection of excellent paper aiyplanes. Be warned that the folding gets even more diffi free here! S . 45Loopmaker ‘An excellent plane that can be adusted to do all manner of stunts, Including loops. Begin with the Canard Base, 46Le iMach II ‘This ts ome of my best flyers. ‘Start with the Aleplane Base.Multi-Stage Craft Stark with an B¥in 8¥%4 Inch sheet of paper creased down the middle,‘Valley fold the rectangular flap up as far as ft will go. Mountain fold in half,‘The idea here is the same as the previous design, but the effect is quite different. Start ‘with ae B95 x 5% loch sheet of paper feom ‘which you will make a tapered, ‘1 Make valley folds from the bottom comer to the top edge such that the tep comer lies en the center,This is similar to step 3 of the ‘Multi Stage Craft. Hebd thee bottom layer down while vatley folding the top layer $0 the maw edge les flush swith the center. A pocket will form: ‘squash this. Continue the squash ‘with a valley told on the lower layer down to the Bottom comer Valley fold the top part in all,oFCoriolis Max ‘This elegant glider Is one of my favorites. A medium-hard oe hard throw will give you a great flight. Begin with a sheet of paper creased down the middle, eia ‘Squash fold the sides ieward Fold the top layers underneath a5 in step 5 of the Thunderbird, as in step 4 of the MultiStage raft,| Pocket Aerobat Like any good stunt plane, this will fly as well upside-down as right-side up. Regia with the Alplane Base. inside will open wp and form a square. 6Bs - 6 | ‘Valley fod the top layer so the ‘Valley fold tn half. folded exige om top Iles flush with ‘the centerline Valley fold the wings down. layer only. sfCanards Real canaids tabe advantage af a forward wing coxn- figaration, which assists in maneuvering and cam trelp avoid stalls —situations whin the aiplane is pointed too high (i high “angle af attack") aad the air few decreases over the wing, Stalls are most commen during takeatts and tandings, when the airplane ts mowing at slow speed and marewrering eonstavstly. li canards, the front wing will usually stall owt before the main wings. automatically decreasing the angie of attack and preventing thes very dangerous condition. ‘hic section contains many of the airplanes mace drow the-canaed tive and a few that aren”Aerobotch This ungainly Rte plane makes 2 super’ dart ts large control s- faces can also be used to create maneuvers and stunts. Start many with the Alplane Base ‘Valley fold in hall once again.“Tuck the two corners underneath the side flaps and sink the top. 8 “alley fold and apen out as in Step ‘5 of the Pocket Acrobat. (ee Reverse fold so that the folded ‘edge on top lies on the centerValley fold wings and rear stabilizers.Pleator Volant The folding method here & similar to tthe Pocket Aevobat. Begin with the Canard Base,Valley fete in bal,Hammerhead For this eanued begin with Step 2 of the LoopmakerBisecting the anges at the top, ‘Squash fold the upper flaps to ‘the outside. Valley fold to form the forward ‘edges of the wings so that the top edge of the wing section (which lies betworn two layers and fs not visible In the diagram) touches the ‘centerline. ‘There are two points at the top. ‘Mauntals fet the lower flap (the: ‘one not visible in the deawing) down as far as It will go.Pagodor Volant ‘Along those ago | tried mounting a traditional Chinese pagoda on the end of a rectangle to make an airplane, What 1 got was this interesting detta- winged canard with a trick front end, Begin (once again) with Loopmaker, Step 2.‘Flip 40 that the point at the top ‘goes behind and the two small Ariangles flip wpwand.s % ‘Valley fold so the folded edge Mountain fold the trailing edges of ‘on top lies on the center (this the wing undersides behind. fold ts similar to Step 5 of the Hammerhead).Jolly Roger This amiable ttle airplane bejins with the Canard Base. It also uses one of the nastiest sink folds in arigamé. Good tuck.SL. ais Valley fold the top half of the ‘speead-out region back down, 1Valley fold so that the top edges line up with the centec Be careful Using mountain folds from base te tip, marrow the leading edges of ‘the wings.Valley fold the wings trom the fold tail as tar as it will go>Bombwielder ‘OK. $0 it's not a canard. but Itbombs staff, Capable of delivering 2 payload of semi-guided missiles or bombs, this design contains tome of the toughest erigannl around. Start with the Canard Base,‘Squash fold the left flap to the right.Pull the lower flap dowen white ‘opening and flattening the sink.Ae Repeat Steps 4=11 on the other side. a Valley fold twos layers to the right. Squash told upward. Keep the point ‘marked with a crcke on the center line.Repeat steps 15-19 on the other ‘rides. Be sure to keep the two sidet ‘ever: i's easy to lose symmetry at this point,Valley fold one layer of the war ped to ‘Valley fold the rear of the war pod the right, and mountain fold one wing ‘over as far as It will go. Sink the front to the beft cof the was pod from comer to comer on one side only. Valley fold the lower front of the war the lower rear flap so that it stands Straight op (pespendicular to the rest). 35a Ay x ‘Top View ‘The bomb bays can carry a variety of ballistic objects. Poets made from fissionable plutonize work best, though other materia can be substie tuted. Bomitielder should be adjusted so that it either loops or stalks ‘out in mid-flight, as the bomb hays will empty when it goes upside- : down in a loop . The airplane tends to reli out of a stall, dropping as payload on the hapless denizens below,Bombwielder Mark Il-Air-to-Surface Missile Launcher By changing the war pod, Bombuselder can launch other airplanes wile in fight. Berge with Step 21 0f the Bombueicer. Af On one side nly, valley fold the roar Valley fold the lower front of the war ‘of the war ped over as fay as it will go, pod and tuck it Into the pocket formed ‘Also on one side onky. sink the front of in the previous step. Mountain fold the warpod from comer to coenee the tip of the war pod flap around and behing its counterpust Tura avee Wrap this flap back around the war Valley fold the war pod as in Step 1. pod as ie Step 2, Tarn the model overAA “The explanation Is mote complicated Now fuck the little bit off this flap than the fold. There Is one loose flap sticking out under the layer in front ‘that needs to be tucked in to bock of it. Fold the wings and stabilizers as ‘down the war pod. Where this flap ‘shown previonsly. Intersects the layer just in treet of It make a mountain fold. By inserting, a seal airplane into the wit that rues along the upper rear of the war pod, you can use the Bombwleider to launch missles fight. The plane serving as A misshe must have a long shars nose: Mach IN is a good example. The missle should be made to quarter-scale, so you should start with a 2 Yin 1¥elnch sheet of paper, H Yyou stick the airplane far inta the war pod it willbe very tightly held, whereas if just barely inserted, it might separate from the bomber ce takeot if adjusted just ight, the airplane wall be launched during high-speed turns. allowing the Bombwielder to launch an air-to-surface missile, Loops and Tubes The insertion of structural elements in paper awplanes ‘4s quite challenging, both from the origami needed to assemble them, to the aerodynamic considerations fa getting them to fly Stationery Fight delivers more of these wonders than you've ever before seen.Phantom Cruiser ‘This Pagador spinal is a remarkably smooth glider, Launch with a ‘slow, easy theaw. Begin with Step 2 of the Pagodor Wolant.aStarliner This unusual design can be launched with foice for stunaing, acrobatics, of Ftcam be softly dropped for smooth glides. Begin with Step 5 of the Aerabotch. 23Side view: Slip one of the flaps hanging down into the other ‘Mountain fold this flap inside to lock the two flaps together"a? Starliner can be held by the lower vertical stabilizer for launch. Thrown with soft force the airplane will make a satisfying glide, while ‘amore forceful throw will make for a wild ride,Predator ‘This shuselike alplane starts with an B ¥% « 6 9% inch piece ‘of paper folded in half width ‘wise and creased in the middle lengthwise. Fold so the folded edge lies at the center: crease lightly, Use the crease from Step 4 to: raark atf an Klentical fold on the other side: unfold.‘Valley fold the top layer ony. a fara. twill go, Valley fold so the double folded edge touches the Intersection of the creases formed in Steps 7 and 8, Unfold to Step 8.Valley fold up in front and behind, Fold the lower flap im half and then ‘back up again.Repeat Steps 16—19.0n the other side, ‘The twa rectangular projections are hollow struts. Slide one all the way into the other: This will make the airplane ‘rlangulas, AX the same time, lift the swings and position the stabillzers,Predator can be held by its bottom between thumb and forelinges, and will attack when thrawn with moderate force.‘Valley fold so the top ‘comer rests on the ‘center, again creasing ‘Nightly. 11DX FX PK Valley fold the two flaps: ‘Mountain fold the tips of ‘The two rectangular flaps these will be struts. the wings for stabilizers. are struts; one slides into ‘the other. As you do this the entire airplane will become triangular. a 103There’ a tradtioeul airplane that is one big tube. | always wanted to make 2 plane that had two tubes; wes | ot Jooks lean ew. What can I say? Start with the Canard Base, but start wth the coloced side of the paper facing - vA‘Mountain fold tive large flap to the Jeft and valley fold the small flap to> Pull out one layer and squash fold the rear as bn Step 12 of the MultiStage Craft. ATT Ts The result: Steps 12 and 13 show horw to lock the front togethver, ‘Make a similar fold on the other side. ‘Cutaway view: Fold the middle layer cover 25 far as it will g0. Assembly time: Thee thin flaps at the right Ft between the two layers of the thicker flaps. The thin flap shosld go ‘in all the way to the crease nearest the middie; that's the fold uted in ‘Step 10. The easiest way to do this 1s to wrap the two flaps around and ‘station the thin one just bebind the thick part where it will Insect Line up ‘the creases, then slide the thin flap forward and between, You should end up with a binocular shape,‘Owl Eyes can be launched using the litte tab that sticks owt below the tubes. Thronw it hard: it willl give nice fight, and attract bots of attemtion with its onuseal lines,Loopstar ‘Thés was the first of my efforts ta incor- porate a loop oF tube into an aieptane‘Time for the final asceenbly. The 1a 2 om marrow Flaps in front form y) Loopstar’s loop, The ends should ‘fat togetbes, a comer goes into 2 pocket (marked with an arrow ‘InStep 10). 0n the upper side, ‘Fold up the stabilizers, Froeit View It's important to keep the wings downswept at an angle that puts them beneath the loop. This keeps turbulence generated by the loop ‘off the wings and allows Loopstar to fly.Thunder Jet ‘Creasing lightly, valley fold in hat ‘widthomése and then in half again. Valley fold s0 that the two creases fine up. Crease lightly then unfold.“a, me Valley fold the metangutar flap eke oie nce At tha same time, valley fold as in Step 6 and flatten the resulting pocket, naa7. 2 Valley fold the left hand flap ‘sothat its edge meets the intersection of two layers, Fold one layer over to the wi 14. Repeat Steps 16 and 17 on ‘the other side. Fa) <6 Jum the model over ‘Valley foi i al,‘Top View Unfortunately, Thunder et is tough to get to fly, but I've yet to make one that didn't work. Start by turning the gear margins of the wings up. This should make the plane fy while veering to one side. On the side opposite the ditection in which it turns you need to make a rudder: bend the rear edge of the vertical stablizer outward. This should cause the plane to #y a straight course.Two-Piece ModelsGemini ‘Start with an 815 «5% inch sheet of paper creased down the middie. ‘Male 2 valley Hold that bisects the top comes Again, crease lightly. and unfold.fold so the crease made Pull out the undertying layer ‘Valley fokd the top flap over lin Step 4 Iles on the center and flatten, across the center ine, 1m Now go back to the beginning and repeat Steps 1.40 on a second piece of paper (two piece design, remember?). You will then be able to interlock the tro halves using the struts, mt‘The struts should fit snugly togethec with ‘comers Inside pockets on both the inside and the outside. Front View ‘Se View To launch Gemini. bold it in your open hand ‘with your fingers behind the struts. Give ita hhard tess, and it will give you a mice flight.Jet Fighter ‘You have a rectangular flap partially covering a trapezoidal area, Pull the rectangle to the: left. The folded edge at its rear will flatten out, leaving a crease that vill be your guide, Line up this crease with the forward edge of the trapezoid, Flatten the eesulting upheaval ry valley folding the Long flaps in half. Give all the folds a sharp crease, and make certain the flaps in back (the rear wings) are lined up straight.‘Mountain fold the fuselage In half. Creast an angle bisector in the froet, and then unfold. ‘Valley fold so that the crease made in the previous ‘step lines up with the bottom. Unteild.Valley fold the rear wigs up and ‘pull out a tal as fm Step 12 of the ‘Multistage CraftJet Fighter - wings ‘Once again you will need an 81 x 5% inch sheet of refined celfulose (that’s paper to you non=scientist folded down the middle, ‘Valley fold from the bottom comer to the top Valley told from the bottom comer to the top: edge. The top comer should rest on the center ‘edge centec Again, crease with a light touch line. as shown on the right. Crease very lightly, and untold. and untold, Valley fold so the creases made in the previous Repeat Steps 1-8 0n the other side. wo steps line up.K 4 ‘Valley fold across so the top edge meats tho bottom edge. ‘Yo assemble, slide the wings Into the clett in the fuselage. ‘Valley fold the wings where they meet the body of the alscraft, ‘Pull the wings and their supports out perpendicular to the body ‘of the airplane. The rear wings will point out and aff to an angle.‘Slide the wings backward into the fuselage as tar as they will Bp. The trailing edge of the main wings will fit wadernesth > ‘he leading edge of the empennage. At this point the wings ‘can tasily be joined to the rest of the aeroplane by stapling ‘through bath at the point where the wings are thickest. Se cin aoeBiplane Here itis, twee years in the making, any Biplane. Use 2 chests of 844 x 11 inch paper (that's right, the stuff you've been cutting in hal all korg you don't have to cut), and a metallic portrait of the ‘sixteenth president, Valley told the paper one quarter of the way in.Y ‘hidden under the top flap. Valley fobd so that the two creases line up: en ‘Valley fold the long flap over Mountain fold the corners cas far as itwrill go. underneath, then tam over‘Shift the long flap forward as in Step 1 of the Jet Fighter Mountain fold the rear of the flap squash folded in the previous step, Valley fold the flaps at the sides in half.14, 15. ‘Stok the area shown, There's a layer of Sink to foem the tal. The sink will continue paper underneath the rightmost section; the Into the fuselage and should make the tail ‘ink fold should extend to the lower cormer the same length as the rear wings. Mote ‘of this layer Sone paper will get pulled out that a countersink will be needed on the In the process. Irside of the fuselage. —— “The nent series of steps is designed to lock Insert 4 penny inte the froat. It should be the front end together Start by reverve held in place between the layer folded in folding the bottom flap in on one side only ‘Stop 1 and the rest,created in Step 29. Round off the top alittle with a reverse fold.Biplane - wings Another BY 51% inch sheet of paper ‘creased down the mice is required, Valley fold env flap to the right in ‘roat and mountain fold one flap to ‘the left behind.Sink op and down as In Leopstar and Owl Eyes. along, the crease made in Step 17 of the ‘fuselage, Reverse fold the frost.‘Squash fold the wpper flap so that It ies flat along the wings. Rotate the plane so the top of the wings face you. Sink the two resulting flaps wndemeath the top layer of the wings, Rotate the model $0 that its side faces you. Then fold these two flaps down so they rest perpendicular to the wings. Finally, mountain fold the rear portions ‘of these flaps to the center to lock them In place. Fold over a flap inside the froot Of the wings to lock them together,Pree) was an ud “ra, wee ee Earn Your_Wings,With : Indoors or out, you'll soar into the skies with this amazing collection of mew and advanced designs for paper planes that defy everyday concepts of what aircraft should look like. A description of each plane's aerodynamic properties accompanies the fully illustrated, easy-to-follow folding instructions. These thirty sensational airplanes range from simple craft that anyone can fold with ease, to more complex designs for the skilled folder. There's even a biplane that really flies—and a bomb-wielding jet that Jaunches a bomb in mid-flight! A\fter earning a Ph.D. at the University of California, San _ Diego, Michael Weinstein became an assistant professor of molecular genetics at Ohio State University. An experienced pilot and origami! enthusiast, the Toledo, Ohio native has begun work on his second book of advanced folding designs for paper airplane enthusiasts.