REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PROGRESSION
ALGEBRA 3
Arithmetic
A sequence such that the common diffrence between two consecutive
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
terms are constant.
For problems in calculus, you may encounter problems involving
nth term of a sequence an = a1 + (n-1)d
fractions that could not be integrated easily. What you can do is
the D E C O M P O S I T I O N i n t o PA R T I A L FRACTIONS
Sum of n terms
or simply creating a group of fractions equivalent to the given
Sn = (n/2)(a1 + an)
fraction.
Arithmetic Mean
Partial-fraction decomposition is the process of starting with the
Am = (a1 + an)/n
simplified answer and taking it back apart, of "decomposing" the final
expression into its initial polynomial fractions.
Geometric
To be able to break them apart you should be able to classify them:
A sequence such that a term divided by the previous term is a
constant or the common ratio.
Distinct Linear
nth term of a sequence a = a rn-1

Sum of n terms
Sn = a1[(1-rn)/(1-r)] when r<1
Linear with Repeated Sn = a1[(rn-1)/(r-1)] when r>1

Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression

SGP= a1/(1-r) -1<r<1 n = infinity

Distinct Quadratic Geometric Mean

Gm = √(a1 x an)/n
Gm = n√(a1 x a2 x a3x...an)/n

Harmonic
Quadratic with Repeated
A sequence such that the reciprocal forms an Arithmetic Progression.

Use the Sigma Notation to get the sum of all terms

Harmonic Mean
To solve them, decompose into partial fractions then either:
HM = 2/[(1/x)+(1/y)]
1. Substitute a value of x that will eliminate some of the unknowns to GM2 = AM*HM
form equations

2. Equate coefficients of similar variables and power.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. Find a in the series 1,1/3,0.2,a.. 𝟏𝟏/𝟕𝟕
2. The first term of an arithmetic progression (A.P.)is 6 and the 10th
PRACTICE PROBLEMS term is 3 times the second term. What is the common difference? 𝟐𝟐
𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔 3. The positive value of a so that 4a, 5a+4, 3a²-1 will be in arithmetic
1. Convert (x+2)/(x2-7x+12) into partial fraction. − +
𝒙𝒙−𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝒙−𝟒𝟒
2. Solve for A: (7x-3)/(x(x-1)) = A/X + B/X-1. 𝑨𝑨 = 𝟑𝟑 progression is: 𝒂𝒂 = 𝟑𝟑, −𝟏𝟏
3. Solve for B: (7x-3)/(x²(x-1)) = A/X + B/X² + C/X-1. 𝑩𝑩 = 𝟑𝟑
 REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICAL SEQUENCE AND MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

and SIGMA NOTATION

Sigma ∑ means to sum up or to add so we just

add up terms in a series. Adding up rth terms from the lower limit up to
the upper limit.
4

� 𝑥𝑥 + 1
1
Means that the terms of the sequence is solved by x + 1 or the 1st
term is 2, 2nd term is 3 and 3rd is 4 and 4th is 5. So to get the sum of
all terms from 1 to 4 we need to add them up. Sigma Notation will be
helpful for complicated sequences which will require summation of
terms that is more than 3 or 4.

MATHEMATICAL SEQUENCE

nth term = Sn+1 - Sn

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
- Mathematical proof techniques.
- Three-step proof
O True n = a real number
O Assume n = k true
O Prove that n = k + 1 is true

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛+1)
1. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ 𝑛𝑛 =
2

2. 2 + 4 + 6 + ⋯ + 2𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1)
𝑛𝑛(2𝑛𝑛−1)(2𝑛𝑛+1)
3. 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ + (2𝑛𝑛 − 1)2 = 3

Stacked Balls

Equilateral Triangle

Rectangular Base

m=long side
n= Shorter side

References:
-Schaum's Review of Elementary Mathematics
- https://www.algebra.com/
- Basic Engineering Mathematics - 6th Edition
_https://www.mathplanet.com/education/algebra-1/how-to-solve-linear-
equations/ratios-and-proportions-and-how-to-solve-them
_https://www.algebra.com/algebra/homework/Percentage-and-ratio-word-
problems/Percentage-and-ratio-word-problems.faq.hide_answers.1.html
 REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

ALGEBRA 3
1. 1
+
1
+
1
+ ...
1
=
n
PARTIAL FRACTIONS 1× 2 2 × 3 3 × 4 n(n + 1) n + 1
1 1 1 1
𝟏𝟏 2. + + + ...
1. Solve for x if (3a-2x)/(a²+a-6) = 2/a+3 + 1/a-2. 𝒙𝒙 = 1× 3 3 × 5 5 × 7 (2n − 1)(2n + 1)
𝟐𝟐
2. Find the value of E in the following equation. (2x4+3x³+7x²+10X+10)/(X-
1)(X²+3)² = A/X-1 + (BX+C)/(x²+3) + (Dx+E)/(x²+3)² 3. a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ...a (n − 1)d =
n
(2a + (n − 1)d )
(Fx+G)/(x²-2x+2) + (Hx+I)/(x²-2x+2)² 2
𝑬𝑬 = −𝟏𝟏
3. Decompose the given expression into its partial fractions a − ar n −1
1 7. a + ar + ar 2 + ...ar n −1 =
1− r
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)
𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙
Ans: − 𝟐𝟐 ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙 +𝟏𝟏

1. Find x if x+3x+5x+7x+….+49x=625. 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏
PROGRESSION AND MEANS 2. Find the sum of all numbers between 0 and 10,000 which is exactly
divisible by 77. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
1. The 10th term of the progression 6/5,4/3,3/2, … is: 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 3. What is the sum of the following finite sequence of terms? 18,25,32,39,
2. The geometric mean of 4 and 64 is: 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 … 67. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
3. Find the sum of the infinite geometric progression 6, -2, 2/3….
𝟗𝟗 4. If equal balls are piled in the form of a complete pyramid with an
𝟐𝟐 equilateral triangle as its base, find the number of balls in a pile, if each
4. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the side contains 4 balls. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Geometric Progression 2,4,8,16, … 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 5. Balls of the same radius are piled in the form of a pyramid with a square
5. The 1st, 4th, and 8th terms of an A.P. are themselves geometric base until there is just one sphere at the top layer. If there are 4 balls on
𝟒𝟒
progression (G.P.). What is the common ratio of the G.P.? each side of the square, find the total number of balls in the pile. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑
6. The sum of three numbers in arithmetical progression is 45. If 2 is 6. What follows logically in these series of numbers 2,3,5,9,17… 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
added to the first number, 3 to the second, and 7 to the third, the new 7. In the given series of numbers 1,1,1/2,1/6,1/24…….What is the 6th
numbers will be in geometrical progression. Find the common difference in term. 𝟏𝟏/𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
A.P. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, −𝟓𝟓 8. Find the value of x if 1+2+3+4+…x=36. Using 1+2+3….n = [n(n+1)]/2.
7. The geometric mean and the harmonic mean of two numbers are 12 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟖𝟖
and 36/5 respectively. What are the numbers? 𝟒𝟒, 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 9. Find the value of a in the sequence of numbers shown:
8. A basketball is dropped from a height of 5 m. on each rebound, it rises a+2a+3a+4a+…+8a=72. 𝒂𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐
2/3 of the height from which it last fell. Find the distance travelled by the 10. Determine the sum to first 7 terms of the series 0.25, 0.75, 2.25, 6.75.
ball before it comes to rest.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
9. The nth term of an arithmetic progression is an = 3n +5. What is the 11. What is the 12th term of the series: 5,10,20,40? 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
common difference? 𝟑𝟑
10. A sequence of numbers is described by the equation an = 3 x 1.53n.
What is the common ratio? 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
11. What is the 15th term of the progression 12, 18.5, 25 …..? 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
13. A new ACU Contractor failing to complete his first building contract
worth P70,000 in a specified time is compelled to pay a penalty of ½ of
1% per day for first 6 days of extra time required and for each additional
day thereafter, the stipulated penalty is increase by 10% or P35 each day.
If he pays a total penalty of P7160.00, how many days did he overrun his
contract? 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
14. If 1/a, 1/b, 1/c are in A.P., what is the value of a? 𝒂𝒂 =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝒃𝒃
15. If 1/a, 1/b, 1/c are in GP, what is the value of b? 𝒃𝒃 = ±√𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
16. If 1/a, 1/b, 1/c are in HP, what is the value of c? 𝒄𝒄 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝒂
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
17. Determine the harmonic mean between x and y
𝒙𝒙+𝒚𝒚
18. Find the harmonic mean between ½ and 1/8. 𝟏𝟏/𝟓𝟓
19. There are 4 geometric means between 3 and 729. Find the sum of the
G.P 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

Prove that the following identities holds true. For positive integers n, real
number a and d, and for r not equal to 1.

n 2 (n + 1) 2
1. 13 + 23 + 33 + ...n 3 =
4

2. 22 + 42 + 62 + ...(2n) 2 = 2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

3

3.
13 + 33 + 53 + ...( 2n) 3 = n 2 ( 2n 2 − 1)
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