Set – a well-defined collection of objects called elements.

Sequence – a function whose domain is the finite set {1, 2, 3, …, n} or the infinite set {1, 2, 3, …).

Arithmetic sequence – a sequence where every term after the first is obtained by adding a constant called common
difference (d)

Arithmetic sequence formula (nth term) : a n=dn+ c

a n=a1 + ( n−1 ) d

Where: a 1−the first term

d – t he difference between the terms (called the common difference)

a n−subscript

Arithmetic series – the sum of terms of an arithmetic sequence.

n
Arithmetic series formula: sn=
2
( 2 a1 +(n−1) ) d ← when the last term isnot given

n
sn= ( a1 + an ) ← when the last term is given
2
Arithmetic means– the terms between a 1∧an of an arithmetic sequence.

Example: the arithmetic means of a 1∧a5 are a 2 , a3 ,∧a4 .

Geometric sequence – a sequence where each term after the first is obtained by multiplying or dividing the preceding
term by the same constant called the common ratio.

Common ratio – a constant multiplied or divided to each term of a geometric sequence to obtained the next term of the
sequence.

Geometric means – terms between any two given terms of a geometric sequence.
( n−1 )
Formula: a n=a1 ∙ r → finding for the nth term of a geometric sequence .
Formula for finding the finite series:

a1
Formula for finding the infinite series: sn= where−1≤ r ≤1 ;∧r ≠1
1−r
Fibonacci sequence – a sequence where its first two terms are either both 1, or 0 and 1; and each term, there after, os
obtained by adding the two preceding terms. The rule is: x n=x n−1 + x n−2

Harmonic sequence – a sequence in which all of the terms are reciprocals of the terms of an arithmetic sequence.

Recursive sequence – a sequence if the next terms used the previous terms.

Example of recursive : 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, …

Division of Polynomials

Synthetic division – a shortcut method of dividing a polynomial by both a binomial and quadratic expressions.

Note: make sure that the dividend is written in the standard form, then bring down the leading coefficient to the bottom
row.
Example:

Long division –method of dividing a polynomial.

Note: write the dividend in the standard form and insert 0 as the coefficient if there is a missing term.

Example:

Remainder theorem – if a polynomial P(x) is divided by x-r, where r is a constant, then the remainder is P(r).

Example:
Factor Theorem – states that a polynomial P(x) has a factor x – r if and only if P(r) = 0.

Example:

Factoring polynomial – finding the factor of a polynomial given one of its factors can be done by using repeated
synthetic division.

Rational Root Theorem – identifies all possible rational roots of a polynomial with integer coefficients.