ETIO SYMP MEDICAL MGT

• Being overweight Deterioration of the

• Family history of ARMD
• Smoking macula, a small area PRECI DIAGTOOLS
• Being 50 and older
• Hypertension in the center of the PHARMA MGT
• Being of European
• A diet high in retina in the back of PREDIS NXDX
descent
saturated fats the eye. PROG
PATHO/ NX
MECHANISM INTRVNTNS

Low perfusion leading to Inflammatory Primary

photoreceptor retinal
pigment ischemia
processes leading
to RPE apoptosis
senescence of RPE
cells AGE-RELATED
MACULAR
Photoreceptor atrophy DEGENERATION
AMBASAN, ELLEN GRACE S. BSN 3A

Extracellular debris (drusen) from Drusen above Bruch’s Nutrients cannot reach retina
RPE atrophy/metabolism deposits membrane reduces from choroid and waste Optical coherence tomography angiography
between Bruch membrane and blood flow from the products from retina cannot (OCTA)
RPE choroid to retina pass into the choroidal bed

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Blood vessels grow from the Break occurs in Bruch’s Ischemia of RPE and
choroidal circulation into the retina membrane photoreceptors
Fluorescein angiography

Dilated eye exam

Wet ARMD Dry ARMD
Choroidal neovascularization seen Drusen depositions;
on fundoscopy geographic atrophy of RPE
Visual field test

New abnormal blood vessels leak

serous fluid and blood under the Loss of photoreceptors Fundoscopy
retina

Macular edema seen on Faded/blind spots in central Asymptomatic

Distorted central vision
fundoscopy vision (early disease)

Distortion of lines Straight but faded lines when

(metamorphopsia) when looking at looking at a grid of straight
a grid of straight lines (Amsler grid) lines

Disturbed Visual Sensory Perception related to macular

Risk for Injury related to macular degeneration as
degeneration as evidenced by distorted central vision,
evidenced by the presence of drusen and decreased
distortion of lines when looking at a grid of straight
central vision
lines, and macular edema

Assess the patient’s ability to see and perform activities.
Assist in diagnostic procedures and provide appropriate
information: Indirect ophthalmoscopy, Amsler’s grid, and I.V.
fluorescein angiography.
Encourage the patient to see an ophthalmologist at least
yearly.
Provide sufficient lighting for the patient to carry out
activities.
Provide lighting that avoids glare on surfaces of walls,
reading materials, and so forth.
Provide night light for the patient’s room and ensure lighting
is adequate for the patient’s needs.
Provide large print objects and visual aids for teaching.
Provide information about laser surgery.
Assess patient for degree of visual impairment.
Inform about special devices that can be used.
Ensure the room environment is safe with adequate lighting
and furniture moved toward the walls. Remove all rugs, and
objects that could be potentially hazardous.
Keep patient’s glasses and call bell within easy reach.
Instruct patient and/or family regarding the need to maintain
a safe environment.
Instruct patient and/or family regarding safe lighting. The
patient should wear sunglasses to reduce glare. Advise
family to use contrasting bright colors in household
furnishings.
Teach the patient how to administer antibiotic ointment or
drops.

Antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF)

Photodynamic therapy Low vision rehabilitation
Photocoagulation Surgery to implant a telescopic lens
Low vision rehabilitation

Bevacizumab (Avastin)
Ranibizumab (Lucentis)
Antibiotic ointment/drops
Aflibercept (Eylea)
Vitamins
Brolucizumab (Beovu)
Vitamins

If not treated, it can cause severe central vision loss,

There is no cure for AMD, but if treated, the disease may be however, it seldom leads to blindness. It can, unfortunately,
prevented or the advancement of the disease can be slowed, make reading, driving, and other activities that require fine
resulting in better vision. center vision problematic. When vision loss is severe
enough, you may be classified legally blind.