1.

History of democracy

(1) prehistoric democracy

- Before 500 B.C., democratic governments existed in many parts of the world

1) the characteristics of a group that was born of democracy in the past

- Democracy naturally springs to life in a group of distinct boundaries, such as a tribe

- In particular, members are free to handle their duties independently of external control, and a
significant number of members are often equally involved in community roles

- Studies of barbarians show that for thousands of years, there was a democratic government among
tribal groups

2) the demise of prehistoric democracy and the emergence of monarchy

- With the development of agriculture, the hunter-gatherer society gradually disappeared, and
people began to settle down

- Public participation in politics (direct democracy) is not preferred as the population within a fixed
community increases

- The occurrence of inequality in wealth, military power, etc. among communities -> the spread of
hierarchical and authoritative forms of social organization

- Democratic governments are slowly replaced by monarchy, despotism, aristocracy, oligarchy

-> Recognized as the most natural government in the context of the times

3) the revival of democracy in some areas

- Around 500 B.C., conditions in favor of democracy emerged in some areas -> Democratic
government reconstruction

- Re-creation in a more advanced form than the first democratic government (location of attention:
Mediterranean, Greece, Rome)

(2) Ancient Greek Democracy

- In 507 BCE, a democracy that will continue for two centuries was born by the Athenian leader,
Claysthenes

- Athens forms a city-state form of political union called 'Police' to best suit democratic government

- Claysthenes devised a copycat system to rule out people who were at risk of becoming dictators

(The elected person has been deported from outside Athens for 10 years -> death penalty if
returned without permission, and return to public office after 10 years)

1) the political system of Athenian democracy

- Citizens' Association (Ecclesia): decision-making by majority vote among members, mainly in

charge of administration, legislation, raising hands to vote for or against, and any Athens citizen
aged 18 or older is free to attend

- Council (Fire): The initiative to organize and divide the administrative affairs of the People's
Congress to assist the People's Congress by Solon in 594 B.C. and to plan new tasks is X

- Court (Dicasteria): More than 500 jurors did not have a set rule for drawing in a group of men
over the age of 30, for regulations to be followed on the bench, for prosecution, etc

The jury system in Athens represents anti-professionalism. There was no separate judge and no one
gave legal advice to the jury. Although court officials were assigned, they were also not legal experts
and were only in charge of administrative affairs for trials. The litigant also had to file a lawsuit
alone without a separate lawyer. The only experts who existed were Logografos, who ghostwritten
speeches for a fee, but they were not treated more favorably in court. Jurors also responded more
favorably to the litigants' direct defense than to ghostwritten speeches.

2) the civic consciousness of Athens

Athenian democracy gradually took the form of a separation of powers for various reasons in the
process of development, but was operated based on direct democracy. Hobolomenos, which means
"any person you want," was a right given to all citizens with suffrage. A qualified citizen of Athens
spoke to Congress in an individual capacity, proposed legislation, and requested a public trial.
However, the initiative of citizens who are not elected officials or lottery officials did not immediately
have the effect of initiating the civil society or the court. The agenda of the People's Association
was adjusted by the 500 people's association, and the legislator conducted a preliminary
examination in the court.

Athenian democracy took individual participation, an independent personality, for granted. The
etymology of the modern English word idiot means that he is not interested in politics. Thucydides
records what Pericles said in his funeral speech for the fallen in the Peloponnesian War as follows.

We can't say that we have our work in mind for people who aren't interested in politics. We say he
has nothing to do here.

3) Criticism of direct democracy in Athens

Athenian democracy is criticized both in ancient Greek times and today. In ancient Greek times,
historian Thucydides, playwright Aristophanes, Socrates' disciple Plato, and Plato's disciple Aristotle
criticized democracy.

Thucydice's view was based on aristocracy, and in his book "The History of the Peloponnesian War",
he criticized the commoners for being easily misled by incitement rather than by facts or laws. He
identified Sparta's victory in the Peloponnesian War as a weakness in the political system of Athens,
and wrote a history book to prove it.

The trial of Socrates has been mentioned countless times as an example of the weaknesses of
Athenian democracy. Socrates was indicted for "degrading the youth and not believing in the gods",
but given that the Peloponnesian War continued in 399 BC, there was a greater political reason for
judging that his usual teachings were undermining democracy. Socrates' trial was a public trial, and
the number of jurors allocated by lottery was 501. After a nine-and-a-half-hour hearing, the jury
found him guilty by 280 votes to 221, and the death penalty was decided by 360 votes and 141
fines in a vote to decide the sentence again. Socrates was executed for refusing to escape from his
disciples. Socrates' disciples considered this trial unjust. In his memoirs of Socrates, Xenophon
criticized a jury of shoe repairmen, carpenters, blacksmiths, and farmers for driving philosophers to
death, and Plato identified Socrates' death as a fundamental limitation of democracy and suggested
the philosopher's ideal of absolute power in his book "State".[75] Aristotle, who was Plato's disciple,
took a more practical position, believing that unlike the manifestation of a nation's system, it would
have many weaknesses in practice, and that a proper mixture of democracy and oligarchy could
overcome these weaknesses

Athenian democracy did not mean equality with equal character. Individual rights were not
theoretically sacred and were not protected legally. The exact meaning of Athenian democracy was
the attribution of individuals to the decisions of the community. Socrates' execution shows an
example that may not be free, even if it is democratic. The "free people" written by Herodotus
means nothing more than a person who is not enslaved or colonized at the time. The invention of
the concept of equality before the law was made in ancient Rome, and other basic elements that
make up today's democracy also emerged only after several periods of history.