MATH REVIEWER

A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers. It also

means an ordered list of numbers. Each number in a sequence is called a term. a1

is the first term, a2 is the second term, a3 is the third term, and a4 is the fourth term,

and so on.

Finite sequence is a sequence with definite number of terms.

Infinite sequence is a sequence with no definite number of terms.

Arithmetic Sequence: A sequence in which a constant, d, is added to the previous

term to get the next term.

Common Difference: The constant number being added to each term in an arithmetic

sequence.

The general formula for arithmetic sequence is 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

Arithmetic Sequence general formula: 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅.

Arithmetic Means - are the terms between given terms of an arithmetic sequence.

Arithmetic Series - is the sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence.

Formula: 𝑺𝒏 =𝒏/2(𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏) or 𝑺𝒏 =𝒏/2{2a1(n-𝟏)𝒅]

• A geometric sequence is a sequence in which the ratio between any two

consecutive terms is a constant. The constant value between two consecutive

terms is called the common ratio. The common ratio can be found by dividing

any term in the sequence by the previous term.

• An Arithmetic Sequence is a sequence where every term after the first is

obtained by adding a constant called the common difference.

 Geometric mean is a term or terms in between two (2) given terms in a

Geometric sequence

 To insert a Geometric mean between two (2) terms means to get the square

root of the product of the two given terms

 To insert Geometric means between two terms requires the use of the rule

𝒂𝒏=𝒂𝟏(𝒓)

𝒏−𝟏

 Sum of terms in a Finite Geometric sequence can be determined observing

the following conditions of r:

-if r=1, then Sn=na1
-if r=-1,then Sn=0; if n is even
Sn=n; if n is odd
If {

𝑟>1

𝑟 < −1

, then 𝑺𝒏 =

𝒂𝟏−𝒂𝒏𝒓

𝟏−𝒓

, where 𝑎1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚,

𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

o If {

𝑟>1

𝑟 < −1

,𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑺𝒏 =

𝒂𝟏

ሺ𝟏−𝒓

𝒏ሻ
𝟏−𝒓

, where 𝑎1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚,

𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖

 Sum of an Infinite Geometric sequence exists if r is less than 1 but greater

than -1 (-1 < r < 1)

➢ Arithmetic Sequence is a sequence in which a constant d, called the common

difference, is added to the previous term to get the next term. The nth term

of an arithmetic sequence is obtained by using the formula

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + ሺ𝒏 − 𝟏ሻ𝒅

➢ Sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence:

• When the last term is given:

• When the last term is not given

➢ Geometric Sequence is a sequence where a number r, called the common

ratio, is multiplied by the previous term to get the next term. The nth term of

a geometric sequence is obtained by using the formula:

➢ Sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence:

➢ The procedure for dividing polynomial is similar to the procedure used in

dividing whole numbers.

➢ Write the dividend in a standard form and insert zeros as the coefficient of any

missing term. Both dividend and divisor should be in standard form.

➢ Synthetic division is a shorter method in dividing a polynomial by a binomial

of the form (𝑥 − 𝑟), wherein only the coefficients are written.

➢ If the polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) is divided by (𝒙 − 𝒓), the remainder R is a constant and

is equal to 𝑷(𝒓).
➢ The polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) has (𝒙 − 𝒓) as a factor if and only if 𝑷(𝒓) = 𝟎, conversely,

if 𝑷(𝒓) = 𝟎, then (𝒙 − 𝒓) is a factor of 𝑷(𝒙).

➢ If 𝑃(𝑥) is a polynomial with an integral coefficient and if 𝑝

is a zero of 𝑃(𝑥) that

is 𝑃 (

) = 0, then p is a factor of the constant term of 𝑃(𝑥) and q is a factor of

the leading coefficient of 𝑃(𝑥).

➢ The degree of the polynomial determines the number of roots or rational zeros.

The polynomial expression of degree n has at most n number of roots.

In solving problems related to real-life situations we must consider the

basic principles in translating verbal phrases into mathematical phrases with

accuracy.

Steps:

1. Understand the problem: Translate verbal phrases into mathematical

symbols

2. Plan your Action: Make an equation that will solve the problem

3. Carry out the plan: Apply all needed principles to come with the correct

solution.

4. Look back: Verify solution if it’s really satisfied what is asked in the
problem.