General Biology 1

Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Cell Types and Cell Modifications
General Biology 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Cell Types and Cell Modifications
First Edition, 2020

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 General Biology 1
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Cell Types and Cell Modifications
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 What I Need to Know

This module is designed for you to learn about the exciting world of histology,
specifically the diversity of cell types and tissues. You will dwell and study an array
of various tissues and how they function in animals. You will also explore the miracle
of your body, how tissues work and how marvelous it has really been created. In this
module, you will also have to reflect on how tissues and their cell modifications carry
out functions required by life.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the function (s) of
each (STEM_BIO11/12 – Ia – c – 4); and
2. describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized
functions (e. g., microvilli, root, hair) (STEM_BIO11/12 – Ia – c – 5).

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 What I Know

Below are pictures that can lead you to enumerate the five levels of biological
organization. You need to interpret each picture so you can know the Hierarchy of
Biological Organization.

Image source: Wikimedia Commons

File name: File:Human male body
(drawned using marker and ballpen)JPG
– Wikimedia Commons

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 Lesson

1 Cell Types and Cell Modifications

Living things may be either unicellular (consisting

of one cell) or multicellular (many–celled). Most of
the organisms you are familiar with – including
yourself – are multicellular. Your body is also made
up of many organs. Your skin, eyes, heart, liver,
kidneys, and intestines are some of the organs that
compose your body. Organs are essential for
adaptation and survival. But what are organs
without tissues?

Touch your cheeks. You feel some flesh. As you run your fingers gently over them,
you feel tiny, hair – like projections. Press your cheeks with your fingers. Something
is hard underneath; this is a bone structure. Slap one of your cheeks lightly and take
note of any change on your face. You will feel a warm sensation because of the red
flush on your face. When you slapped your cheek, blood rushed to it and the pressure
applied caused your blood vessels to emit the red coloring on your face.

What is your cheek made up of? It is made up of cells just as the skin that covers
the earthworm or the frog or the horse. These cells are grouped based on their types
and functions to form tissues. The cells of the tissue are specialized, and their
structure enables them to perform a specific task – in this instance, coordinated
contraction.

What’s In

Let us first test your knowledge in constructing ideas and elaborating concepts so
you can better understand the distinctions of some topics.

Below is a simple activity that can lead you to elaborate and rationalize the
distinctions of some concepts.

1. Tissues are adapted by the structure of their cells to carry on a particular

function.
2. Single – celled organisms are different from single cells that are part of an
organism.
3. Muscular tissues have cells with the most mitochondria while the blood has
white blood cells with the most number of lysosomes.

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module aims to enhance the students in constructing,
elaborating, and rationalizing ideas and concepts to avoid
misconceptions. After doing the activity, point out the four basic
types of animal tissues.

What’s New

Let us first have an activation of your prior knowledge about the most common forms
of structures and tissues so you can better understand how the tissues and organs
can function as a unit in our body.

Our body is composed of four basic types of tissues: Epithelium, connective,

muscular, and nervous tissues. Epithelium occurs as sheets of tightly packed cells
that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities. Connective tissue
helps protect, support, and bind organs and other tissues. Muscular tissue helps
cause movement and change in the shape of some body parts. Nervous tissue senses
stimuli and transmits signals called nerve impulses. To understand the functions
and locations of each animal tissue, answer the questions given below.

1. Which type of tissue would make up the majority of the brain and spinal cord?
2. Which type of tissue would be found in the epidermis?
3. Which type of tissue would form ligaments, tendons, fat, and bone?
4. Which type of tissue makes up the majority of the heart?
5. Which type of tissue would be found in the blood vessels and respiratory tract?

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 What is It

What are epithelial tissues? What do the varying shapes and arrangement of
epithelial tissue suggest?

Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar

Stratified squamous Stratified cuboidal Stratified columnar

Pseudostratified columnar Transitional

You might have been reading a couple of times in this module that epithelial tissues,
also called the epithelium, occur as sheets of tightly packed cells that cover body
surfaces and line internal organs and cavities. The apical (basal) surface of an
epithelium is attached to the basal lamina. Epithelial tissues are named according
to the number of cell layers they have and according to the shape of the cells on their
apical (basal) surface. A simple epithelium has a single layer of cells, whereas a
stratified epithelium has multiple layers. The pseudostratified epithelium is
single – layered but appears stratified because the cells vary in length. Epithelial
tissues are also named based on their cell shapes. Squamous epithelial tissues
have flat cells like floor tiles. Cuboidal epithelial tissues have cube cells like dice.
Columnar epithelial tissues have brick – like cells on end. A table below is given to
provide a framework for more information and reinforce the theme that the structure
of each epithelial tissue is well suited to its function.

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissues Structure through which the tissue is found

Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue Air sacs of the lung; blood vessels; heart

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue Skin; vagina; esophagus; mouth

Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue Kidney tubules; glands; surface of ovary

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Columnar Epithelial Tissue
Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial
Tissue
(This type of epithelial tissue is usually lined
with microvilli, a type of cell modification
that helps in increasing the surface area for
absorption.)
Digestive tract; gall bladder; excretory ducts
of some glands
(This type of tissue is usually lined with cilia,
a type of cell modification that sweeps the
mucus.)
Bronchi; trachea; uterine tubes; some
portions of the uterus

What are connective tissues? What function is common to all types of

connective tissues?

Loose areolar connective

tissue Fibrous connective tissue Adipose tissue

Cartilage Vascular tissue Supportive tissue

Connective tissues help protect, support, and act as a binding material for organs and
other tissues. Connective tissues may be grouped into six major types. The table below
shows the types of connective tissues, their characteristic properties, and the structures
through which they are found.

Types of Connective Tissue

Structure through which
Connective Description
the tissue is found
tissues
Loose Areolar Soft and pliable tissue that acts as Skin; organs; glands; blood
Connective Tissue packing and binding material vessels; peripheral nerves
throughout the body
Fibrous Connective Linkage of muscles and bones Tendons and ligaments
Tissue

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Adipose Tissue Stores fat as food reserve, pads and Parts with fat storage
insulates the body, protects the skin
and other organs, and stores energy
Cartilage Consists of chondrocytes that form a Ends of bones; respiratory
strong but flexible skeletal material tract; sutures; ear; nose;
epiglottis; intervertebral discs
Supportive Tissue Consists of osteoblast that form a matrix Bones
of collagen fibers embedded in calcium
salts
Vascular Tissue Consists of a liquid extracellular matrix Blood
called plasma and formed elements;
functions to transport substances from
one part of the body to another and in
immunity

What are muscle tissues? Why are there voluntary and involuntary muscle
tissue functions?

Muscle tissues, also called muscular or contractile tissues, consist of cells with
protein filaments that help cause movement and change the shape of some body
parts. Muscular tissues may be grouped into three major types. The table below
shows the types of muscular tissue, their characteristic properties, and the
Smooth muscle
Cardiac
structures which they are Skeletal
muscle
through found. muscle

Types of Muscular Tissue

Structures through
Muscular tissue Description
which they are found
Walls of the digestive tract;
Not striated; involuntary respiratory passages;
Smooth Muscle
muscle urinary and genital organs;
blood vessels
Muscles attached to the
Skeletal Muscle Striated; voluntary muscle
bones
Cardiac Muscle Striated; involuntary muscle Heart muscle

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What are nervous tissues? How does the nervous tissue work? What makes up
a typical nerve cell or neuron?

Dendrite

Cell body Axon

Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals called nerve impulses from one
part of an animal to another. It has a cell body, containing the cell’s nucleus, and
several slender extensions. One type of extension, called a dendrite, conveys signals
from its tip toward the rest of the neuron; another type, the axon, transmits signals
toward another neuron or to a muscle cell.

What’s More

Below is a picture that shows the organs of a human torso. Identify the tissue that
is found in each labeled part of the torso.

Image source: VectorStock

File name: Human anatomy model with different
systems Vector Image

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 What I Have Learned

Now it’s your turn! To test your knowledge about the concepts you have learned in
this lesson, do the task given below.

Your job is to write out a story about the Tissue Family Reunion which includes the
following members: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular. All of the tissues
have “grown-up” and moved away from home. Each now lives in a new place and has
their own job and they have come home for the annual family reunion. Your job is to
write a story that details their conversation as they all get together and discuss where
they “live” and what they now “do.” It is your decision as to the format that you would
like to use. For example, you could write a story in paragraphs or script formats that
identify the job and location of each tissue. To help this process, you will want to give
each one of your tissues a name. Your story will be assessed based on the following
criteria: creativity, organization and content accuracy, word choice, and spelling and
grammar. The actual rubric to be used in assessing your story will be found on page 13.

Note: You do not have to include each specific type of epithelial, connective, nervous,
and muscular tissues.

What I Can Do

Oysters and shells can be more than just an appetizing seafood fare on our dinner
table. They serve as perfect models in making an artificial bone.

In their quest to develop a light but strong artificial bone, scientists from the United
States Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab)
took inspiration from nacre, the substance that makes up the shells of oysters and
abalone.

Nacre’s strength and lightness are very difficult to duplicate in ceramic materials
because nacre’s architecture varies at several length scales from micrometers to
nanometers. To mimic this, scientists created a layered material from a watery
suspension of hydroxyapatite, the mineral component of bone, and froze it. Like the
impurities in sea ice, the hydroxyapatite settled in the spaces between the ice
crystals, creating multiple layers of nacre – like material.

The resulting porous material is said to be four times stronger and more fracture
resistant than the one currently used in artificial bones. It can also adapt to changing

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 physiological conditions and mesh with surrounding tissue over time, reducing the
risk of inflammation and rejection by the immune system.

In your point of view as a senior high school STEM student, do you think making
artificial bones is helpful to society? Why? What are the possible benefits of adapting
this biomimicry in the field of medicine?

Assessment

Let’s see how well you have enjoyed the amazing world of animal tissues by answering
the activity below. Follow the instructions and choose the letter of the best answer.

Match each tissue in Column A with the organ in Column B and description in
Column C by placing the right letters on the first two lines before each number in
Column A. Each letter option for the first line will be coming from Column B while
the letter of your answer to be placed in second line will come from Column C.

Column A Column B Column C

__ __1. Pseudostratified A. Outer ear and nose K. Linkage of muscles and

columnar epithelium
__ __2. Fibrous connective
tissue
__ __3. Vascular tissue
__ __4. Smooth muscle
__ __5. Supportive tissue
__ __6. Simple squamous
epithelium
__ __7. Adipose tissue
__ __8. Cuboidal epithelium
__ __9. Cartilage
__ __10. Nervous tissue
bones
B. Fat tissue
L. Causes involuntary
movements
C. Spinal column
M. Exchanging of material
D. Blood cells and plasma through diffusion
N. Secretion of organic
E. Ciliated linings of
materials
trachea
O. Transmission of nerve
F. Tendons and ligaments impulses
P. Storage of lipid as food
G. Digestive tract
reserve
H. Alveoli Q. Protection and
structural support
I. Brain R. Circulation of materials
throughout the body
J. Glands
S. Helps keep the
respiratory tract clean
T. Strong and flexible
skeletal material

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 Additional Activities

I know! You can’t get enough of the incomparable scientific adventure in the world
of animal tissues. Don’t worry, you won’t miss out with the following additional
exciting mind and hand activity!

Severe burns, injuries, diseases, and birth defects

often leave individuals with disfiguring or life –
threatening conditions. Scientists are increasingly
turning to bioengineering in their search for ways
to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs.

One of the most successful tissue – engineering

advances has come in the form of artificial skin, a
type of human – engineered tissue designed for
everyone from burn victims to diabetic patients
with skin ulcers. The tissues grow from human
fibroblasts, tissue – generating cells often harvested
from newborn foreskin tissue.

In 2006, researchers reported the first successful transplantation and long – term
functioning of laboratory – grown bladders. The initial study involved only seven
individuals, but it showed that organ engineering is possible. These organs were
grown from the patients’ own cells, thus removing the risk of rejection. Organs that
grow from patients’ cells someday reduce the shortage of organs available for
transplants.

In another remarkable advance in tissue engineering, some imaginative researchers

worked to breed pigs with organs that can be safely transplanted into humans. These
pig organs will not carry diseases – a stumbling block of today’s experimental pig –
to – human organ transplant.

For your task: For all the contentiousness surrounding this issue, it cannot be denied
that bioengineered tissues are very intriguing field and is an evidence to man’s ability
to cross the boundaries of science. Draw how you think this new advent of modern
science might be beneficial on a large scale. Based on your own perspective, take
time also to list down the risk of adapting this tissue – engineering advances in the
field of medicine. Your product will be assessed based on the following criteria:
organization and content accuracy, appropriateness of elements, creativity, and
appearance. The actual rubric to be used in assessing your product will be found on
page 14.

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 Rubric for Story Writing
Criteria Exceeds (12) Good (9) Fair (6) Poor (3)
Creativity The story had The story had 3 The story had 1 The story was not
(_____/12) many creative or more – 2 creative creative and did
details that examples of details. not show
made the creative ideas. imagination.
reader want to
learn more.
Organization and All ideas are Most of the Most of the The ideas are not
Content easily ideas are ideas are not detailed and
Accuracy distinguishable distinguishable distinguishable indistinguishable.
(_____/12) and accurately and accurately and more
detailed. detailed. details are
needed in order
for them to
identify.
Word Choice The story used The story used The story had The story did not
(_____/12) many adjectives many adjectives few adjectives have adjectives or
to show ideas. to show ideas. and descriptive descriptive words.
The story used The story used words. The
excellent words words that took story used the
to paint a clear away from the same words
picture. meaning. over and over.
Spelling and The writer The writer The writer The writer makes
Grammar makes no makes less makes less many spelling and
(_____/12) spelling or than 5 spelling than 10 capitalization
capitalization and spelling and errors. The story is
errors. The capitalization capitalization hard to read.
writer always errors. The errors. The
used the parts writer used the writer
of speech parts of speech sometimes
correctly. correctly. used the parts
of speech
correctly.
Total: _____ + 2 =
_____/50

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 Rubric for Illustration Making
Criteria Exceeds (12) Good (9) Fair (6) Poor (3)
Organization and All ideas are Most of the Most of the The ideas are not
Content easily ideas are ideas are not detailed, they look
Accuracy distinguishable distinguishable distinguishable like uniformed
(_____/12) and accurately and accurately and more and/or misshapen
detailed. detailed. details are making them
needed in order indistinguishable.
for them to
identify.
Appropriateness Appropriate Appropriate Appropriate Inappropriate
of Elements materials were materials were materials were materials were
(_____/12) selected and selected and selected selected and
creatively there was an contributed to the
modified in attempt at product that
ways that made creative performed poorly.
them better. modification to
make them
better.
Creativity The product is The product is The product is The product lacks
(_____/12) very creative creative. Lots of somewhat creativity and
and eye colors, shapes, creative. Not looks messy.
catching. Great and appealing very appealing. Lacks colors,
use of colors, design are Limited use of shapes, and
texture, and used. creative appealing design
shapes. materials.
Limited used of
colors, shapes,
and appealing
design.
Appearance Great care Construction Construction is Construction
(_____/12) taken in was careful and accurate, but 3 appears careless.
construction accurate for the – 4 details Many details need
process so that most part but 1 could have refinement for a
the structure is – 2 details been refined for strong or attractive
neat, attractive, could have a more product.
and accurate. been refined for accurate
a more product.
attractive
product.
Total: _____ + 2 =
_____/50

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 15
Additional Activities: Assessment: What I Can Do:
Students’ answers 1. E, S Students’ answers
may vary. 2. F, K may vary.
3. D, R
4. G, L
5. C, Q
6. H, M
7. B, P
8. J, N
9. A, T
10. I, O
What I Have
Learned:
Students’ answer
may vary.
What’s More: What’s New: What’s In: What I Know:
Student’s answer 1. Nervous tissue Students’ answer 1. Cell
may vary 2. Epithelium may vary 2. Tissue
3. Connective 3. Organ
tissue 4. Organ
4. Muscular tissue system
5. Epithelium
5. Organism
(Note: Students’
answer regarding
the definition of
each term may
vary.)
Answer Key
References
Calsado, Chuckie Fer, et al. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School: General
Biology 1. Quezon City, Philippines: Commission on Higher Education.
Pp. 28 – 35.

Campbell, Neil A., et al. (2009). Biology: Concepts and Connections. Sixth Edition.
Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. Pp. 413 – 419.

Capco, Carmelita M., et al. (2000). Biology. Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Pp. 110 – 115.

Hadsall, Annalee S., et al. (2008). Exploring Science and Technology: Biology. Makati
City, Philippines: DIWA Scholastic Press, Inc. Pp. 244 - 245.

Strauss, Eric, et al. (2003). Biology: The Web of Life. Second Edition. Jurong,
Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. Pp. 692 – 693.

VectorStock. Human anatomy model with different systems Vector Image.jpeg.

Image/jpeg. February 14, 2016.
https://cdn3.vectorstock.com/i/1000x1000/41/67/human-anatomy-
model-with-different-systems-vector-9914167.jpg

Wikimedia Commons. File:Human male body (drawned using marker and

ballpen).jpg. Image/jpeg. August 28, 2011.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Human_male
_body_%28drawned_using_marker_and_ballpen%29.JPG

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

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